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Kim BN, Choi W, Cho BK, Min J. In vitro application of redesigned vacuole extracted in yeast. Mol Cell Toxicol 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-022-00301-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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Jeon G, Choi H, Park DJ, Nguyen NT, Kim YH, Min J. Melanin Treatment Effect of Vacuoles-Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Combined with Ascorbic Acid. Mol Biotechnol 2022:10.1007/s12033-022-00608-8. [PMID: 36445610 PMCID: PMC9707414 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-022-00608-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Currently, ascorbic acid (AA) is widely used as a skin whitening material, but, AA, an unstable hydrophilic molecule, cannot penetrate the skin easily, due to the hydrophobic character of the stratum corneum. Therefore, we conjugated AA with hydrated zinc oxide-an inorganic matrix with positive surface charge, to improve the stability of AA. The metal-conjugated-ascorbic acid (ZnAA) was then combined with yeast vacuole through the vacuolar membrane proteins that relate to metal transportation to create an enhanced vacuole that contained ZnAA. The characteristics of vacuole with ZnAA (ZnAA_Vac) were next examined by various tests that included X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. Furthermore, the ability of ZnAA_Vac to degrade melanin was confirmed in both melanoma cell line B16F10, and the artificial human skin MelanoDerm. The results showed that ZnAA_Vac possessed a higher depigmenting effect than the wild-type vacuole or ascorbic acid by reducing 75% of melanin color. Interestingly, ZnAA_Vac was found to be harmless, and did not cause any cytotoxicity to the cells. Overall, ZnAA_Vac is expected to provide a robust, harmless, and effective whitening agent for the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeongchan Jeon
- Graduate School of Semiconductor and Chemical Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-Daero, Deokjin-Gu, Jeonju-Si, Jeollabuk-do 54896 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojin Choi
- Graduate School of Semiconductor and Chemical Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-Daero, Deokjin-Gu, Jeonju-Si, Jeollabuk-do 54896 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Jun Park
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Ngoc-Tu Nguyen
- Center for Ecology and Environmental Toxicology (CEET), Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-Ro, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk-Do 28644 South Korea
| | - Yang-Hoon Kim
- Center for Ecology and Environmental Toxicology (CEET), Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-Ro, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk-Do 28644 South Korea
- School of Biological Science, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-Ro 1, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk-do 28644 Republic of Korea
| | - Jiho Min
- Graduate School of Semiconductor and Chemical Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-Daero, Deokjin-Gu, Jeonju-Si, Jeollabuk-do 54896 Republic of Korea
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Laccase Mediator Cocktail System as a Sustainable Skin Whitening Agent for Deep Eumelanin Decolorization. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116238. [PMID: 35682916 PMCID: PMC9181290 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The overproduction of eumelanin leads to a panel of unaesthetic hyper-pigmented skin diseases, including melasma and age spots. The treatment of these diseases often requires the use of tyrosinase inhibitors, which act as skin whitening agents by inhibiting the synthesis of eumelanin, with harmful side effects. We report here that laccase from Trametes versicolor in association with a cocktail of natural phenol redox mediators efficiently degraded eumelanin from Sepia officinalis, offering an alternative procedure to traditional whitening agents. Redox mediators showed a synergistic effect with respect to their single-mediator counterpart, highlighting the beneficial role of the cocktail system. The pro-oxidant DHICA sub-units of eumelanin were degraded better than the DHI counterpart, as monitored by the formation of pyrrole-2,3,5-tricarboxylic acid (PTCA) and pyrrole-2,3-dicarboxylic acid (PDCA) degradation products. The most effective laccase-mediated cocktail system was successively applied in a two-component prototype of a topical whitening cream, showing high degradative efficacy against eumelanin.
