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Wu Q, Bai SN, Song LY, Wu WF, Han LN. Diagnostic value of serum human epididymis protein 4, carbohydrate antigen 125 and their combination in endometrial cancer: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e34737. [PMID: 37603503 PMCID: PMC10443749 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000034737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To systematically analyze the value of human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) and carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125) in the diagnosis of endometrial cancer, so as to provide evidence-based medical evidence for the selection of serum tumor markers in the early screening of endometrial cancer. METHODS We comprehensively searched relevant literature in the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, VIP, WanFang, and CBM from the date of establishment to November 31, 2021. Quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies 2 was applied to evaluate the quality of the included literature. We used Stata 16.0 to calculate the pooled sensitivity (SEN), specificity (SPE), positive likelihood ratio (PLR), negative likelihood ratio (NLR) and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) and plot summary receiver operating characteristic curve, as well as to assess diagnostic accuracy using the area under the curve (AUC). RESULTS A total of 25 studies, including 1980 patients and 2345 controls, were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled SEN, SPE, PLR, NLR, DOR, and AUC of HE4 were 0.58 (95% CI 0.52-0.63), 0.95 (95% CI 0.92-0.97), 11.57 (95% CI 6.88-19.48), 0.45 (95% CI 0.39-0.51), 25.92 (95% CI 14.84-45.26), and 0.80 (95% CI 0.76-0.83), respectively. The pooled SEN, SPE, PLR, NLR, DOR, and AUC of CA125 were 0.41 (95% CI 0.34-0.49), 0.91 (95% CI 0.85-0.95), 4.55 (95% CI 2.73-7.58), 0.65 (95% CI 0.57-0.74), 7.03 (95% CI 3.92-12.62), and 0.68 (95% CI 0.64-0.72), respectively. The pooled SEN, SPE, PLR, NLR, DOR, and AUC of HE4 + CA125 were 0.67 (95% CI 0.60-0.73), 0.92 (95% CI 0.87-0.95), 8.59 (95% CI 5.32-13.86), 0.36 (95% CI 0.30-0.44), 23.80 (95% CI 13.86-40.86), and 0.85 (95% CI 0.82-0.88), respectively. CONCLUSION This Meta-analysis found that HE4 alone or in combination with CA125 showed better diagnostic efficacy than CA125, regardless of clinical stage and pathological type. HE4 + CA125 had slightly higher diagnostic efficiency than HE4, but did not show significant advantages. While the studies were heterogeneous, the credibility of the findings needs to be further confirmed by more homogeneous, prospective, and large sample size studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Su-ning Bai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Li-yun Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Wen-fei Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Li-na Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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Dellino M, Cerbone M, Laganà AS, Vitagliano A, Vimercati A, Marinaccio M, Baldini GM, Malvasi A, Cicinelli E, Damiani GR, Cazzato G, Cascardi E. Upgrading Treatment and Molecular Diagnosis in Endometrial Cancer-Driving New Tools for Endometrial Preservation? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119780. [PMID: 37298731 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
One emerging problem for onco-gynecologists is the incidence of premenopausal patients under 40 years of age diagnosed with stage I Endometrial Cancer (EC) who want to preserve their fertility. Our review aims to define a primary risk assessment that can help fertility experts and onco-gynecologists tailor personalized treatment and fertility-preserving strategies for fertile patients wishing to have children. We confirm that risk factors such as myometrial invasion and The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging should be integrated into the novel molecular classification provided by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We also corroborate the influence of classical risk factors such as obesity, Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), and diabetes mellitus to assess fertility outcomes. The fertility preservation options are inadequately discussed with women with a diagnosis of gynecological cancer. A multidisciplinary team of gynecologists, oncologists, and fertility specialists could increase patient satisfaction and improve fertility outcomes. The incidence and death rates of endometrial cancer are rising globally. International guidelines recommend radical hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy as the standard of care for this cancer; however, fertility-sparing alternatives should be tailored to motivated women of reproductive age, establishing an appropriate cost-benefit balance between childbearing desire and cancer risk. New molecular classifications such as that of TCGA provide a robust supplementary risk assessment tool that can tailor the treatment options to the patient's needs, curtail over- and under-treatment, and contribute to the spread of fertility-preserving strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Dellino
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Cerbone
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Simone Laganà
- Unit of Gynecologic Oncology, ARNAS "Civico-Di Cristina-Benfratelli", Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Amerigo Vitagliano
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Vimercati
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Marinaccio
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Malvasi
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Ettore Cicinelli
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Gianluca Raffaello Damiani
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Gerardo Cazzato
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Pathology Section, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Eliano Cascardi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy
- Pathology Unit, FPO-IRCCS Candiolo Cancer Institute, 10060 Candiolo, Italy
