1
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Bai R, Meng Y, Cui J. Therapeutic strategies targeting metabolic characteristics of cancer cells. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2023:104037. [PMID: 37236409 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.104037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is one of the important characteristics of cancer and is a key process leading to malignant proliferation, tumor development and treatment resistance. A variety of therapeutic drugs targeting metabolic reaction enzymes, transport receptors, and special metabolic processes have been developed. In this review, we investigate the characteristics of multiple metabolic changes in cancer cells, including glycolytic pathways, lipid metabolism, and glutamine metabolism changes, describe how these changes promote tumor development and tumor resistance, and summarize the progress and challenges of therapeutic strategies targeting various links of tumor metabolism in combination with current study data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rilan Bai
- Cancer Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Ying Meng
- Cancer Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Jiuwei Cui
- Cancer Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
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2
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Zhai Y, Wang T, Fu Y, Yu T, Ding Y, Nie H. Ferulic Acid: A Review of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Effects on Pulmonary Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098011. [PMID: 37175715 PMCID: PMC10178416 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferulic acid (FA), a prevalent dietary phytochemical, has many pharmacological effects, including anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation effects, and has been widely used in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetics industries. Many studies have shown that FA can significantly downregulate the expression of reactive oxygen species and activate nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor-2/heme oxygenase-1 signaling, exerting anti-oxidative effects. The anti-inflammatory effect of FA is mainly related to the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-kappaB signaling pathways. FA has demonstrated potential clinical applications in the treatment of pulmonary diseases. The transforming growth factor-β1/small mothers against decapentaplegic 3 signaling pathway can be blocked by FA, thereby alleviating pulmonary fibrosis. Moreover, in the context of asthma, the T helper cell 1/2 imbalance is restored by FA. Furthermore, FA ameliorates acute lung injury by inhibiting nuclear factor-kappaB and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways via toll-like receptor 4, consequently decreasing the expression of downstream inflammatory mediators. Additionally, there is a moderate neuraminidase inhibitory activity showing a tendency to reduce the interleukin-8 level in response to influenza virus infections. Although the application of FA has broad prospects, more preclinical mechanism-based research should be carried out to test these applications in clinical settings. This review not only covers the literature on the pharmacological effects and mechanisms of FA, but also discusses the therapeutic role and toxicology of FA in several pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiman Zhai
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Tingyu Wang
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yunmei Fu
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Tong Yu
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yan Ding
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Hongguang Nie
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
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3
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Singh Tuli H, Kumar A, Ramniwas S, Coudhary R, Aggarwal D, Kumar M, Sharma U, Chaturvedi Parashar N, Haque S, Sak K. Ferulic Acid: A Natural Phenol That Inhibits Neoplastic Events through Modulation of Oncogenic Signaling. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217653. [PMID: 36364478 PMCID: PMC9654319 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the immense therapeutic advances in the field of health sciences, cancer is still to be found among the global leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Ethnomedicinally, natural bioactive compounds isolated from various plant sources have been used for the treatment of several cancer types and have gained notable attention. Ferulic acid, a natural compound derived from various seeds, nuts, leaves, and fruits, exhibits a variety of pharmacological effects in cancer, including its proapoptotic, cell-cycle-arresting, anti-metastatic, and anti-inflammatory activities. This review study presents a thorough overview of the molecular targets and cellular signaling pathways modulated by ferulic acid in diverse malignancies, showing high potential for this phenolic acid to be developed as a candidate agent for novel anticancer therapeutics. In addition, current investigations to develop promising synergistic formulations are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardeep Singh Tuli
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala 133207, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Punjab Biotechnology Incubator (PBTI), Phase VIII, Mohali 160071, India
| | - Seema Ramniwas
- University Centre for Research and Development, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali 140413, India
| | - Renuka Coudhary
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala 133207, India
| | - Diwakar Aggarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala 133207, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Sadopur-Ambala 134007, India
| | - Ujjawal Sharma
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bhatinda 151001, India
| | - Nidarshana Chaturvedi Parashar
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala 133207, India
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Katrin Sak
- NGO Praeventio, 50407 Tartu, Estonia
- Correspondence:
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4
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Das SS, Tambe S, Prasad Verma PR, Amin P, Singh N, Singh SK, Gupta PK. Molecular insights and therapeutic implications of nanoengineered dietary polyphenols for targeting lung carcinoma: part I. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2022; 17:1779-1798. [PMID: 36636930 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2022-0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality globally, and non-small-cell lung cancer accounts for most lung cancer cases. Nanotechnology-based drug-delivery systems have exhibited immense potential in lung cancer therapy due to their fascinating physicochemical characteristics, in vivo stability, bioavailability, prolonged and targeted delivery, gastrointestinal absorption and therapeutic efficiency of their numerous chemotherapeutic agents. However, traditional chemotherapeutics have systemic toxicity issues; therefore, dietary polyphenols might potentially replace them in lung cancer treatment. Polyphenol-based targeted nanotherapeutics have demonstrated interaction with a multitude of protein targets and cellular signaling pathways that affect major cellular processes. This review summarizes the various molecular mechanisms and targeted therapeutic potentials of nanoengineered dietary polyphenols in the effective management of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabya Sachi Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835215, India.,School of Pharmaceutical and Population Health Informatics, DIT University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248009, India
| | - Srushti Tambe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400019, India
| | - Priya Ranjan Prasad Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835215, India
| | - Purnima Amin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400019, India
| | - Neeru Singh
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Technology, University Polytechnic, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835215, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835215, India
| | - Piyush Kumar Gupta
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248002, India.,Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, INTI International University, Nilai 71800, Malaysia
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5