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Impact of Lysosomal Fraction on Melanin Synthesis Inhibition in a Zebrafish Melanogenesis Phenotype Model. Mol Biotechnol 2022; 64:1350-1355. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-022-00516-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Melanin decolorization by lysosome-related extract in Saccharomyces cerevisiae modified to overproduce glutathione peroxidase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:8715-8725. [PMID: 34724081 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11643-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
All eukaryotes have lysosomes that contain hydrolytic enzymes, such as protease, that degrade waste materials and cellular fragments. As a cellular organelle, lysosomes function as the digestive system of the cell, serving both to degrade material taken up from outside the cell and to digest obsolete components of the cell itself. In a previous study, melanin compounds were bleached using lysosome-related organelle extract (LOE) in which glutathione peroxidase (GPX) contributed decisively to melanin decolorization. In this study, Saccharomyces cerevisiae was engineered to overproduce GPX, which increases the melanin color reduction activity of LOE. In addition, the peroxidase activity of the recombinant yeast was measured for each compartment. In spite of the modification to overexpress the GPX protein, with the peroxidase activity of the lysosome fraction specifically higher, the overall peroxidase activity of the cells remained constant. The overexpression of GPX2 among the GPX present in S. cerevisiae increased both the melanin-decolorization activity and the peroxidase activity of LOE. These results indicate that the peroxidase activity is related to the melanin decomposition and antioxidant enzymes such as GPX. In an artificial skin tissue test, the LOE extracted from the recombinant yeast was efficient in reducing the melanin. These results confirmed the enzyme's ability to penetrate corneous tissue, and they suggest the possibility of further development as a new whitening cosmetic. KEY POINTS: • Modification of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to overexpress glutathione peroxidase (GPX). • The lysosome fraction of the recombinant strain enhanced the decolorizing function. • The LOE penetrates the skin barrier and works effectively on artificial skin tissue.
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Functional Characterization of Melanin Decolorizing Extracellular Peroxidase of Bjerkandera adusta. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7090762. [PMID: 34575800 PMCID: PMC8466778 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanin pigmentation in the human skin results from complicated cellular mechanisms that remain to be entirely understood. Uneven melanin pigmentation has been counteracted by inhibiting synthesis or transfer of melanin in the skin. Recently, an enzymatic approach has been proposed, wherein the melanin in the skin is decolorized using lignin peroxidase. However, not many enzymes are available for decolorizing melanin; the most studied one is lignin peroxidase derived from a lignin degrading fungus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Our current study reveals that versatile peroxidase from Bjerkandera adusta can decolorize synthetic melanin. Melanin decolorization was found to be dependent on veratryl alcohol and hydrogen peroxide, but not on Mn2+. The degree of decolorization reached over 40% in 10 min at 37 °C and a pH of 4.5. Optimized storage conditions were slightly different from those for the reaction; crude enzyme preparation was the most stable at 25 °C at pH 5.5. Since the enzyme rapidly lost its activity at 50 °C, stabilizers were screened. As a result, glycerol, a major component in several cosmetic formulations, was found to be a promising excipient. Our results suggest that B. adusta versatile peroxidase can be considered for future cosmetic applications aimed at melanin decolorization.
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Melanin-Decolorizing Activity of Antioxidant Enzymes, Glutathione Peroxidase, Thiol Peroxidase, and Catalase. Mol Biotechnol 2021; 63:150-155. [PMID: 33387255 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-020-00292-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Melanin is the most important factor to determine skin color. Many research efforts are being undertaken to decompose the already-produced melanin compounds in skin for beauty. This research investigated the effects on reducing melanin color of the three antioxidant enzymes, Glutathione peroxidase (GPX), Thiol peroxidase (TPX), and Catalase, in lysosomal fraction. Melanin solution was treated with the enzymes and hydrogen peroxide, then reacted for 48 h. GPX and TPX decolorized melanin, and between them, GPX was more efficient, but Catalase was not effective. GPX also inhibited the production of melanin in B16F10 melanoma cells. GPX, which is present in almost all microorganisms, plays an important role in the cellular defense mechanism by reactive oxygen species. In addition, it was not cytotoxic, but was significantly effective in decolorizing melanin color. Therefore, in the biological and microbiological field, its possibility of utilization in skin whitening cosmetic is high.