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Das S, Saha R, Das C, Deb M, Kamilya G. Prognostic Role of Human Epididymis Protein4 (HE4) in Endometrial Lesions: Study in a Tertiary Care Centre. Indian J Surg Oncol 2023; 14:428-433. [PMID: 37324288 PMCID: PMC10267062 DOI: 10.1007/s13193-023-01710-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometrial cancer accounts for 20% of malignant tumours in the female reproductive system. A novel biological marker human epididymis protein4 (HE4) represents an important alternative indicator which may benefit patient mortality. To correlate the immunohistochemical expression of HE4 in different non-neoplastic and neoplastic endometrial lesions and with the WHO grade of the tumours. Our study was a cross-sectional, observational study done in a tertiary care hospital from December 2019 to June 2021 on the hysterectomy sample of 50 patients with a clinical history of abnormal uterine bleeding and pelvic pain. The study showed strong positivity of HE4 in cases of endometrial carcinoma, weak positivity in cases of atypical endometrial hyperplasia, and negativity in cases of endometrial hyperplasia without atypia group. WHO grade 3(50%) and grade 2 (29%) endometrioid adenocarcinoma NOS in our study showed strong positivity for HE4 which was statistically significant (P value = 0.001). In recent studies using overexpression of HE4-related genes, the malignant biological behaviour such as cell adhesion, invasion, and proliferation was enhanced. It was seen in our study that strong positivity of HE4 was seen in all endometrial carcinoma groups and with higher WHO grade. So, HE4 may become a potential therapeutic target for advanced-stage endometrial carcinoma which requires further research. Thus, human epididymis-specific protein 4 (HE4) has been shown to be a promising marker for the detection of endometrial carcinoma patients who could be benefitted from targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rama Saha
- Department of Pathology, BSMC, Bankura, India
| | - Chhanda Das
- Department of Pathology, BMC & H, Burdwan, India
- Santoshpur, India
| | - Mainak Deb
- NRS Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, India
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Łaniewski P, Cui H, Mahnert ND, Mourad J, Borst MP, Willmott L, Chase DM, Roe DJ, Herbst-Kralovetz MM. Protein biomarkers in cervicovaginal lavages for detection of endometrial cancer. Biomark Res 2022; 10:88. [PMID: 36461062 PMCID: PMC9717501 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-022-00438-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rates of endometrial cancer (EC) are increasing. For a definitive diagnosis, women undergo various time-consuming and painful medical procedures, such as endometrial biopsy with or without hysteroscopy, and dilation and curettage, which may create a barrier to early detection and treatment, particularly for women with inadequate healthcare access. Thus, there is a need to develop robust EC diagnostics based on non- or minimally-invasive sampling. The objective of this study was to quantify a broad range of immuno-oncology proteins in cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) samples and investigate these proteins as predictive diagnostic biomarkers for EC. METHODS One hundred ninety-two women undergoing hysterectomy for benign or malignant indications were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Classification of women to four disease groups: benign conditions (n = 108), endometrial hyperplasia (n = 18), low-grade endometrioid carcinoma (n = 53) and other EC subtypes (n = 13) was based on histopathology of biopsy samples collected after the surgery. CVL samples were collected in the operating room during the standard-of-care hysterectomy procedure. Concentrations of 72 proteins in CVL samples were evaluated using multiplex immunoassays. Global protein profiles were assessed using principal component and hierarchical clustering analyses. The relationships between protein levels and disease groups and disease severity were determined using Spearman correlation, univariate and multivariate receiver operating characteristics, and logistic regression analyses. RESULTS Women with EC and benign conditions exhibited distinctive cervicovaginal protein profiles. Several proteins in CVL samples (e.g., an immune checkpoint protein, TIM-3, growth factors, VEGF, TGF-α, and an anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10) discriminated EC from benign conditions, particularly, when tested in combinations with CA19-9, CA125, eotaxin, G-CSF, IL-6, MCP-1, MDC, MCP-3 and TRAIL (sensitivity of 86.1% and specificity of 87.9%). Furthermore, specific biomarkers (e.g., TIM-3, VEGF, TGF-α, TRAIL, MCP-3, IL-15, PD-L2, SCF) associated with histopathological tumor characteristics, including histological type and grade, tumor size, presence and depth of myometrial invasion or mismatch repair protein status, implying their potential utility for disease prognosis or monitoring therapies. CONCLUSIONS This proof-of-principle study demonstrated that cervicovaginal sampling coupled with multiplex immunoassay technology can offer a minimally to non-invasive method for EC detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Łaniewski
- College of Medicine - Phoenix, University of Arizona, 425 N. 5th St, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Haiyan Cui
- UA Cancer Center, University of Arizona, 3838 N. Campbell Ave, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Nichole D Mahnert
- College of Medicine - Phoenix, University of Arizona, 425 N. 5th St, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
- Banner - University Medical Center, 1033 E. McDowell Rd, Phoenix, AZ, 85006, USA
| | - Jamal Mourad
- College of Medicine - Phoenix, University of Arizona, 425 N. 5th St, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
- Banner - University Medical Center, 1033 E. McDowell Rd, Phoenix, AZ, 85006, USA
| | - Matthew P Borst
- College of Medicine - Phoenix, University of Arizona, 425 N. 5th St, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
- Banner - University Medical Center, 1033 E. McDowell Rd, Phoenix, AZ, 85006, USA
| | - Lyndsay Willmott
- Arizona Center for Cancer Care, 2222 E. Highland Ave, Phoenix, AZ, 85016, USA
| | - Dana M Chase
- Arizona Center for Cancer Care, 2222 E. Highland Ave, Phoenix, AZ, 85016, USA
| | - Denise J Roe
- UA Cancer Center, University of Arizona, 3838 N. Campbell Ave, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Melissa M Herbst-Kralovetz
- College of Medicine - Phoenix, University of Arizona, 425 N. 5th St, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA.