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Yılmaz D, Culha M. Discrimination of Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis by Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:6281-6294. [PMID: 35549265 PMCID: PMC9134499 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c03305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cellular energy required for the maintenance of cellular life is stored in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Understanding cellular mechanisms, including ATP-dependent metabolisms, is crucial for disease diagnosis and treatment, including drug development and investigation of new therapeutic systems. As an ATP-dependent metabolism, endocytosis plays a key role not only in the internalization of molecules but also in processes including cell growth, differentiation, and signaling. To understand cellular mechanisms including endocytosis, many techniques ranging from molecular approaches to spectroscopy are used. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is shown to provide valuable label-free molecular information from living cells. In this study, receptor-mediated endocytosis was investigated with SERS by inhibiting endocytosis with ATP depletion agents: sodium azide (NaN3) and 2-deoxy-d-glucose (dG). Human lung bronchial epithelium (Beas-2b) cells, normal prostate epithelium (PNT1A) cells, and cervical cancer epithelium (HeLa) cells were used as models. First, the effect of NaN3 and dG on the cells were examined through cytotoxicity, apoptosis-necrosis, ATP assay, and uptake inhibition analysis. An attempt to relate the spectral changes in the cellular spectra to the studied cellular events, receptor-mediated endocytosis inhibition, was made. It was found that the effect of two different ATP depletion agents can be discriminated by SERS, and hence receptor-mediated endocytosis can be tracked from single living cells with the technique without using a label and with limited sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Yılmaz
- Faculty
of Engineering, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, 34755 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Culha
- Sabanci
University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey
- Department
of Ophthalmology and Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, The University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
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6
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Johar D, Elmehrath AO, Khalil RM, Elberry MH, Zaky S, Shalabi SA, Bernstein LH. Protein networks linking Warburg and reverse Warburg effects to cancer cell metabolism. Biofactors 2021; 47:713-728. [PMID: 34453457 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It was 80 years after the Otto Warburg discovery of aerobic glycolysis, a major hallmark in the understanding of cancer. The Warburg effect is the preference of cancer cell for glycolysis that produces lactate even when sufficient oxygen is provided. "reverse Warburg effect" refers to the interstitial tissue communications with adjacent epithelium, that in the process of carcinogenesis, is needed to be explored. Among these cell-cell communications, the contact between epithelial cells; between epithelial cells and matrix; and between fibroblasts and inflammatory cells in the underlying matrix. Cancer involves dysregulation of Warburg and reverse Warburg cellular metabolic pathways. How these gene and protein-based regulatory mechanisms have functioned has been the basis for this review. The importance of the Warburg in oxidative phosphorylation suppression, with increased glycolysis in cancer growth and proliferation is emphasized. Studies that are directed at pathways that would be expected to shift cell metabolism to an increased oxidation and to a decrease in glycolysis are emphasized. Key enzymes required for oxidative phosphorylation, and affect the inhibition of fatty acid metabolism and glutamine dependence are conferred. The findings are of special interest to cancer pharmacotherapy. Studies described in this review are concerned with the effects of therapeutic modalities that are intimately related to the Warburg effect. These interactions described may be helpful as adjuvant therapy in controlling the process of proliferation and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Johar
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Women for Arts, Sciences and Education, Ain Shams University, Heliopolis, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Rania M Khalil
- Department of Biochemistry, Pharmacy College, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
| | - Mostafa H Elberry
- Virology and Immunology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samy Zaky
- Hepatogastroenterology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samy A Shalabi
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Consultant Pathologist, Kuwait, Kuwait
| | - Larry H Bernstein
- Emeritus Prof. Department of Pathology, Yale University, Connecticut, USA
- Triplex Consulting Pharmaceuticals, 54 Firethorn Lane Northampton, MA 01060, USA
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7
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Nguyen THP, Kumar VB, Ponnusamy VK, Mai TTT, Nhat PT, Brindhadevi K, Pugazhendhi A. Phytochemicals intended for anticancer effects at preclinical levels to clinical practice: Assessment of formulations at nanoscale for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) therapy. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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8
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Gai W, Peng Z, Liu CH, Zhang L, Jiang H. Advances in Cancer Treatment by Targeting the Neddylation Pathway. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:653882. [PMID: 33898451 PMCID: PMC8060460 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.653882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental down-regulation protein 8 (NEDD8), expressed by neural progenitors, is a ubiquitin-like protein that conjugates to and regulates the biological function of its substrates. The main target of NEDD8 is cullin-RING E3 ligases. Upregulation of the neddylation pathway is closely associated with the progression of various tumors, and MLN4924, which inhibits NEDD8-activating enzyme (NAE), is a promising new antitumor compound for combination therapy. Here, we summarize the latest progress in anticancer strategies targeting the neddylation pathway and their combined applications, providing a theoretical reference for developing antitumor drugs and combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Gai
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhiqiang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Cui Hua Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lingqiang Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China.,Peixian People's Hospital, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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9
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Norcantharidin combined with 2-deoxy-d-glucose suppresses the hepatocellular carcinoma cells proliferation and migration. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:142. [PMID: 33708465 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02688-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Present study aims to investigate the combined effect of anticancer drug, norcantharidin (NCTD) in combination with glycolytic inhibitor, i.e. 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG) in liver cancer (HepG2 and Hepa 1-6) cells. Cell viability of NCTD and 2-DG exposed cells was determined by MTT assay, whereas, colony-forming efficiency and migration rate was determined by clonogenic assay and wound healing assay, respectively. Nuclear DAPI staining and Annexin V FITC-PI staining were used to study the apoptosis induction in cells. Fluorescence microscopy imaging was performed to detect the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and mitochondrial membrane potential by staining with DCFDA and JC-1 dye, respectively. Cell viability assay revealed that NCTD and 2-DG exposure in combination displays more cytotoxic effect than a single drug. Additionally, cells lose their colony formation efficiency, as well as the reduced migration rate ability was also observed upon combined exposure. Increased nuclear condensation and mitochondrial membrane depolarization are considered as key features for apoptosis induction in cancerous cells. Furthermore, oxidative stress produced in cells due to enhanced intracellular ROS generation is also major probability for cellular damage. Thus, from the initial data it can be concluded that further preclinical studies will be needed to prove the efficacy of NCTD and 2-DG in hepatocellular carcinoma therapy.
