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Zheng Y, Feng M, Li X, Huang X, Chen G, Bai W, Xu X, Li J, Li X, Leng B, Sun H, He C, Chen Y. Phenotypic Variation Analysis and Excellent Clone Selection of Alnus cremastogyne from Different Provenances. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3259. [PMID: 37765423 PMCID: PMC10535346 DOI: 10.3390/plants12183259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Alnus cremastogyne is a rapidly growing broad-leaved tree species that is widely distributed in southwest China. It has a significant economic and ecological value. However, with the expansion of the planting area, the influence of phenotypic variation and differentiation on Alnus cremastogyne has increased, resulting in a continuous decline in its genetic quality. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate the phenotypic variation of Alnus cremastogyne and select excellent breeding materials for genetic improvement. Herein, four growth-related phenotypic traits (diameter at breast height, the height of trees, volume, height under the branches) and twelve reproductive-related phenotypic traits (fresh weight of single cone, dry weight of single cone, seed weight per plant, thousand kernel weight, cone length, cone width, cone length × cone width, fruit shape index, seed rate, germination rate, germination potential, germination index) of 40 clones from four provenances were measured and analyzed. The phenotypic variation was comprehensively evaluated by correlation analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis, and excellent clones were selected as breeding materials. The results revealed that there were abundant phenotypic traits variations among and within provenances. Most of the phenotypic traits were highly significant differences (p < 0.01) among provenances. The phenotypic variation among provenances (26.36%) was greater than that of within provenances clones (24.80%). The average phenotypic differentiation coefficient was accounted for 52.61% among provenances, indicating that the phenotypic variation mainly came from among provenances. The coefficient of variation ranged from 9.41% (fruit shape index) to 97.19% (seed weight per plant), and the repeatability ranged from 0.36 (volume) to 0.77 (cone width). Correlation analysis revealed a significantly positive correlation among most phenotypic traits. In principal component analysis, the cumulative contribution rate of the first three principal components was 79.18%, representing the main information on the measured phenotypic traits. The cluster analysis revealed four groups for the 40 clones. Group I and group II exhibited better performance phenotypic traits as compared with group III and group IV. In addition, the four groups are not clearly clustered following the distance from the provenance. Employing the multi-trait comprehensive evaluation method, 12 excellent clones were selected, and the average genetic gain for each phenotypic trait ranged from 4.78% (diameter at breast height) to 32.05% (dry weight of single cone). These selected excellent clones can serve as candidate materials for the improvement and transformation of Alnus cremastogyne seed orchards. In addition, this study can also provide a theoretical foundation for the genetic improvement, breeding, and clone selection of Alnus cremastogyne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zheng
- College of Forest, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (X.H.); (G.C.); (W.B.); (X.X.); (J.L.); (X.L.); (B.L.); (H.S.); (C.H.); (Y.C.)
| | - Maosong Feng
- College of Forest, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (X.H.); (G.C.); (W.B.); (X.X.); (J.L.); (X.L.); (B.L.); (H.S.); (C.H.); (Y.C.)
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River and Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xue Li
- College of Forest, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (X.H.); (G.C.); (W.B.); (X.X.); (J.L.); (X.L.); (B.L.); (H.S.); (C.H.); (Y.C.)
| | - Xingyan Huang
- College of Forest, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (X.H.); (G.C.); (W.B.); (X.X.); (J.L.); (X.L.); (B.L.); (H.S.); (C.H.); (Y.C.)
| | - Gang Chen
- College of Forest, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (X.H.); (G.C.); (W.B.); (X.X.); (J.L.); (X.L.); (B.L.); (H.S.); (C.H.); (Y.C.)
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River and Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Wenyu Bai
- College of Forest, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (X.H.); (G.C.); (W.B.); (X.X.); (J.L.); (X.L.); (B.L.); (H.S.); (C.H.); (Y.C.)
