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Zhao JZ, Ni R, Chow R, Rink A, Weersink R, Croke J, Raman S. Artificial intelligence applications in brachytherapy: A literature review. Brachytherapy 2023; 22:429-445. [PMID: 37248158 DOI: 10.1016/j.brachy.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to simplify and optimize various steps of the brachytherapy workflow, and this literature review aims to provide an overview of the work done in this field. METHODS AND MATERIALS We conducted a literature search in June 2022 on PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane for papers that proposed AI applications in brachytherapy. RESULTS A total of 80 papers satisfied inclusion/exclusion criteria. These papers were categorized as follows: segmentation (24), registration and image processing (6), preplanning (13), dose prediction and treatment planning (11), applicator/catheter/needle reconstruction (16), and quality assurance (10). AI techniques ranged from classical models such as support vector machines and decision tree-based learning to newer techniques such as U-Net and deep reinforcement learning, and were applied to facilitate small steps of a process (e.g., optimizing applicator selection) or even automate the entire step of the workflow (e.g., end-to-end preplanning). Many of these algorithms demonstrated human-level performance and offer significant improvements in speed. CONCLUSIONS AI has potential to augment, automate, and/or accelerate many steps of the brachytherapy workflow. We recommend that future studies adhere to standard reporting guidelines. We also stress the importance of using larger sample sizes and reporting results using clinically interpretable measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Zl Zhao
- Princess Margaret Hospital Cancer Centre, Radiation Medicine Program, Toronto, Canada; Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ruiyan Ni
- Princess Margaret Hospital Cancer Centre, Radiation Medicine Program, Toronto, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ronald Chow
- Princess Margaret Hospital Cancer Centre, Radiation Medicine Program, Toronto, Canada; Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Alexandra Rink
- Princess Margaret Hospital Cancer Centre, Radiation Medicine Program, Toronto, Canada; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Robert Weersink
- Princess Margaret Hospital Cancer Centre, Radiation Medicine Program, Toronto, Canada; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jennifer Croke
- Princess Margaret Hospital Cancer Centre, Radiation Medicine Program, Toronto, Canada; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Srinivas Raman
- Princess Margaret Hospital Cancer Centre, Radiation Medicine Program, Toronto, Canada; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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He J, Mai Q, Yang F, Zhuang W, Gou Q, Zhou Z, Xu R, Chen X, Mo Z. Feasibility and Clinical Value of CT-Guided 125I Brachytherapy for Pain Palliation in Patients With Breast Cancer and Bone Metastases After External Beam Radiotherapy Failure. Front Oncol 2021; 11:627158. [PMID: 33747945 PMCID: PMC7973096 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.627158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To evaluate the feasibility and clinical value of CT-guided iodine-125 (125I) brachytherapy for pain palliation in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases after external beam radiotherapy failure. Methods: From January 2014 to July 2016, a total of 90 patients, who had received the standard therapies for bone metastases but still suffered moderate-to-severe pain, were retrospectively studied. About 42 patients were treated with both 125I brachytherapy and bisphosphonates (Group A), and 48 patients were treated with bisphosphonates alone (Group B). Results: In Group A, 45 125I brachytherapy procedures were performed in 42 patients with 69 bone metastases; the primary success rate of 125I seed implantation was 92.9%, without severe complications. Regarding pain progression of the two groups, Group A exhibited significant relief in "worst pain," "least pain," "average pain," and "present pain" 3-day after treatment and could achieve a 12-week-remission for "worst pain," "least pain," "average pain," and "present pain." The morphine-equivalent 24-h analgesic dose at 3 days, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks was 91 ± 27, 53 ± 13, 31 ± 17, and 34 ± 12 mg for Group A, and 129 ± 21, 61 ± 16, 53 ± 15, and 105 ± 23 mg for Group B. Group A experienced a lower incidence of analgesic-related adverse events and better quality of life than Group B. Conclusion: The CT-guided 125I brachytherapy is a feasible and an effective treatment for the palliation of pain caused by bone metastases from breast cancer after external beam radiotherapy failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian He
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qicong Mai
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fangfang Yang
- Department of Medical Simulation Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenhang Zhuang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Gou
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zejian Zhou
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rongde Xu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiqiang Mo