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10
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Gupta A, Singh AK, Loka M, Pandey AK, Bishayee A. Ferulic acid-mediated modulation of apoptotic signaling pathways in cancer. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2021; 125:215-257. [PMID: 33931140 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ferulic acid (4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid, FA), a hydroxycinnamic acid derived from various seeds, nuts, leaves, and fruits, exists in a free form as well as is covalently conjugated with polysaccharides, glycoproteins, polyamines, lignin, and hydroxy fatty acids of plant cell walls. It exhibits a variety of pharmacological effects, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, vasodilatory, antithrombotic, antimicrobial, anti-allergic, antiviral, hepatoprotective, and anticancer activities. FA induces the expression of cell cycle-related proteins, such as p53 and p21, and reduces cyclin D1 and cyclin E levels. Moreover, FA triggers apoptosis and autophagic cell death depending on intracellular reactive oxygen species production in various cancer cell lines. The potential apoptotic action of FA is mediated by altered expression of procaspase-3, procaspase-8, procaspase-9, poly (ADP ribose) polymerase, Bcl-2, and Bax. It blocks the activation of both the canonical Smad and noncanonical extracellular-signal-regulated kinase/Akt (protein kinase B) pathways in various cancer cells. However, due to low solubility and permeability, its availability to biological systems is limited. Therefore, encapsulation of FA into chitosan tripolyphosphate nanoparticles may enhance its cytocompatibility, solubility, and anticancer potential. The nanohybrids of FA and double layered hydroxide exhibit cellular delivery properties of intercalated molecules on cancer cell lines. This chapter summarizes the anticancer efficacy of FA with an emphasis on the role of apoptosis, and underlying molecular mechanisms involving various signaling pathways in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amit Kumar Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mariam Loka
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL, United States
| | - Abhay Kumar Pandey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL, United States.
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11
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Cytotoxic and Apoptotic Effects of Ferulic Acid on Renal Carcinoma Cell Line (ACHN). Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 2020. [DOI: 10.5812/jjnpp.81969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Polyphenolic compounds have anti-proliferative effects and can trigger apoptosis in cancer cells. Ferulic acid is excessively found in various herbal products and fruits. Ferulic acid plays a role in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, inflammation, and bacterial and viral infections. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anticancer effect of ferulic acid on renal carcinoma cells (ACHN). Methods: To assess the anti-proliferative effect of ferulic acid, the renal carcinoma cell line (ACHN) was treated with different ferulic acid concentrations (10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 μM) for 24, 48, and 72 hours. Cell viability was measured using the MTT assay. The apoptosis of cancer cells was evaluated by flow cytometry and real-time PCR. Results: The IC50 of ferulic acid against ACHN cells was determined to be 30 μM at 72 hours with the MTT assay. The treatment of cells with ferulic acid concentrations of 30 and 60 μM caused a significant increase in the apoptosis index. The Bcl-2 gene expression level was significantly lower in the treated group than in the control group, and the Bax gene expression level was significantly higher in the treated group than in the control group (P < 0.001). Conclusions: The results of this study showed the apoptotic activity of ferulic acid against ACHN cells. These results can be helpful in the better understanding of the anticancer mechanism of ferulic acid, suggesting this substance as an alternative drug or in combination with conventional chemical treatments for cancer treatment.
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12
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Liu G, Luo Q, Li H, Liu Q, Ju Y, Song G. Increased Oxidative Phosphorylation Is Required for Stemness Maintenance in Liver Cancer Stem Cells from Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Line HCCLM3 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155276. [PMID: 32722385 PMCID: PMC7432880 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are considered to be the main cause of tumor recurrence, metastasis, and an unfavorable prognosis. Energy metabolism is closely associated with cell stemness. However, how the stemness of liver cancer stem cells (LCSCs) is regulated by metabolic/oxidative stress remains poorly understood. In this study, we compare the metabolic differences between LCSCs and the hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HCCLM3, and explore the relationship between metabolism and LCSC stemness. We found that LCSCs from the hepatocellular carcinoma cell HCCLM3 exhibited more robust glucose metabolism than HCCLM3, including glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), and pyruvate produced by glycolysis entering mitochondria for OXPHOS. Moreover, 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) enhanced the LCSC stemness by upregulating OXPHOS. In contrast, Mdivi-1 reduced the levels of OXPHOS and weakened the stemness by inhibiting mitochondrial fission. Together, our findings clarify the relationship between energy metabolism and LCSC stemness and may provide theoretical guidance and potential therapeutic approaches for liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China; (G.L.); (Q.L.); (H.L.); (Q.L.)
| | - Qing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China; (G.L.); (Q.L.); (H.L.); (Q.L.)
| | - Hong Li
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China; (G.L.); (Q.L.); (H.L.); (Q.L.)
| | - Qiuping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China; (G.L.); (Q.L.); (H.L.); (Q.L.)