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River and Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xueju Xu
- College of Forest, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (X.H.); (G.C.); (W.B.); (X.X.); (J.L.); (X.L.); (B.L.); (H.S.); (C.H.); (Y.C.)
| | - Jiayi Li
- College of Forest, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (X.H.); (G.C.); (W.B.); (X.X.); (J.L.); (X.L.); (B.L.); (H.S.); (C.H.); (Y.C.)
| | - Xiaohong Li
- College of Forest, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (X.H.); (G.C.); (W.B.); (X.X.); (J.L.); (X.L.); (B.L.); (H.S.); (C.H.); (Y.C.)
| | - Bin Leng
- College of Forest, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (X.H.); (G.C.); (W.B.); (X.X.); (J.L.); (X.L.); (B.L.); (H.S.); (C.H.); (Y.C.)
| | - Hao Sun
- College of Forest, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (X.H.); (G.C.); (W.B.); (X.X.); (J.L.); (X.L.); (B.L.); (H.S.); (C.H.); (Y.C.)
| | - Chunyan He
- College of Forest, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (X.H.); (G.C.); (W.B.); (X.X.); (J.L.); (X.L.); (B.L.); (H.S.); (C.H.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yunjie Chen
- College of Forest, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (X.H.); (G.C.); (W.B.); (X.X.); (J.L.); (X.L.); (B.L.); (H.S.); (C.H.); (Y.C.)
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Yang Z, Ma W, Yang X, Wang L, Zhao T, Liang L, Wang G, Ma Q. Plastome phylogenomics provide new perspective into the phylogeny and evolution of Betulaceae (Fagales). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:611. [PMID: 36566190 PMCID: PMC9789603 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03991-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Betulaceae is a relatively small but morphologically diverse family, with many species having important economic and ecological values. Although plastome structure of Betulaceae has been reported sporadically, a comprehensive exploration for plastome evolution is still lacking. Besides, previous phylogenies had been constructed based on limited gene fragments, generating unrobust phylogenetic framework and hindering further studies on divergence ages, biogeography and character evolution. Here, 109 plastomes (sixteen newly assembled and 93 previously published) were subject to comparative genomic and phylogenomic analyses to reconstruct a robust phylogeny and trace the diversification history of Betulaceae. RESULTS All Betulaceae plastomes were highly conserved in genome size, gene order, and structure, although specific variations such as gene loss and IR boundary shifts were revealed. Ten divergent hotspots, including five coding regions (Pi > 0.02) and five noncoding regions (Pi > 0.035), were identified as candidate DNA barcodes for phylogenetic analysis and species delimitation. Phylogenomic analyses yielded high-resolution topology that supported reciprocal monophyly between Betula and Alnus within Betuloideae, and successive divergence of Corylus, Ostryopsis, and Carpinus-Ostrya within Coryloideae. Incomplete lineage sorting and hybridization may be responsible for the mutual paraphyly between Ostrya and Carpinus. Betulaceae ancestors originated from East Asia during the upper Cretaceous; dispersals and subsequent vicariance accompanied by historical environment changes contributed to its diversification and intercontinental disjunction. Ancestral state reconstruction indicated the acquisition of many taxonomic characters was actually the results of parallel or reversal evolution. CONCLUSIONS Our research represents the most comprehensive taxon-sampled and plastome-level phylogenetic inference for Betulaceae to date. The results clearly document global patterns of plastome structural evolution, and established a well-supported phylogeny of Betulaceae. The robust phylogenetic framework not only provides new insights into the intergeneric relationships, but also contributes to a perspective on the diversification history and evolution of the family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Beijing, 100091, China
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- National Innovation Alliance of Hazelnut Industry, Beijing, 100091, China
- Hazelnut Engineering and Technical Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Wenxu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Goettingen, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | | | - Lujun Wang
- Anhui Academy of Forestry, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Tiantian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Beijing, 100091, China
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- National Innovation Alliance of Hazelnut Industry, Beijing, 100091, China
- Hazelnut Engineering and Technical Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Lisong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Beijing, 100091, China
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- National Innovation Alliance of Hazelnut Industry, Beijing, 100091, China
- Hazelnut Engineering and Technical Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Guixi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Beijing, 100091, China
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- National Innovation Alliance of Hazelnut Industry, Beijing, 100091, China
- Hazelnut Engineering and Technical Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Qinghua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Beijing, 100091, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China.
- National Innovation Alliance of Hazelnut Industry, Beijing, 100091, China.
- Hazelnut Engineering and Technical Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing, 100091, China.
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