- UA Cancer Center, University of Arizona, 3838 N. Campbell Ave, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA.
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Barr CE, Njoku K, Jones ER, Crosbie EJ. Serum CA125 and HE4 as Biomarkers for the Detection of Endometrial Cancer and Associated High-Risk Features. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12112834. [PMID: 36428894 PMCID: PMC9689358 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12112834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Early detection of endometrial cancer improves survival. Non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers would improve triage of symptomatic women for investigations. This study aimed to determine the diagnostic accuracy of serum Cancer Antigen 125 (CA125) and Human Epididymis 4 (HE4) for endometrial cancer and associated high-risk features. Serum samples from women investigated for gynaecological symptoms or diagnosed with endometrial cancer were analysed for CA125 and HE4. Conventional diagnostic metrics were calculated. In total, 755 women were included; 397 had endometrial cancer. Serum CA125 and HE4 were significantly elevated in cases compared with controls (both p < 0.001), and with pathological markers of disease severity (p < 0.05). A combination of CA125 and HE4 detected endometrial cancer with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.77 (95% CI: 0.74−0.81). In a model with body mass index (BMI) and parity, HE4 predicted endometrial cancer in pre-menopausal women with an AUC of 0.91 [sensitivity = 84.5%, specificity = 80.9% (p < 0.001)]. In women with abnormal ultrasound, HE4 ≥ 77 pmol/L improved specificity compared with imaging alone [68.6% (95% CI: 75.0−83.6) vs. 34.4% (95% CI: 27.1−42.3), respectively], but at a cost to sensitivity. HE4 ≥ 77 pmol/L improved the detection of myometrial invasion ≥50% in women with stage I disease compared with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) alone [sensitivity = 100% (95% CI: 54.1−100)]. CA125 ≥ 35 U/mL did not add to imaging. HE4 is a good predictor of poor prognostic features which could assist staging investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe E. Barr
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Division of Gynaecology, Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Kelechi Njoku
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Eleanor R. Jones
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Division of Gynaecology, Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Emma J. Crosbie
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Division of Gynaecology, Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-161-701-6942
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Bai T, Liang K, Yin X, Li C. Value of Serum SRY-Box Transcription Factor 2 Levels Combined with Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Diagnosis of Endometrial Carcinoma. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2022; 26:485-491. [DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2022.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Bai
- Department of Radiology, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaiyi Liang
- Department of Radiology, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohua Yin
- Department of Radiology, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunchen Li
- Department of Radiology, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Kumarasamy G, Kaur G. Protein biomarkers in gynecological cancers: The need for translational research towards clinical applications. CLINICA E INVESTIGACION EN GINECOLOGIA Y OBSTETRICIA 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gine.2021.100735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Sun ML, Yang ZY, Wu QJ, Li YZ, Li XY, Liu FH, Wei YF, Wen ZY, Lin B, Gong TT. The Role of Human Epididymis Protein 4 in the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Diseases: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Observational Studies. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:842002. [PMID: 35402435 PMCID: PMC8987291 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.842002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The application of human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) in diverse health diseases, especially in cancers, has been extensively studied in recent decades. To summarize the existing evidence of the aforementioned topic, we conducted an umbrella review to systematically evaluate the reliability and strength of evidence regarding the role of HE4 in the diagnostic and prognostic estimate of diverse diseases. Methods Electronic searches in PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases were conducted from inception to September 16, 2021, for meta-analyses, which focus on the role of HE4 in the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases. This study protocol has been registered at PROSPERO (CRD42021284737). We collected the meta-analysis effect size of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value from diagnostic studies and gathered the hazard ratio (HR) of disease-free survival, overall survival, and progression-free survival from prognostic studies. For each systematic review and meta-analysis, we used a measurable tool for evaluating systematic reviews and meta-analysis (AMSTAR) to evaluate the methodological quality. Additionally, we assessed the quality of evidence on estimating the ability of HE4 in the diagnosis and prognosis of diverse diseases by the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) guideline. Results Overall, 20 meta-analyses including a total of 331 primary studies of different diseases were examined, mainly including ovarian cancer (OC) (n = 9), endometrial cancer (EC) (n = 6), and lung cancer (LC) (n = 4). The methodological qualities of all studies were rated as moderate (45%) or high (55%) by the AMSTAR. According to the GRADE, the certainties of 18 diagnostic pieces of evidence (9 for sensitivity and 9 for specificity) were rated as moderate (34%), low (33%), and very low (33%). Moreover, outcomes from prognosis studies showed evidence (1 for disease-free survival) with high certainty in regard to cancers (such as EC, OC, and LC) with the remaining three being moderate. Conclusion This umbrella review suggested that HE4 was a favored biomarker in the prognosis of cancers, which was supported by high certainty of evidence. Additionally, HE4 could provide a suitable method for the diagnosis of EC, OC, and LC with moderate certainty evidence. Further large prospective cohort studies are needed to better elucidate the diagnostic and prognostic role of HE4 in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Li Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qi-Jun Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Clinical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yi-Zi Li