| | - Yang Ju
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan;
| | - Guanbin Song
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China; (G.L.); (Q.L.); (H.L.); (Q.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-23-65102507
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13
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Das U, Manna K, Adhikary A, Mishra S, Saha KD, Sharma RD, Majumder B, Dey S. Ferulic acid enhances the radiation sensitivity of lung and liver carcinoma cells by collapsing redox homeostasis: mechanistic involvement of Akt/p38 MAPK signalling pathway. Free Radic Res 2019; 53:944-967. [DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2019.1655559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ujjal Das
- Department of Physiology, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, and Centre with Potential for Excellence in Particular Area (CPEPA), University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Krishnendu Manna
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Arghya Adhikary
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Snehasis Mishra
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Krishna Das Saha
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Biswanath Majumder
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Biology, Mitra Biotech, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, India
| | - Sanjit Dey
- Department of Physiology, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, and Centre with Potential for Excellence in Particular Area (CPEPA), University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
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14
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Hasse FC, Koerber SA, Prigge ES, Liermann J, von Knebel Doeberitz M, Debus J, Sterzing F. Overcoming radioresistance in WiDr cells with heavy ion irradiation and radiosensitization by 2-deoxyglucose with photon irradiation. Clin Transl Radiat Oncol 2019; 19:52-58. [PMID: 31517070 PMCID: PMC6733777 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctro.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
2-DG acts as a radiosensitizer to photons depending on the time of its application. There is no sensitization to 12C irradiation by 2-DG. 12C combination therapy still has the higher dose effectiveness.
Background and purpose Radiosensitizers and heavy ion irradiation could improve therapy for female patients with malignant tumors located in the pelvic region through dose reduction. Aim of the study was to investigate the radiosensitizing potential of 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG) in combination with carbon ion-irradiation (12C) in representative cell lines of cancer in the female pelvic region. Materials and methods The human cervix carcinoma cell line CaSki and the colorectal carcinoma cell line WiDr were used. 2-DG was employed in two different settings, pretreatment and treatment simultaneous to irradiation. Clonogenic survival, α and β values for application of the linear quadratic model and relative biological effectiveness (RBE) were determined. ANOVA tests were used for statistical group comparison. Isobolograms were generated for curve comparisons. Results The comparison of monotherapy with 12C versus photons yielded RBE values of 2.4 for CaSki and 3.5 for WiDr along with a significant increase of α values in the 12C setting. 2-DG monotherapy reduced the colony formation of both cell lines. Radiosensitization was found in WiDr for the combination of photon irradiation with synchronous application of 2-DG. The same setup for 12C showed no radiosensitization, but rather an additive effect. In all settings with CaSki, the combination of irradiation and 2-DG exhibited additive properties. Conclusion The combination of 2-DG and photon therapy, as well as irradiation with carbon ions can overcome radioresistance of tumor cells such as WiDr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Christian Hasse
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Alexander Koerber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elena Sophie Prigge
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jakob Liermann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Magnus von Knebel Doeberitz
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Juergen Debus
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian Sterzing
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Santhakumaran I, Shanuja SK, Narayanaswamy R, Gnanamani A. Asperyellone prevents HDF cells from UVB irradiation damages: An elaborated study. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:7560-7572. [PMID: 30548661 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The current study explores the photo-protective effect of asperyellone (AY) (a fungal secondary metabolite), assessed under in vitro condition using human dermal fibroblast cell line. AY was isolated from Aspergillus sp. during the resting phase and purified. The initial cytocompatibility assessment on concentrations of AY and the duration of exposure of UVB irradiations were studied respectively. N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) was used as positive control. Cells were then pretreated with optimized concentration of AY (2.0 μM) and NAC (1 mM) for 1 hour and then UVB irradiated (30 mJ/cm 2 ) for the period of 10 minutes. Results revealed that reactive oxygen species generated upon UVB irradiation found scavenged by the AY pretreatment at a significant level. Furthermore, an appreciable reduction in apoptotic cell count and DNA damages support the scavenging effect of AY. Assessments on the expression of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants evidently prove the protective role of AY. The reduced expression levels of inflammatory markers (TNF-α and COX-2), collagen degraders (MMP 2 and MMP 9), apoptotic protein expressions (Bax and Bcl-2), and cell-cycle arrest analyses substantiate the photo-protective effect of AY similar to NAC (positive control). Thus, the observations made in the current study indicate the possible role of AY as a photo-protective agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Radhakrishnan Narayanaswamy
- Bio Waste Management Laboratory, Vel Tech Technology Incubator, Veltech Dr. RR & Dr. SR University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Ding H, Jiang L, Xu J, Bai F, Zhou Y, Yuan Q, Luo J, Zen K, Yang J. Inhibiting aerobic glycolysis suppresses renal interstitial fibroblast activation and renal fibrosis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 313:F561-F575. [PMID: 28228400 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00036.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney diseases generally lead to renal fibrosis. Despite great progress having been made in identifying molecular mediators of fibrosis, the mechanism that governs renal fibrosis remains unclear, and so far no effective therapeutic antifibrosis strategy is available. Here we demonstrated that a switch of metabolism from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect) in renal fibroblasts was the primary feature of fibroblast activation during renal fibrosis and that suppressing renal fibroblast aerobic glycolysis could significantly reduce renal fibrosis. Both gene and protein assay showed that the expression of glycolysis enzymes was upregulated in mouse kidneys with unilateral ureter obstruction (UUO) surgery or in transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-treated renal interstitial fibroblasts. Aerobic glycolysis flux, indicated by glucose uptake and lactate production, was increased in mouse kidney with UUO nephropathy or TGF-β1-treated renal interstitial fibroblasts and positively correlated with fibrosis process. In line with this, we found that increasing aerobic glycolysis can remarkably induce myofibroblast activation while aerobic glycolysis inhibitors shikonin and 2-deoxyglucose attenuate UUO-induced mouse renal fibrosis and TGF-β1-stimulated myofibroblast activation. Furthermore, mechanistic study indicated that shikonin inhibits renal aerobic glycolysis via reducing phosphorylation of pyruvate kinase type M2, a rate-limiting glycolytic enzyme associated with cell reliance on aerobic glycolysis. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate the critical role of aerobic glycolysis in renal fibrosis and support treatment with aerobic glycolysis inhibitors as a potential antifibrotic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Ding
- Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Lei Jiang
- Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Jing Xu
- Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Feng Bai
- Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Yang Zhou
- Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Qi Yuan
- Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Jing Luo
- Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Ke Zen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University Advanced Institute of Life Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Junwei Yang
- Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; and
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Sin Singer Brugiolo A, Carvalho Gouveia AC, de Souza Alves CC, de Castro E Silva FM, Esteves de Oliveira É, Ferreira AP. Ferulic acid supresses Th2 immune response and prevents remodeling in ovalbumin-induced pulmonary allergy associated with inhibition of epithelial-derived cytokines. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2017; 45:202-209. [PMID: 28689020 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is characterized by intermittent airway obstruction and chronic inflammation, orchestrated primarily by Th2 cytokines. There is a strong rationale for developing new asthma therapies, since current treatment protocols present side effects and may not be effective in cases of difficult-to-control asthma. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of ferulic acid, a phenolic acid commonly present in plants, in the ovalbumin-induced pulmonary allergy murine model. METHODS BALB/c mice were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin, and treatments were provided by gavage. Six groups of mice (n = 6) were studied, labeled as: control, pulmonary allergy, dexamethasone, and 3 receiving ferulic acid (at 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg). Lung tissue, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and serum were collected for analysis. RESULTS Ferulic acid treatment inhibited an established allergic Th2-response by decreasing the key features of pulmonary allergy, including lung and airway inflammation, eosinophil infiltration, mucus production and serum levels of OVA-specific IgE. These results were associated with lower levels of CCL20, CCL11 and CCL5 chemokines and IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, TSLP, IL-25 and IL-33 cytokines in lung tissue homogenate. CONCLUSIONS In this study it was demonstrated for the first time that ferulic acid treatment is able to suppress one of the main features of the airway remodeling, indicated by reduction of mucus production, besides the Th2 pathogenic response on ovalbumin-induced pulmonary allergy. Taken together, results shows that the immunopathological mechanism underlying these effects is linked to a reduction of the epithelial-derived chemokines and cytokines, suggesting that ferulic acid may be useful as a potential therapeutic agent for asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessa Sin Singer Brugiolo
- IMUNOCET, Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Ana Cláudia Carvalho Gouveia
- IMUNOCET, Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Caio César de Souza Alves
- IMUNOCET, Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Flávia Márcia de Castro E Silva
- IMUNOCET, Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Érick Esteves de Oliveira
- IMUNOCET, Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula Ferreira
- IMUNOCET, Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Oladghaffari M, Shabestani Monfared A, Farajollahi A, Baradaran B, Mohammadi M, Shanehbandi D, Asghari Jafar Abadi M, Pirayesh Islamian J. MLN4924 and 2DG combined treatment enhances the efficiency of radiotherapy in breast cancer cells. Int J Radiat Biol 2017; 93:590-599. [PMID: 28291374 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2017.1294272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Two-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) causes cytotoxicity in the cancer cells by disrupting the thiol metabolism, and MLN4924 inactivates the SCF E3 ligase and so causes the accumulation of its substrates which trigger apoptosis and hence might enhance the efficiency of radiotherapy and overcame on the radioresistance of the cancer cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS SKBR3 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells were treated with 500 μM 2DG and/or MLN4924 (30, 100, 200 and 300 nM), and in combination in the presence and absence of 1, 1.5 and 2 Gy gamma irradiation. The effects of the treatments - 2DG, MLN4924, irradiation alone and combined - on MCF-7 and SKBR3 cell lines were evaluated by MTT assay, TUNEL assay, cell death detection, Q-PCR for caspase-3 and Bcl-2 expression analysis, and finally clonogenic survival assay. RESULTS The treatments enhanced the further radio cytotoxicity via inducing the apoptosis cell signaling gene, caspase-3. The 2DG and MLN4924 treatments could act as a radiosensitizer, especially on the SKBR3 cells, and further sensitized the cells with a sensitivity enhancement ratio (SER) of 1.41 and 1.27 in SKBR3 and MCF-7 cells, respectively. CONCLUSION The combined chemo-radiotherapy might improve the breast cancer treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Oladghaffari
- a Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Ali Shabestani Monfared
- b Medical Physics Department , Cellular & Molecular Biology Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences , Babol , Iran
| | - Alireza Farajollahi
- c Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- a Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Mohsen Mohammadi
- d Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Dariush Shanehbandi
- a Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Mohammad Asghari Jafar Abadi
- e Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health , Medical Education Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Jalil Pirayesh Islamian
- a Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,c Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
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Das U, Biswas S, Sengupta A, Manna K, Chakraborty A, Dey S. Ferulic acid (FA) abrogates ionizing radiation-induced oxidative damage in murine spleen. Int J Radiat Biol 2016; 92:806-818. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2016.1230241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ujjal Das
- Department of Physiology, Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology and Centre with Potential for Excellence in Particular Area (CPEPA), University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Sushobhan Biswas
- Department of Physiology, Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology and Centre with Potential for Excellence in Particular Area (CPEPA), University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Aaveri Sengupta
- Department of Physiology, Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology and Centre with Potential for Excellence in Particular Area (CPEPA), University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Krishnendu Manna
- Department of Physiology, Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology and Centre with Potential for Excellence in Particular Area (CPEPA), University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Anindita Chakraborty