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Hrinivich WT, Park S, Le Y, Song DY, Lee J. Deformable registration of x ray and MRI for postimplant dosimetry in low dose rate prostate brachytherapy. Med Phys 2019; 46:3961-3973. [PMID: 31215042 DOI: 10.1002/mp.13667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Dosimetric assessment following permanent prostate brachytherapy (PPB) commonly involves seed localization using CT and prostate delineation using coregistered MRI. However, pelvic CT leads to additional imaging dose and requires significant resources to acquire and process both CT and MRI. In this study, we propose an automatic postimplant dosimetry approach that retains MRI for soft-tissue contouring, but eliminates the need for CT and reduces imaging dose while overcoming the inconsistent appearance of seeds on MRI with three projection x rays acquired using a mobile C-arm. METHODS Implanted seeds are reconstructed using x rays by solving a combinatorial optimization problem and deformably registered to MRI. Candidate seeds are located in MR images using local hypointensity identification. X ray-based seeds are registered to these candidate seeds in three steps: (a) rigid registration using a stochastic evolutionary optimizer, (b) affine registration using an iterative closest point optimizer, and (c) deformable registration using a local feature point search and nonrigid coherent point drift. The algorithm was evaluated using 20 PPB patients with x rays acquired immediately postimplant and T2-weighted MR images acquired the next day at 1.5 T with mean 0.8 × 0.8 × 3.0 mm 3 voxel dimensions. Target registration error (TRE) was computed based on the distance from algorithm results to manually identified seed locations using coregistered CT acquired the same day as the MRI. Dosimetric accuracy was determined by comparing prostate D90 determined using the algorithm and the ground truth CT-based seed locations. RESULTS The mean ± standard deviation TREs across 20 patients including 1774 seeds were 2.23 ± 0.52 mm (rigid), 1.99 ± 0.49 mm (rigid + affine), and 1.76 ± 0.43 mm (rigid + affine + deformable). The corresponding mean ± standard deviation D90 errors were 5.8 ± 4.8%, 3.4 ± 3.4%, and 2.3 ± 1.9%, respectively. The mean computation time of the registration algorithm was 6.1 s. CONCLUSION The registration algorithm accuracy and computation time are sufficient for clinical PPB postimplant dosimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T Hrinivich
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Seyoun Park
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Yi Le
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Daniel Y Song
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Junghoon Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
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Nosrati R, Soliman A, Safigholi H, Hashemi M, Wronski M, Morton G, Pejović-Milić A, Stanisz G, Song WY. MRI-based automated detection of implanted low dose rate (LDR) brachytherapy seeds using quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) and unsupervised machine learning (ML). Radiother Oncol 2018; 129:540-547. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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The impact of body mass index on dosimetric quality in low-dose-rate prostate brachytherapy. J Contemp Brachytherapy 2016; 8:386-390. [PMID: 27895679 PMCID: PMC5116453 DOI: 10.5114/jcb.2016.63357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Low-dose-rate (LDR) brachytherapy has been established as an effective and safe treatment option for men with low and intermediate risk prostate cancer. In this retrospective analysis, we sought to study the effect of body mass index (BMI) on post-implant dosimetric quality. Material and methods After institutional approval, records of patients with non-metastatic prostate cancer treated in Puerto Rico with LDR brachytherapy during 2008-2013 were reviewed. All patients were implanted with 125I seeds to a prescription dose of 145 Gy. Computed tomography (CT) based dosimetry was performed 1 month after implant. Patients with at least 1 year of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) follow-up were included. Factors predictive of adequate D90 coverage (≥ 140 Gy) were compared via the Pearson χ2 or Wilcoxon rank-sum test as appropriate. Results One-hundred and four patients were included in this study, with 53 (51%) patients having a D90 ≥ 140 Gy. The only factor associated with a dosimetric coverage detriment (D90 < 140 Gy) was BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 (p = 0.03). Prostate volume (p = 0.26), initial PSA (p = 0.236), age (p = 0.49), hormone use (p = 0.93), percent of cores positive (p = 0.95), risk group (p = 0.24), tumor stage (p = 0.66), and Gleason score (p = 0.61) did not predict D90. Conclusions In this study we show that BMI is a significant pre-implant predictor of D90 (< 140 Gy vs. ≥ 140 Gy). Although other studies have reported that prostate volume also affects D90, our study did not find this correlation to be statistically significant, likely because all of our patients had a prostate volume < 50 cc. Our study suggests that in patients with higher BMI values, more rigorous peri-implant dosimetric parameters may need to be applied in order to achieve a target D90 > 140 Gy.