- Clinical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin-Yu Li
- Clinical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fang-Hua Liu
- Clinical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yi-Fan Wei
- Clinical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhao-Yan Wen
- Clinical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bei Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Bei Lin,
| | - Ting-Ting Gong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Ting-Ting Gong,
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Xu X, Lu F, Fang C, Liu S. Construction of an Immune-Autophagy Prognostic Model Based on ssGSEA Immune Scoring Algorithm Analysis and Prognostic Value Exploration of the Immune-Autophagy Gene in Endometrial Carcinoma (EC) Based on Bioinformatics. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2022; 2022:7832618. [PMID: 35242299 PMCID: PMC8888084 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7832618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometrial carcinoma (EC) is a malignant cancer spreading worldwide and in the fourth position among all other types of cancer in women. The purpose of this paper is to explore the prognostic value of the immune-autophagy gene in endometrial carcinoma (EC) based on bioinformatics, construct an immune-autophagy prognostic model of endometrial carcinoma, search for independent prognostic markers, and finally predict the potential therapeutic drugs of TCGA subgroup. METHODS The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database was used to extract transcriptome sequencing data of patients suffering from EC; 28 kinds of immune cells were scored by ssGSEA, and the immune subtypes were grouped by consistency cluster analysis. The accuracy and effectiveness of the grouping were verified by the analysis of differential gene expression and survival rate of immune checkpoints in the two groups to provide the premise and basis for the establishment of independent prognostic factors. The expression of different genes in high and low immune groups was analyzed. The analysis of various genes' expression in immune groups (high and low) has been performed. Go function annotation and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis were used to evaluate the difference of immune infiltration between high and low immune groups. The immune and autophagy genes were crossed, the key (hub) genes were selected, the risk was scored, the prognosis model was constructed, and the independent prognostic markers were established. CAMP and CTRP 2.0 were used to test the drug sensitivity. RESULTS According to the level of immune cell enrichment, the results have been subcategorized into two immune subtypes: high immunity group_ H and low immunity group_ L. Two immune subtypes, CD274, PDCD1, and CTLA4, were detected in the immune system_ H and immunity_L. A significant difference was detected between these two groups in the expression and survival rate. Few more differences were also detected between the two groups through the evaluation of immune infiltration, which proved the grouping's accuracy and effectiveness. Differential gene expression analysis showed that there were 721 DEGs and 3 hub genes. DEGs are mainly involved in lymphocyte activation, proliferation, differentiation, leukocyte proliferation, and other biological processes, mediate chemokines' activities, chemokine receptor binding, and other molecular functions, and are enriched in the outer plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, and T cell receptor complex. The enriched pathways are allograft, complex, inflammatory, interferon-alpha, interferon-gamma, E2F, G2M, mitotic, etc. CONCLUSION Through bioinformatics analysis, we successfully constructed the immuno-autophagy prognosis model of endometrial cancer and identified three high-risk immunoautophagy genes, including VEGFA, CCL2, and Ifng. Four potential therapeutic drugs were predicted as sildenafil, sunitinib, TPCA-1, and etoposide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Xu
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Fang Lu
- School of Continuing Education, Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Cheng Fang
- Drug Safety Evaluation Center of Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Shumin Liu
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
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Tian Y, Wen F, Wang S, Lv N. LHX1 as a potential biomarker regulates EMT induction and cellular behaviors in uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2022; 77:100103. [PMID: 36116266 PMCID: PMC9489736 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinsp.2022.100103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the expression of LHX1 and its role as a biomarker in the diagnosis and prognosis of Uterine Corpus Endometrial Carcinoma (UCEC). METHODS The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database was used to detect the expression level of LHX1 in UCEC cells and tissues, and to find out the effect of LHX1 on prognosis. Co-expressed genes were then identified by Spearman correlation analysis, and the protein-protein interaction network was constructed using Cytoscape software. The R "clusterProfiler" package was used to conduct Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses. A series of in vitro experiments were performed to evaluate LHX1 expression and detect UCEC cell proliferation, invasion, and migration. Western blotting was used to determine the effect of LHX1 on expression levels of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT)-related proteins. RESULTS LHX1 was upregulated in UCEC tissues and correlated with poor overall survival and disease-specific survival outcomes. Functional enrichment analysis suggested that genes co-expressed with LHX1 were enriched in cell adhesion. The expression of LHX1 was positively correlated with the expression levels of genes related to EMT induction and invasion. LHX1 can enhance the proliferation, migration, and invasion activities of UCEC cells in vitro, and alter the expression levels of EMT-related proteins. CONCLUSION LHX1 expression was highly upregulated in UCEC cells and tissues, which was correlated with the prognosis of patients with UCEC. LHX1 may regulate UCEC progression at least in part by modulating EMT induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tian
- Department of Gynecology, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China.
