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Maruta G, Maeoka H, Tsunoda T, Akiyoshi K, Takagi S, Shirasawa S, Ishikura S. RAD52-mediated repair of DNA double-stranded breaks at inactive centromeres leads to subsequent apoptotic cell death. Nucleic Acids Res 2024:gkae852. [PMID: 39360606 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 09/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Centromeres, where the kinetochore complex binds, are susceptible to damages including DNA double-stranded breaks (DSBs). Here, we report the functional significance and the temporally and spatially distinct regulation of centromeric DSB repair via the three pathways of non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), homologous recombination (HR) and single-strand annealing (SSA). The SSA factor RAD52 is most frequently recruited to centromeric DSB sites compared with the HR factor RAD51 and the NHEJ factor DNA ligase IV (LIG4), indicating that SSA plays predominant roles in centromeric DSB repair. Upon centromeric DSB induction, LIG4 is recruited to both active centromeres, where kinetochore complex binds, and inactive centromeres. In contrast, RAD51 and RAD52 are recruited only to inactive centromeres. These results indicate that DSBs at active centromeres are repaired through NHEJ, whereas the three pathways of NHEJ, HR and SSA are involved in DSB repair at inactive centromeres. Furthermore, siRNA-mediated depletion of either LIG4 or RAD51 promotes cell death after centromeric DSB induction, whereas RAD52 depletion inhibits it, suggesting that HR and NHEJ are required for appropriate centromeric DSB repair, whereas SSA-mediated centromeric DSB repair leads to subsequent cell death. Thus, SSA-mediated DSB repair at inactive centromeres may cause centromere dysfunction through error-prone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Maruta
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Hisanori Maeoka
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Tsunoda
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
- Center for Advanced Molecular Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Kozaburo Akiyoshi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takagi
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Senji Shirasawa
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
- Center for Advanced Molecular Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Shuhei Ishikura
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
- Center for Advanced Molecular Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
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2
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Secchi M, Garbelli A, Riva V, Deidda G, Santonicola C, Formica TM, Sabbioneda S, Crespan E, Maga G. Synergistic action of human RNaseH2 and the RNA helicase-nuclease DDX3X in processing R-loops. Nucleic Acids Res 2024:gkae731. [PMID: 39189461 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
R-loops are three-stranded RNA-DNA hybrid structures that play important regulatory roles, but excessive or deregulated R-loops formation can trigger DNA damage and genome instability. Digestion of R-loops is mainly relying on the action of two specialized ribonucleases: RNaseH1 and RNaseH2. RNaseH2 is the main enzyme carrying out the removal of misincorporated rNMPs during DNA replication or repair, through the Ribonucleotide Excision Repair (RER) pathway. We have recently shown that the human RNA helicase DDX3X possessed RNaseH2-like activity, being able to substitute RNaseH2 in reconstituted RER reactions. Here, using synthetic R-loop mimicking substrates, we could show that human DDX3X alone was able to both displace and degrade the ssRNA strand hybridized to DNA. Moreover, DDX3X was found to physically interact with human RNaseH2. Such interaction suppressed the nuclease and helicase activities of DDX3X, but stimulated severalfold the catalytic activity of the trimeric RNaseH2, but not of RNaseH1. Finally, silencing of DDX3X in human cells caused accumulation of RNA-DNA hybrids and phosphorylated RPA foci. These results support a role of DDX3X as a scaffolding protein and auxiliary factor for RNaseH2 during R-loop degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Secchi
- Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR 'Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza', via Abbiategrasso 207, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Garbelli
- Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR 'Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza', via Abbiategrasso 207, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Valentina Riva
- Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR 'Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza', via Abbiategrasso 207, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Graziano Deidda
- Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR 'Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza', via Abbiategrasso 207, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Carolina Santonicola
- Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR 'Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza', via Abbiategrasso 207, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Teresa Maria Formica
- Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR 'Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza', via Abbiategrasso 207, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Simone Sabbioneda
- Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR 'Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza', via Abbiategrasso 207, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Emmanuele Crespan
- Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR 'Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza', via Abbiategrasso 207, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Maga
- Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR 'Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza', via Abbiategrasso 207, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
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3
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Yi C, Liu Q, Huang Y, Liu C, Guo X, Fan C, Zhang K, Liu Y, Han F. Non-B-form DNA is associated with centromere stability in newly-formed polyploid wheat. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2024; 67:1479-1488. [PMID: 38639838 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-023-2513-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Non-B-form DNA differs from the classic B-DNA double helix structure and plays a crucial regulatory role in replication and transcription. However, the role of non-B-form DNA in centromeres, especially in polyploid wheat, remains elusive. Here, we systematically analyzed seven non-B-form DNA motif profiles (A-phased DNA repeat, direct repeat, G-quadruplex, inverted repeat, mirror repeat, short tandem repeat, and Z-DNA) in hexaploid wheat. We found that three of these non-B-form DNA motifs were enriched at centromeric regions, especially at the CENH3-binding sites, suggesting that non-B-form DNA may create a favorable loading environment for the CENH3 nucleosome. To investigate the dynamics of centromeric non-B form DNA during the alloploidization process, we analyzed DNA secondary structure using CENH3 ChIP-seq data from newly formed allotetraploid wheat and its two diploid ancestors. We found that newly formed allotetraploid wheat formed more non-B-form DNA in centromeric regions compared with their parents, suggesting that non-B-form DNA is related to the localization of the centromeric regions in newly formed wheat. Furthermore, non-B-form DNA enriched in the centromeric regions was found to preferentially form on young LTR retrotransposons, explaining CENH3's tendency to bind to younger LTR. Collectively, our study describes the landscape of non-B-form DNA in the wheat genome, and sheds light on its potential role in the evolution of polyploid centromeres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congyang Yi