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Nicolae A, Morton G, Chung H, Loblaw A, Jain S, Mitchell D, Lu L, Helou J, Al-Hanaqta M, Heath E, Ravi A. Evaluation of a Machine-Learning Algorithm for Treatment Planning in Prostate Low-Dose-Rate Brachytherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2016; 97:822-829. [PMID: 28244419 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2016.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This work presents the application of a machine learning (ML) algorithm to automatically generate high-quality, prostate low-dose-rate (LDR) brachytherapy treatment plans. The ML algorithm can mimic characteristics of preoperative treatment plans deemed clinically acceptable by brachytherapists. The planning efficiency, dosimetry, and quality (as assessed by experts) of preoperative plans generated with an ML planning approach was retrospectively evaluated in this study. METHODS AND MATERIALS Preimplantation and postimplantation treatment plans were extracted from 100 high-quality LDR treatments and stored within a training database. The ML training algorithm matches similar features from a new LDR case to those within the training database to rapidly obtain an initial seed distribution; plans were then further fine-tuned using stochastic optimization. Preimplantation treatment plans generated by the ML algorithm were compared with brachytherapist (BT) treatment plans in terms of planning time (Wilcoxon rank sum, α = 0.05) and dosimetry (1-way analysis of variance, α = 0.05). Qualitative preimplantation plan quality was evaluated by expert LDR radiation oncologists using a Likert scale questionnaire. RESULTS The average planning time for the ML approach was 0.84 ± 0.57 minutes, compared with 17.88 ± 8.76 minutes for the expert planner (P=.020). Preimplantation plans were dosimetrically equivalent to the BT plans; the average prostate V150% was 4% lower for ML plans (P=.002), although the difference was not clinically significant. Respondents ranked the ML-generated plans as equivalent to expert BT treatment plans in terms of target coverage, normal tissue avoidance, implant confidence, and the need for plan modifications. Respondents had difficulty differentiating between plans generated by a human or those generated by the ML algorithm. CONCLUSIONS Prostate LDR preimplantation treatment plans that have equivalent quality to plans created by brachytherapists can be rapidly generated using ML. The adoption of ML in the brachytherapy workflow is expected to improve LDR treatment plan uniformity while reducing planning time and resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Nicolae
- Department of Physics, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Physics, Odette Cancer Center, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gerard Morton
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Odette Cancer Center, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hans Chung
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Odette Cancer Center, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Loblaw
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Odette Cancer Center, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Suneil Jain
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The Northern Ireland Cancer Centre, Belfast City Hospital, Antrim, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Darren Mitchell
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The Northern Ireland Cancer Centre, Belfast City Hospital, Antrim, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Lin Lu
- Department of Radiation Therapy, Odette Cancer Center, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joelle Helou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Odette Cancer Center, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Motasem Al-Hanaqta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Odette Cancer Center, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emily Heath
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ananth Ravi
- Department of Medical Physics, Odette Cancer Center, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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