| | - Fang Wen
- Department of Gynecology, The First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Na Lv
- Blood Collection Center, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Cui YQ, Xiang Y, Meng F, Ji CH, Xiao R, Li JP, Dai ZT, Liao XH. ALDH2 promotes uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma proliferation and construction of clinical survival prognostic model. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:23588-23602. [PMID: 34670872 PMCID: PMC8580334 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
UCEC is one of the three common malignant tumors of the female reproductive tract. According to reports, the cure rate of early UCEC can reach 95%. Therefore, the development of prognostic markers will help UCEC patients to find the disease earlier and develop treatment earlier. The ALDH family was first discovered to be the essential gene of the ethanol metabolism pathway in the body. Recent studies have shown that ALDH can participate in the regulation of cancer. In our research, we explored the expression of the ALDH family in 33 cancers. It was found that ALDH2 was abnormally expressed in UCEC. Besides, in vivo and in vitro experiments were conducted to explore the effect of ALDH2 expression on the proliferation of UCEC cell lines. Meanwhile, the change of its expression is not due to gene mutations, but is regulated by miR-135-3p. At the same time, the impact of ALDH2 changes on the survival of UCEC patients is deeply discussed. Finally, a nomogram for predicting survival was constructed, with a C-index of 0.798 and AUC of 0.764. This study suggests that ALDH2 may play a crucial role in UCEC progression and has the potential as a prognostic biomarker of UCEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Qian Cui
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yuan Xiang
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430014, Hubei, PR China
| | - Fei Meng
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, PR China
| | - Chun-Hui Ji
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, PR China
| | - Rui Xiao
- Hubei Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hubei 430010, PR China
| | - Jia-Peng Li
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hubei 430081, PR China
| | - Zhou-Tong Dai
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hubei 430081, PR China
| | - Xing-Hua Liao
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hubei 430081, PR China
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HE4 as a Biomarker for Endometrial Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13194764. [PMID: 34638250 PMCID: PMC8507549 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary There are currently no blood biomarkers approved for routine clinical use in endometrial cancer. Serum human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) is significantly higher in patients with endometrial cancer compared to patients without endometrial cancer and is associated with a poorer prognosis. This makes HE4 an attractive candidate for clinical use in endometrial cancer. The aim of this review is to summarise the evidence for the use of serum HE4 in the detection, prognosis, prediction of therapy response and recurrence monitoring in endometrial cancer. The utility of combining HE4 with other biomarkers or imaging and clinical variables, and its detection in other biofluids is also discussed, as well as potential challenges for clinical use and recommended areas for future research. Abstract There are currently no blood biomarkers in routine clinical use in endometrial carcinoma (EC). Human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) is a glycoprotein that is overexpressed in the serum of patients with EC, making it a good candidate for use as a diagnostic and/or prognostic biomarker. HE4 is correlated with poor prognostic factors, including stage, myometrial invasion and lymph node metastases, which means it could be used to guide decisions regarding the extent of surgery and need for adjuvant therapy. Serum HE4 has also shown promise for predicting responses to progestin therapy in early-stage EC. The use of algorithms and indices incorporating serum HE4 and other biomarkers, including clinical and imaging variables, is an area of increasing interest. Serum HE4 levels rise with age and renal dysfunction, which may affect the interpretation of results. This review covers the evidence supporting the use of HE4 as an EC biomarker for diagnosis, prognosis, recurrence monitoring, and prediction of therapy response. The evidence for combining serum HE4 with other biomarkers, including clinical and imaging variables, its value as a biomarker in other biofluids and potential challenges of its clinical use are also discussed.
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Association of preoperative serum HE4 levels on the survival of patients with endometrial cancer. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2021; 304:1335-1343. [PMID: 34109467 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-021-06118-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the association between preoperative serum human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) levels and survival outcomes in endometrial cancer (EC) patients. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was conducted of EC patients who were scheduled for surgery between September 2013 and May 2014 at Rajavithi Hospital. Association between preoperative serum HE4 levels and clinicopathological characteristics were evaluated. Cox proportional-hazards model was used to compare overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) between EC patients who had high serum HE4 levels and those who did not. RESULTS A total of 86 EC patients were enrolled. Serum HE4 levels was significantly associated with older age (p < 0.001), postmenopausal women (p = 0.001), large tumor size (p < 0.001), presence of lymphovascular invasion (p = 0.022), deep myometrial invasion (p = 0.001), lymph node metastasis (0.017), high-risk group (p < 0.001), and death status (p = 0.002). With a median follow-up of 53 months, the 3-years OS and PFS of EC patients who had high serum HE4 levels were significantly poorer than those who did not (71% vs 95.8%, and 67.7% vs 91.7%, respectively). A high serum HE4 level was a significant prognostic factor for OS and RFS from the univariate analysis. However, it was not a significant prognostic factor in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION Preoperative high serum HE4 levels were significantly associated with the worse clinicopathological characteristic of EC patients and decreased OS and RFS. Although there was no strong independent prognostic factor for survival, serum HE4 levels could be used in an algorithm for stratifying high-risk EC patients with more proper management.