- Division of Radiation Biology, UGC-DAE CSR Center Kolkata, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata, India
| | - Sanjit Dey
- Department of Physiology, Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology and Centre with Potential for Excellence in Particular Area (CPEPA), University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
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Tran Q, Lee H, Park J, Kim SH, Park J. Targeting Cancer Metabolism - Revisiting the Warburg Effects. Toxicol Res 2016; 32:177-93. [PMID: 27437085 PMCID: PMC4946416 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2016.32.3.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
After more than half of century since the Warburg effect was described, this atypical metabolism has been standing true for almost every type of cancer, exhibiting higher glycolysis and lactate metabolism and defective mitochondrial ATP production. This phenomenon had attracted many scientists to the problem of elucidating the mechanism of, and reason for, this effect. Several models based on oncogenic studies have been proposed, such as the accumulation of mitochondrial gene mutations, the switch from oxidative phosphorylation respiration to glycolysis, the enhancement of lactate metabolism, and the alteration of glycolytic genes. Whether the Warburg phenomenon is the consequence of genetic dysregulation in cancer or the cause of cancer remains unknown. Moreover, the exact reasons and physiological values of this peculiar metabolism in cancer remain unclear. Although there are some pharmacological compounds, such as 2-deoxy-D-glucose, dichloroacetic acid, and 3-bromopyruvate, therapeutic strategies, including diet, have been developed based on targeting the Warburg effect. In this review, we will revisit the Warburg effect to determine how much scientists currently understand about this phenomenon and how we can treat the cancer based on targeting metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quangdon Tran
- Department of Pharmacology and Medical Science, Metabolic Diseases and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Research Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyunji Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Medical Science, Metabolic Diseases and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Research Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jisoo Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Medical Science, Metabolic Diseases and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Research Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seon-Hwan Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jongsun Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Medical Science, Metabolic Diseases and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Research Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
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Montgomery A, Adeyeni T, San K, Heuertz RM, Ezekiel UR. Curcumin Sensitizes Silymarin to Exert Synergistic Anticancer Activity in Colon Cancer Cells. J Cancer 2016; 7:1250-7. [PMID: 27390600 PMCID: PMC4934033 DOI: 10.7150/jca.15690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied combinatorial interactions of two phytochemicals, curcumin and silymarin, in their action against cancer cell proliferation. Curcumin is the major component of the spice turmeric. Silymarin is a bioactive component of milk thistle used as a protective supplement against liver disease. We studied antiproliferative effects of curcumin alone, silymarin alone and combinations of curcumin and silymarin using colon cancer cell lines (DLD-1, HCT116, LoVo). Curcumin inhibited colon cancer cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas silymarin showed significant inhibition only at the highest concentrations assessed. We found synergistic effects when colon cancer cells were treated with curcumin and silymarin together. The combination treatment led to inhibition of colon cancer cell proliferation and increased apoptosis compared to single compound treated cells. Combination treated cells exhibited marked cell rounding and membrane blebbing of apoptotic cells. Curcumin treated cells showed 3-fold more caspase3/7 activity whereas combination treated cells showed 5-fold more activity compared to control and silymarin treated cells. When DLD-1 cells were pre-exposed to curcumin, followed by treatment with silymarin, the cells underwent a high amount of cell death. The pre-exposure studies indicated curcumin sensitization of silymarin effect. Our results indicate that combinatorial treatments using phytochemicals are effective against colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Montgomery
- 1. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Saint Louis University St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Temitope Adeyeni
- 2. Department of Health Science and Informatics, Saint Louis University St. Louis, MO 63104, USA;; 3. Biomedical Laboratory Science, Saint Louis University St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - KayKay San
- 3. Biomedical Laboratory Science, Saint Louis University St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Rita M Heuertz
- 3. Biomedical Laboratory Science, Saint Louis University St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
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Dodurga Y, Eroğlu C, Seçme M, Elmas L, Avcı ÇB, Şatıroğlu-Tufan NL. Anti-proliferative and anti-invasive effects of ferulic acid in TT medullary thyroid cancer cells interacting with URG4/URGCP. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:1933-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3984-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Ferulic acid combined with aspirin demonstrates chemopreventive potential towards pancreatic cancer when delivered using chitosan-coated solid-lipid nanoparticles. Cell Biosci 2015; 5:46. [PMID: 26301084 PMCID: PMC4545978 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-015-0041-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The overall goal of this study was to demonstrate potential chemopreventive effects of ferulic acid (FA), an antioxidant, combined with aspirin (ASP), a commonly used anti-inflammatory drug for pancreatic cancer chemoprevention, using a novel chitosan-coated solid lipid nanoparticles (c-SLN) drug delivery system encapsulating FA and ASP. RESULTS Our formulation optimization results showed that c-SLNs of FA and ASP exhibited appropriate initial particle sizes in range of 183 ± 46 and 229 ± 67 nm, encapsulation efficiency of 80 and 78 %, and zeta potential of 39.1 and 50.3 mV, respectively. In vitro studies were conducted to measure growth inhibition and degree of apoptotic cell death induced by either FA or ASP alone or in combination. Cell viability studies demonstrated combinations of low doses of free FA (200 µM) and ASP (1 mM) significantly reduced cell viability by 45 and 60 % in human pancreatic cancer cells MIA PaCa-2 and Panc-1, respectively. However, when encapsulated within c-SLNs, a 5- and 40-fold decreases in dose of FA (40 µM) and ASP (25 µM) was observed which was significant. Furthermore, increased apoptosis of 35 and 31 % was observed in MIA PaCa-2 and Panc-1 cells, respectively. In vivo studies using oral administration of combinations of 75 and 25 mg/kg of FA and ASP c-SLNs to MIA PaCa-2 pancreatic tumor xenograft mice model suppressed the growth of the tumor by 45 % compared to control, although this was not statistically significant. In addition, the immunohistochemical analysis of tumor tissue showed significant decrease in expression of proliferation proteins PCNA and MKI67, and also increased expression of apoptotic proteins p-RB, p21, and p-ERK1/2 indicating the pro-apoptotic role of the regimen. CONCLUSION Combination of FA and ASP delivered via a novel nanotechnology-based c-SLN formulation demonstrates potential for pancreatic cancer chemoprevention and could be a promising area for future studies.