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Park DJ, Choi W, Bang SH, Kim SY, Wee JH, Kim YH, Min J. Vacuolar targeting of aldehyde dehydrogenase 6 tagging with signal peptide of proteinase A. J Basic Microbiol 2020; 60:341-350. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201900579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong J. Park
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering; Jeonbuk National University; Deokjin-Gu Jeonju Jeonbuk South Korea
| | - Wooil Choi
- Graduate School of Semiconductor and Chemical Engineering; Jeonbuk National University; Deokjin-Gu Jeonju Jeonbuk South Korea
| | - Seung H. Bang
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering; Jeonbuk National University; Deokjin-Gu Jeonju Jeonbuk South Korea
| | - Sang Y. Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology; Shin Ansan University; Danwon-Gu Ansan South Korea
| | - Ji-Hyang Wee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology; Shin Ansan University; Danwon-Gu Ansan South Korea
| | - Yang-Hoon Kim
- School of Biological Sciences; Chungbuk National University; Seowon-Gu Cheongju South Korea
| | - Jiho Min
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering; Jeonbuk National University; Deokjin-Gu Jeonju Jeonbuk South Korea
- Graduate School of Semiconductor and Chemical Engineering; Jeonbuk National University; Deokjin-Gu Jeonju Jeonbuk South Korea
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Lee J, Ji J, Park S. Antiwrinkle and antimelanogenesis activity of the ethanol extracts of Lespedeza cuneata G. Don for development of the cosmeceutical ingredients. Food Sci Nutr 2018; 6:1307-1316. [PMID: 30065832 PMCID: PMC6060902 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
To develop the ingredient with the cosmeceutical function, the antiwrinkle and antimelanogenesis effects of the ethanol extract of Lespedeza cuneata G. Don were investigated. DPPH radical scavenging activity was significantly increased with the extract of L. cuneata G. Don. Cell viability on CCD986Sk human fibroblast was also increased by the ethanol extract of L. cuneata G. Don. The inhibitory function of the extract of L. cuneata G. Don on collagenase, elastase, and tyrosinase was evaluated. Protein expression level of Claudin-1, Occludin, and ZO-1 was up-regulated in HaCaT human keratinocyte by the extract of L. cuneata G. Don. In addition, the extract of L. cuneata G. Don inhibited melanin synthesis in B16F10 murine melanoma cells by decreasing MITF, TRP1, and TRP2 protein levels and increasing the phosphorylated Erk and Akt. Thus, these findings would be useful for developing the new cosmeceutical formulations based on the extract of L. cuneata G. Don.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongsung Lee
- Department of Genetic EngineeringSungkyunkwan UniversitySuwonKorea
| | - Jun Ji
- Department of Natural MedicineHallym UniversityChuncheonKorea
- FA CompanySejongKorea
| | - See‐Hyoung Park
- Department of Bio and Chemical EngineeringHongik UniversitySejongKorea
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Im DS, Lee JM, Lee J, Shin HJ, No KT, Park SH, Kim K. Inhibition of collagenase and melanogenesis by ethanol extracts of Orostachys japonicus A. Berger: possible involvement of Erk and Akt signaling pathways in melanoma cells. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2017; 49:945-953. [PMID: 28981602 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmx090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Orostachys japonicus is an herb that contains several functional components and has traditionally been used to treat various diseases in Asia. In this study, bioactive components from different parts of the O. japonicus plant were investigated, and the contents of the functional components in ethanol extracts of O. japonicus cultivated in Korea and China were compared. The antioxidant effects of O. japonicus ethanol extracts were investigated using Raw 264.7 cells. It was found that 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging activity was significantly decreased in the cells treated with the extracts. Moreover, the novel inhibitory functions of O. japonicus extracts on collagenase, elastase, and tyrosinase were established. We also found that O. japonicus extracts strongly inhibited melanin synthesis in B16F10 melanoma cells by decreasing MITF protein levels and activating the Erk and Akt signaling pathways. Thus, these findings would be useful for developing new cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulations based on O. japonicus extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Sig Im
- Department of Chemistry, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea
- SH Company, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Min Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongsung Lee
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419,Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538,Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Tai No
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - See-Hyoung Park
- Department of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Sejong 30016, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiyoung Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea
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Bang SH, Park DJ, Kim YH, Min J. Analysis of lysosomal membrane proteins exposed to melanin in HeLa cells. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:e2016009. [PMID: 27158002 PMCID: PMC4919056 DOI: 10.5620/eht.e2016009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There have been developed to use targeting ability for antimicrobial, anticancerous, gene therapy and cosmetics through analysis of various membrane proteins isolated from cell organelles. METHODS It was examined about the lysosomal membrane protein extracted from lysosome isolated from HeLa cell treated by 100 ppm melanin for 24 hours in order to find associated with targeting ability to melanin using by 2-dimensional electrophoresis. RESULTS The result showed 14 up-regulated (1.5-fold) and 13 down-regulated (2.0-fold) spots in relation to melanin exposure. CONCLUSIONS It has been found that lysosomal membrane proteins are associated with melanin to decolorize and quantity through cellular activation of lysosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hyuck Bang
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Dong Jun Park
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Yang-Hoon Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Jiho Min
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
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