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Özmen S, Kurt S, Ilgen O, Obuz FB, Sisman AR, Koyuncuoglu M. Comparison of MRI, CA-125 and HE-4 in determining the depth of myometrial invasion in cases with endometrial cancer. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND INVESTIGATIVE SURGERY 2021. [DOI: 10.25083/2559.5555/6.1.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. Endometrial cancer is one of the most common malignancies in the world. There is no effective screening method used for predicting the clinical stage of the disease in the preoperative period and to plan the surgical procedure. The aim of this study is to compare the serum levels of CA-125 and HE-4 with MRI, to evaluate their ability to predict the depth of myometrial invasion in patients diagnosed with endometrial cancer, and to compare the specificity between these two tests. Materials and Methods. This prospective study was conducted at Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, between February 2019 and February 2020. A total of 47 cases were included in the study. The cases were evaluated with MRI preoperatively to determine the extent of the disease. Preoperative serum CA-125 and HE-4 levels were measured by ELISA method and compared, and the superiority of the tests to each other in determining the depth of myometrial invasion was evaluated. Results. In patients with endometrioid cancer, preoperative CA-125 and HE-4 levels were found to be higher if the myometrial invasion is >50% and lymphovascular space invasion is positive, and the difference was statistically significant. A cut-off of 7,05 U/ml for CA-125 could detect the deeper myometrial invasion with a sensitivity of 83% and a specificity of 52%, respectively. A cut-off of 94,25 pmol/L for HE-4 could detect deeper myometrial invasion with a sensitivity of 75% and a specificity of 56%, respectively. The sensitivity of MRI in determining the depth of myometrial invasion was 87,1%, and the specificity was 86,7%. Conclusions. MRI, HE-4 and CA-125 were found to be valuable tests in predicting the extent of the disease and planning the surgical treatment. All three methods successfully predicted the myometrial invasion depth of the disease. The success rates of the tests in predicting the depth of myometrial invasion were MRI, HE-4 and CA-125, respectively. HE-4 and CA-125 could not reach the sensitivity and specificity of MRI in determining the depth of myometrial invasion at any cut-off value. However, it was proved in this study that they can play important roles as simpler and more cost-effective tests in determining the extent of the disease, able to contribute to surgical planning during preoperative evaluation.
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Can the Determination of HE4 and CA125 Markers Affect the Treatment of Patients with Endometrial Cancer? Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11040626. [PMID: 33807168 PMCID: PMC8065496 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11040626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of our research was to determine the use of CA125 and HE4 as prognostic factors in patients with different clinical staging of endometrial cancer. Sixty-two patients with advanced endometrial cancer and 287 patients with early stage endometrial cancer participated in the study. Based on the results obtained in the study, the cut-off value for HE4 was established at 186 pmol/l and correlated with the possibility of cytoreductive surgery in patients with recurrent endometrial cancer. Univariate logistic regression revealed that serum concentrations for the median CA125 correlated with DFS (HR = 1.76, p = 0.033) and OS (HR = 1.42, p = 0.025), while the median of HE4 marker correlated with DFS (HR = 1.96, p = 0.015) and OS (HR = 1.83, p = 0.004). In the multivariate analysis, a decrease in CA125 level below normal range correlated positively with DFS and OS (HR = 1.45, p = 0.026; HR = 1.38, p = 0.037). HE4 levels correlated with DFS as follows: values below the normal range (HR = 2.31, p = 0.01), and with OS (HR = 1.89, p = 0.004). Based on the results obtained in the study, we found that HE4 is a sensitive tool for predicting the risk of recurrence and overall survival in patients with endometrial cancer.
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The diagnostic value of human epididymis protein 4 for endometrial cancer is moderate. Sci Rep 2021; 11:575. [PMID: 33436780 PMCID: PMC7804086 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79960-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) has been used as a biomarker of endometrial cancer (EC) in clinical practice. However, there remains a lack of systemic research on the critical values of HE4 for diagnosing different clinical stages and pathological types of EC. This study investigated the accuracy of human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) in the diagnosis of EC. Patients who were hospitalized for a chief complaint of abnormal vaginal hemorrhage at Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region People's Hospital between 2014 and 2019 were consecutively included. Pathological biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of EC; there were a total of 136 EC patients and 127 non-EC patients. The accuracy of HE4 in the diagnosis of EC was assessed with SPSS software. The accuracy of HE4 for diagnosing different clinical stages and pathological types of EC was also explored. The critical value of HE4 for endometrial cancer was 52.40 mmol/L, with a sensitivity of 57.35% and a specificity of 76.38%. For different stages of EC, the critical value was 36.9 mmol/L, and the sensitivity and specificity were 28% and 87.39%, respectively. For different pathological types, the critical value was 30.60 mmol/L, and the sensitivity and specificity were 93.85% and 33.33%, respectively. The diagnostic value of HE4 for EC is moderate, and the serum HE4 level cannot reflect the stage and type of EC.