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Chuang IC, Yang CM, Song TY, Yang NC, Hu ML. The anti-angiogenic action of 2-deoxyglucose involves attenuation of VEGFR2 signaling and MMP-2 expression in HUVECs. Life Sci 2015; 139:52-61. [PMID: 26285173 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS 2-Deoxyglucose (2-DG) is a glucose analogue and has been shown to inhibit angiogenesis in human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) through interference with N-linked glycosylation. However, the anti-angiogenic mechanisms of 2-DG are not fully elucidated. MAIN METHODS We first employed an ex vivo rat aortic ring model to substantiate the anti-angiogenic action of 2-DG and then used HUVECs to investigate the molecular mechanism underlying such an action. KEY FINDINGS Results reveal that 2-DG (0.05-1.0mM) significantly inhibited tube formation in both rat aortic rings and HUVECs. 2-DG (0.1-1.0mM) also significantly inhibited cell invasion and migration, as well as the activity and mRNA and protein expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 in HUVECs. In addition, 2-DG (1.0mM) significantly inhibited mRNA and protein expression of vascular endothelial growth receptor 2 (VEGFR2) in a time-dependent manner. 2-DG also significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38), the downstream molecules of VEGFR2. The effects of 2-DG on tube formation, MMP-2 activity, and VEGFR2 protein expression in HUVECs were reversed by mannose, an N-linked glycosylation precursor. Mannose also reversed 2-DG-induced accumulation of VEGFR2 in the endoplasmic reticulum. SIGNIFICANCE This ex vivo and in vitro study demonstrates that 2-DG inhibits angiogenesis with an action involving attenuation of VEGFR2 signaling and MMP-2 expression, possibly resulting from interference with N-linked glycosylation of VEGFR2. Further studies are needed to show that 2-DG inhibits VEGF-mediated angiogenesis or that the actual status of N-glycosylation of VEGFR2 is affected by the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Chen Chuang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Min Yang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tuzz-Ying Song
- Department of BioIndustry Technology, Dayeh University, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Nae-Cherng Yang
- School of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Miao-Lin Hu
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan; Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Assessment of the anticancer mechanism of ferulic acid via cell cycle and apoptotic pathways in human prostate cancer cell lines. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:9437-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3689-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Kim W, Youn H, Kang C, Youn B. Inflammation-induced radioresistance is mediated by ROS-dependent inactivation of protein phosphatase 1 in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Apoptosis 2015; 20:1242-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-015-1141-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Muley P, Olinger A, Tummala H. 2-Deoxyglucose induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosisin colorectal cancer cells independent of its glycolysis inhibition. Nutr Cancer 2015; 67:514-22. [PMID: 25751508 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2015.1002626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
2-Deoxyglucose (2DG) is an anticancer drug with excellent safety profile. Because of its higher dose requirements, its potential is yet to translate into a monotherapy. However, recently, 2DG has been tested as an adjunct in established chemotherapeutic regimens. 2DG enhanced the potency of several chemotherapeutic agents but not all. The rationale selection of known chemotherapeutic agents to use with 2DG is hampered because of the lack of complete understanding of mechanism behind 2DG anticancer effects. Although, 2DG is a well-known glycolytic inhibitor, which inhibits the key glycolytic enzyme hexokinase, its anticancer effects cannot be fully explained by this simplistic mechanism alone. In this article, we have shown for the first time that 2DG induced a transient expression of p21 and a continuous expression of p53 in colorectal cancer cells (SW620). The treatment also caused cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase and induced apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway. The effects of 2DG on p21 and p53 protein levels were totally independent of its inhibitory effect on either hexokinase or ATP levels. Results from this study provides key insights into novel molecular mechanisms of 2DG and directs rational selection of other anticancer drugs to combine with 2DG in colorectal cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Muley
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , South Dakota State University , Brookings , South Dakota , USA
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Bian YY, Guo J, Majeed H, Zhu KX, Guo XN, Peng W, Zhou HM. Ferulic acid renders protection to HEK293 cells against oxidative damage and apoptosis induced by hydrogen peroxide. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2015; 51:722-9. [PMID: 25678463 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-015-9876-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The application of antioxidants has been considered as an important and effective approach against conditions in which oxidative stress occurs. Especially, ferulic acid (FA) is an important antioxidant which exerts potency against cellular damage in the presence of oxidants. In the current study, the resistance effect of FA on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-stressed human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK293) in vitro was investigated. FA (1 mM) increased HEK293 cells' viability and significantly reduced H2O2-induced cellular apoptosis, which was confirmed with flow cytometry and morphological results. Cell cycle analysis indicated low percentage of sub-G0 population of FA-treated HEK293 cells that confirmed its resistance effect. The FA-treated HEK293 cells followed by H2O2 exposure resulted in decreased ROS levels compared to control (H2O2-treated only). The results indicated that pretreatment of FA on cell prior to H2O2 exposure could significantly improve cell survival and increase catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels. On the other hand, reduction in the levels of MDA and ROS was obvious. It can be concluded that FA may protect HEK293 cells from injury induced by H2O2 through regulation of intracellular antioxidant enzyme activities and cell cycle distribution. The reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential was also inhibited by FA treatment. These results suggested the importance of naturally occurring antioxidants such as FA in therapeutic intervention methodology against oxidative stress-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
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Zhang D, Li J, Wang F, Hu J, Wang S, Sun Y. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose targeting of glucose metabolism in cancer cells as a potential therapy. Cancer Lett 2014; 355:176-83. [PMID: 25218591 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells are characterized by altered glucose metabolism known as the Warburg effect in which aerobic glycolysis is increased. Glucose is converted to lactate even under sufficient oxygen tension. Interfering with this process may be a potential effective strategy to cause cancer cell death because these cells rely heavily on glucose metabolism for survival and proliferation. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2DG), a glucose analog, targets glucose metabolism to deplete cancer cells of energy. In addition, 2DG increases oxidative stress, inhibits N-linked glycosylation, and induces autophagy. It can efficiently slow cell growth and potently facilitate apoptosis in specific cancer cells. Although 2DG itself has limited therapeutic effect in many types of cancers, it may be combined with other therapeutic agents or radiotherapy to exhibit a synergistic anticancer effect. In this review, we describe the Warburg effect and discuss 2DG and its underlying mechanisms and potential application for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China; The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China; The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fengzhen Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China; The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuwei Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China; The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yueming Sun
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.