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuhong Huang
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xianrui Guo
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chaolan Fan
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kaibiao Zhang
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Fangpu Han
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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4
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Zhou J, Liu Y, Guo X, Birchler JA, Han F, Su H. Centromeres: From chromosome biology to biotechnology applications and synthetic genomes in plants. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:2051-2063. [PMID: 35722725 PMCID: PMC9616519 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Centromeres are the genomic regions that organize and regulate chromosome behaviours during cell cycle, and their variations are associated with genome instability, karyotype evolution and speciation in eukaryotes. The highly repetitive and epigenetic nature of centromeres were documented during the past half century. With the aid of rapid expansion in genomic biotechnology tools, the complete sequence and structural organization of several plant and human centromeres were revealed recently. Here, we systematically summarize the current knowledge of centromere biology with regard to the DNA compositions and the histone H3 variant (CENH3)-dependent centromere establishment and identity. We discuss the roles of centromere to ensure cell division and to maintain the three-dimensional (3D) genomic architecture in different species. We further highlight the potential applications of manipulating centromeres to generate haploids or to induce polyploids offspring in plant for breeding programs, and of targeting centromeres with CRISPR/Cas for chromosome engineering and speciation. Finally, we also assess the challenges and strategies for de novo design and synthesis of centromeres in plant artificial chromosomes. The biotechnology applications of plant centromeres will be of great potential for the genetic improvement of crops and precise synthetic breeding in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryShenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xianrui Guo
- Laboratory of Plant Chromosome Biology and Genomic Breeding, School of Life SciencesLinyi UniversityLinyiChina
| | - James A. Birchler
- Division of Biological SciencesUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Fangpu Han
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Handong Su
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryShenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at ShenzhenChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesShenzhenChina
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5
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Ishikura S, Yoshida K, Tsunoda T, Shirasawa S. Death domain-associated protein DAXX regulates non-coding RNA transcription at the centromere through the transcription regulator ZFAT. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102528. [PMID: 36162510 PMCID: PMC9579039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The centromere is an essential chromosomal structure for faithful chromosome segregation during cell division. No protein-coding genes exist at the centromeres, but centromeric DNA is actively transcribed into noncoding RNA (ncRNA). This centromeric transcription and its ncRNA products play important roles in centromere functions. We previously reported that the transcriptional regulator ZFAT (zinc-finger protein with AT hook) plays a pivotal role in ncRNA transcription at the centromere; however, it was unclear how ZFAT involvement was regulated. Here, we show that the death domain–associated protein (DAXX) promotes centromeric localization of ZFAT to regulate ncRNA transcription at the centromere. Coimmunoprecipitation analysis of endogenous proteins clearly reveals that DAXX interacts with ZFAT. In addition, we show that ectopic coexpression of ZFAT with DAXX increases the centromeric levels of both ZFAT and ncRNA, compared with ectopic expression of ZFAT alone. On the other hand, we found that siRNA-mediated depletion of DAXX decreases the centromeric levels of both ZFAT and ncRNA in cells ectopically expressing ZFAT. These results suggest that DAXX promotes the centromeric localization of ZFAT and ZFAT-regulated centromeric ncRNA transcription. Furthermore, we demonstrate that depletion of endogenous DAXX protein is sufficient to cause a decrease in the ncRNA levels at the centromeres of chromosomes 17 and X in which ZFAT regulates the transcription, indicating a physiological significance of DAXX in ZFAT-regulated centromeric ncRNA transcription. Taken together, these results demonstrate that DAXX regulates centromeric ncRNA transcription through ZFAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Ishikura
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine; Research institute for Advanced Molecular Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Yoshida
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine; Research institute for Advanced Molecular Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Tsunoda
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine; Research institute for Advanced Molecular Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Senji Shirasawa
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine; Research institute for Advanced Molecular Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
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6
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Brickner JR, Garzon JL, Cimprich KA. Walking a tightrope: The complex balancing act of R-loops in genome stability. Mol Cell 2022; 82:2267-2297. [PMID: 35508167 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although transcription is an essential cellular process, it is paradoxically also a well-recognized cause of genomic instability. R-loops, non-B DNA structures formed when nascent RNA hybridizes to DNA to displace the non-template strand as single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), are partially responsible for this instability. Yet, recent work has begun to elucidate regulatory roles for R-loops in maintaining the genome. In this review, we discuss the cellular contexts in which R-loops contribute to genomic instability, particularly during DNA replication and double-strand break (DSB) repair. We also summarize the evidence that R-loops participate as an intermediate during repair and may influence pathway choice to preserve genomic integrity. Finally, we discuss the immunogenic potential of R-loops and highlight their links to disease should they become pathogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R Brickner