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Degez M, Caillon H, Chauviré-Drouard A, Leroy M, Lair D, Winer N, Thubert T, Dochez V. Endometrial cancer: A systematic review of HE4, REM and REM-B. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 515:27-36. [PMID: 33388311 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Endometrial cancer, one of the most frequent pelvic gynecologic cancer worldwide, currently has no biomarker used to assess it in daily practice. Nonetheless, human epididymis 4 (HE4) appears to offer the best prospects, alone or combined with CA125. This study sought to systematically review the work on HE4 from the first publications in 2008 until now. MATERIAL AND METHODS Two independent reviewers searched the PubMed database with the terms "HE4″, "endometrial cancer", "endometrial carcinoma", and HE4 or human epididymis protein 4. Only original clinical research articles and meta-analyses, published in English, were included, with literature reviews and case reports excluded. RESULTS Studies were organized into 3 categories: diagnosis, prognosis, and recurrence/survival. Overall we identified 117 articles dealing with HE4 and endometrial cancer and selected 52 relevant texts: 46 articles, 6 meta-analyses. The sensitivity of HE4 for the diagnosis of endometrial cancer varied from 44.2% to 91% and its specificity from 65.5 to 100%, versus 24.1 to 71.5% and from 65.6 to 100% for CA125. Two meta-analyses of their combination produced areas under the curve (AUC): 0.83 and 0.86. Two available algorithms - the REM (risk of endometrial malignancy) and REM-B (risk of endometrial malignancy associated with BMI) scores - require more study. HE4 is also strongly associated with prognostic factors such as myometrial invasion, tumor grade, FIGO stage, and lymph node involvement. It also predicts recurrence and can serve as a monitoring tool, as reported by a 2018 meta-analysis with a hazard ratio of 2.15 (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION HE4, alone or associated with CA125, appears to be an important tool in the management of endometrial cancer, initially for diagnosis, but for assessing prognosis and survival. Other prospective and multicenter studies are necessary to confirm these hopes and be able to recommend the use of HE4 in regular practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Degez
- Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | | | - Maxime Leroy
- Plateforme de Biométries et Biostatistiques, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - David Lair
- Département Promotion, Direction de la Recherche, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Norbert Winer
- Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France; Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC), CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Thibault Thubert
- Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France; Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC), CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Vincent Dochez
- Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France; Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC), CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France.
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Espiau Romera A, Coronado Martín PJ, Chóliz Ezquerro M, Cuesta Guardiola T, Adiego Calvo I, Baquedano Mainar L. Value of preoperative HE4 as predictor of advanced disease in endometrioid endometrial cancer. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2020; 153:64-70. [PMID: 33156532 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.13473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the predictive value of serum human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) marker in the preoperative prediction of the risk of advanced disease in the endometrioid subtype of endometrial cancer, and its association with poor prognostic factors. In addition, a cut-off value of HE4 was defined to classify patients according to these results. METHODS Prospective and multicenter cohort analytical pilot study of patients operated for endometrial cancer at the Miguel Servet University Hospital of Zaragoza (Spain) and the Complejo Universitario of León (Spain) from January 2017 to May 2019. Preoperative serum levels of HE4 were analyzed by clinical and pathologic characteristics. RESULTS In all, 126 patients were included. A statistically significant association was found between the preoperative HE4 value and node involvement (P = 0.008), late-stage disease (P = 0.003), high histologic grade (P = 0.007), deep myometrial invasion (P = 0.001), lymphovascular space invasion (P = 0.001), and other pathologic factors. In addition, an HE4 cut-off value (156.4 pmol/L) has been determined to predict, preoperatively, which patients will present with early stage disease. CONCLUSIONS The preoperative marker HE4 is a useful tool in the preoperative study of patients with endometrial cancer as it relates to late-stage disease as well as other prognostic factors in the endometrioid subtype of endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Espiau Romera
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Marta Chóliz Ezquerro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Ignacio Adiego Calvo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Laura Baquedano Mainar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain
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O'Toole SA, Huang Y, Norris L, Power Foley M, Shireen R, McDonald S, Kamran W, Ibrahim N, Ward M, Thompson C, Murphy C, D'Arcy T, Farah N, Heron E, O'Leary JJ, Abu Saadeh F, Gleeson N. HE4 and CA125 as preoperative risk stratifiers for lymph node metastasis in endometrioid carcinoma of the endometrium: A retrospective study in a cohort with histological proof of lymph node status. Gynecol Oncol 2020; 160:514-519. [PMID: 33213897 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether HE4 and CA125 could identify endometrioid adenocarcinoma patients who might most benefit from full staging surgery with lymphadenectomy. METHODS Sequential patients with a preoperative banked serum and histology of endometrioid adenocarcinoma of endometrium who had undergone surgical staging with lymph node dissection over a 5-year period between 2011 and 2016 were included from a tertiary Gynaecological Cancer Centre, Dublin, Ireland. Preoperative serum HE4 and CA125 were measured using ELISA, with the cut-offs HE4 81 pmol/L and CA125 35 U/ml. Predictive