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FA-loaded lipid drug delivery systems: preparation, characterization and biological studies. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 52:12-20. [PMID: 24514450 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The main purpose of this research was to prepare and to characterize ferulic acid-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (FA-NLC) to evaluate the cytotoxic effect on human glioblastoma cancer U87MG cells. First of all, the influence of different materials on mean size and homogeneity of NLC prepared by a low energy organic solvent-free method was investigated. Technological characterization (encapsulation efficiency, mean particle size, homogeneity and in vitro release profile) was performed on the selected NLC in comparison to others lipid carriers, nanoemulsion and SLN. Furthermore, the thermal behavior of NLC and SLN was investigated using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) in order to evaluate their structure. Biological studies (MTT bioassay and caspase-3 cleavage) on the selected NLC showed no cytotoxic effects of the unloaded tested NLC. Besides, the effectiveness of FA-loaded NLC was higher compared to the free drug. Cells treated with FA or FA-loaded NLC showed a greater effect compared to idebenone (IDE) or IDE-loaded NLC, respectively. These results strongly support that FA-loaded NLC could be potentially used for the treatment of glioblastoma.
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Mancuso C, Santangelo R. Ferulic acid: Pharmacological and toxicological aspects. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 65:185-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Campos-Vega R, Oomah BD, Loarca-Piña G, Vergara-Castañeda HA. Common Beans and Their Non-Digestible Fraction: Cancer Inhibitory Activity-An Overview. Foods 2013; 2:374-392. [PMID: 28239123 PMCID: PMC5302293 DOI: 10.3390/foods2030374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The US Department of Agriculture’s MyPyramid guidelines introduced a near doubling of the dietary recommendations for vegetables including dry beans—an important food staple in many traditional diets that can improve public health and nutrition. Populations with high legume (peas, beans, lentils) consumption have a low risk of cancer and chronic degenerative diseases. Common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are known as a rich, reliable source of non-digested compounds like fiber, phenolics, peptides and phytochemicals that are associated with health benefits. Emerging evidence indicates that common bean consumption is associated with reduced cancer risk in human populations, inhibiting carcinogenesis in animal models and inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in cell cultures. Fiber may reduce the risk of premature death from all causes, whereas the whole non-digestible fraction from common beans exhibits anti-proliferative activity and induces apoptosis in vitro and in vivo colon cancer. The mechanisms responsible for this apparently protective role may include gene-nutrient interactions and modulation of proteins’ expression. This review investigates the potential health benefits and bioactivity of beans on tumor inhibition, highlighting studies involving functional compounds, mainly non-digestible fractions that modulate genes and proteins, thereby, unraveling their preventive role against the development of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Campos-Vega
- Food Graduate Program of Republic Center (PROPAC), Research and Graduate Studies in Food Science, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Queretaro 76020, México.
| | - B Dave Oomah
- National Bioproducts and Bioprocesses Program, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, BC, Canada V0H IZ0.
| | - Guadalupe Loarca-Piña
- Food Graduate Program of Republic Center (PROPAC), Research and Graduate Studies in Food Science, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Queretaro 76020, México.
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Fang HY, Wang HM, Chang KF, Hu HT, Hwang LJ, Fu TF, Lin YC, Chang WC, Chiu TP, Wen ZH, Fong Y, Chiu CC, Chen BH. Feruloyl-L-arabinose attenuates migration, invasion and production of reactive oxygen species in H1299 lung cancer cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 58:459-66. [PMID: 23707472 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ferulic acid (FA), a phenolic compound, is an abundant dietary antioxidant and exerts the mitogenic effect on cells. Recently, we isolated an active FA derivative, namely feruloyl-L-arabinose (FAA), from coba husk. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of FAA on the proliferation, migration and invasion of H1299 human lung cancer cells. Our results showed a strong antioxidant potential of FAA. Additionally, FAA inhibited the migration and invasion ability, while causing a significant accumulation of G2/M-population, of H1299 tumor cells in a dose-dependent manner, whereas no significant change on cell proliferation was observed. Results from the wound healing assay revealed that cell migration ability was markedly inhibited by FAA treatments. Similarly, results of gelatin zymography study showed that FAA treatments significantly decreased the activities of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9, suggesting that FAA-mediated inhibition on migration and invasion of lung cancer cells may be achieved by the down-regulation of the MMPs activities. Taken together, our present work provides a new insight into the novel inhibitory function of FAA on cell migration in H1299 cells, suggesting its promising role in the chemoprevention of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yu Fang
- Department of Food Nutrition, Chung-Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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