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jada L Garzon
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Karlene A Cimprich
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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7
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Ghosh S, Lehner CF. Incorporation of CENP-A/CID into centromeres during early Drosophila embryogenesis does not require RNA polymerase II-mediated transcription. Chromosoma 2022; 131:1-17. [PMID: 35015118 PMCID: PMC9079035 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-022-00767-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In many species, centromere identity is specified epigenetically by special nucleosomes containing a centromere-specific histone H3 variant, designated as CENP-A in humans and CID in Drosophila melanogaster. After partitioning of centromere-specific nucleosomes onto newly replicated sister centromeres, loading of additional CENP-A/CID into centromeric chromatin is required for centromere maintenance in proliferating cells. Analyses with cultured cells have indicated that transcription of centromeric DNA by RNA polymerase II is required for deposition of new CID into centromere chromatin. However, a dependence of centromeric CID loading on transcription is difficult to reconcile with the notion that the initial embryonic stages appear to proceed in the absence of transcription in Drosophila, as also in many other animal species. To address the role of RNA polymerase II–mediated transcription for CID loading in early Drosophila embryos, we have quantified the effects of alpha-amanitin and triptolide on centromeric CID-EGFP levels. Our analyses demonstrate that microinjection of these two potent inhibitors of RNA polymerase II–mediated transcription has at most a marginal effect on centromeric CID deposition during progression through the early embryonic cleavage cycles. Thus, we conclude that at least during early Drosophila embryogenesis, incorporation of CID into centromeres does not depend on RNA polymerase II–mediated transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samadri Ghosh
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian F Lehner
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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8
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Abstract
The centromere performs a universally conserved function, to accurately partition genetic information upon cell division. Yet, centromeres are among the most rapidly evolving regions of the genome and are bound by a varying assortment of centromere-binding factors that are themselves highly divergent at the protein-sequence level. A common thread in most species is the dependence on the centromere-specific histone variant CENP-A for the specification of the centromere site. However, CENP-A is not universally required in all species or cell types, making the identification of a general mechanism for centromere specification challenging. In this review, we examine our current understanding of the mechanisms of centromere specification in CENP-A-dependent and independent systems, focusing primarily on recent work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara G Mellone
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, and Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Daniele Fachinetti
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm, F-75005 Paris, France.
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9
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Ishikura S, Yoshida K, Hashimoto S, Nakabayashi K, Tsunoda T, Shirasawa S. CENP-B promotes the centromeric localization of ZFAT to control transcription of noncoding RNA. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101213. [PMID: 34547289 PMCID: PMC8496178 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The centromere is a chromosomal locus that is essential for the accurate segregation of chromosomes during cell division. Transcription of noncoding RNA (ncRNA) at the centromere plays a crucial role in centromere function. The zinc-finger transcriptional regulator ZFAT binds to a specific 8-bp DNA sequence at the centromere, named the ZFAT box, to control ncRNA transcription. However, the precise molecular mechanisms by which ZFAT localizes to the centromere remain elusive. Here we show that the centromeric protein CENP-B is required for the centromeric localization of ZFAT to regulate ncRNA transcription. The ectopic expression of CENP-B induces the accumulation of both endogenous and ectopically expressed ZFAT protein at the centromere in human cells, suggesting that the centromeric localization of ZFAT requires the presence of CENP-B. Coimmunoprecipitation analysis reveals that ZFAT interacts with the acidic domain of CENP-B, and depletion of endogenous CENP-B reduces the centromeric levels of ZFAT protein, further supporting that CENP-B is required for the centromeric localization of ZFAT. In addition, knockdown of CENP-B significantly decreased the expression levels of ncRNA at the centromere where ZFAT regulates the transcription, suggesting that CENP-B is involved in the ZFAT-regulated centromeric ncRNA transcription. Thus, we concluded that CENP-B contributes to the establishment of the centromeric localization of ZFAT to regulate ncRNA transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Ishikura
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan; Center for Advanced Molecular Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Yoshida
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan; Center for Advanced Molecular Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sayuri Hashimoto
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakabayashi
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Tsunoda
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan; Center for Advanced Molecular Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Senji Shirasawa
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan; Center for Advanced Molecular Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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10
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Kim NS. Advancement of chromosome science in the genomics era. Genes Genomics 2021; 43:195-198. [PMID: 33630270 PMCID: PMC7905199 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-021-01058-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nam-Soo Kim
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Korea.
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