values were estimated using AUC, sensitivity, specificity and odds ratios. RESULTS 9.5% of the cohort had lymph node metastases. A HE4 cut-off of 81 pmol/L yielded a sensitivity of 78.6% and specificity of 53.4% for predicting lymph node metastases. Sensitivity of CA125 at 35 U/ml was 57% and specificity 91.4%. The AUC was 0.66 (0.52-0.80) for HE4 and 0.74 (0.58-0.91) for CA125. Sensitivity was 92.8% and specificity 51.1% when an elevation of either HE4 or CA125 was included, AUC was 0.72 (0.61-0.83), this combination yielded the highest NPV of 98.6%. Sensitivity was 42.9% and specificity 93.8% if both markers were elevated simultaneously, AUC was 0.68 (0.51-0.86). Preoperative clinical predictors of high-grade preoperative histology and radiology had sensitivities of 21.4% and 41.7%, respectively. Patients with a HE4 above 81 pmol/L had an odds ratio of 4.2 (1.12-15.74), p < 0.05, of lymph node metastases and CA125 had an odds ratio of 14.2 (4.16-48.31), p < 0.001. CONCLUSIONS Serum HE4 and CA125 improved on existing methods for risk stratification of endometrioid carcinomas and warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A O'Toole
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Trinity College Dublin and Trinity St James's Cancer Institute, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.; Department of Histopathology, Trinity College Dublin and Trinity St James's Cancer Institute, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.; Emer Casey Molecular Pathology Research Laboratory, Coombe Women & Infants University Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland..
| | - Yanmei Huang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Trinity College Dublin and Trinity St James's Cancer Institute, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.; School of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Lucy Norris
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Trinity College Dublin and Trinity St James's Cancer Institute, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Megan Power Foley
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Trinity College Dublin and Trinity St James's Cancer Institute, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Rizmee Shireen
- Division of Gynaecological Oncology and Trinity St James's Cancer Institute, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Seamus McDonald
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Trinity College Dublin and Trinity St James's Cancer Institute, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Waseem Kamran
- Division of Gynaecological Oncology and Trinity St James's Cancer Institute, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Nadia Ibrahim
- Division of Gynaecological Oncology and Trinity St James's Cancer Institute, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Mark Ward
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Trinity College Dublin and Trinity St James's Cancer Institute, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.; Department of Histopathology, Trinity College Dublin and Trinity St James's Cancer Institute, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.; Emer Casey Molecular Pathology Research Laboratory, Coombe Women & Infants University Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Claire Thompson
- Division of Gynaecological Oncology and Trinity St James's Cancer Institute, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Cliona Murphy
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Coombe Women & Infants University Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Tom D'Arcy
- Division of Gynaecological Oncology and Trinity St James's Cancer Institute, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.; Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Coombe Women & Infants University Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Nadine Farah
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Coombe Women & Infants University Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.; Department of Gynaecology, Tallaght University Hospital, Tallaght, Dublin 24, Ireland
| | - Elizabeth Heron
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John J O'Leary
- Department of Histopathology, Trinity College Dublin and Trinity St James's Cancer Institute, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.; Emer Casey Molecular Pathology Research Laboratory, Coombe Women & Infants University Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Feras Abu Saadeh
- Division of Gynaecological Oncology and Trinity St James's Cancer Institute, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Noreen Gleeson
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Trinity College Dublin and Trinity St James's Cancer Institute, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.; Division of Gynaecological Oncology and Trinity St James's Cancer Institute, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
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Njoku K, Chiasserini D, Jones ER, Barr CE, O’Flynn H, Whetton AD, Crosbie EJ. Urinary Biomarkers and Their Potential for the Non-Invasive Detection of Endometrial Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:559016. [PMID: 33224875 PMCID: PMC7670058 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.559016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometrial cancer is the most common malignancy of the female genital tract and its incidence is rising in parallel with the mounting prevalence of obesity. Early diagnosis has great potential to improve outcomes as treatment can be curative, especially for early stage disease. Current tests and procedures for diagnosis are limited by insufficient accuracy in some and unacceptable levels of invasiveness and discomfort in others. There has, therefore, been a growing interest in the search for sensitive and specific biomarkers for endometrial cancer detection based on non-invasive sampling methodologies. Urine, the prototype non-invasive sample, is attractive for biomarker discovery as it is easily accessible and can be collected repeatedly and in quantity. Identification of urinary biomarkers for endometrial cancer detection relies on the excretion of systemic biomarkers by the kidneys or urinary contamination by biomarkers shed from the uterus. In this review, we present the current standing of the search for endometrial cancer urinary biomarkers based on cytology, genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic platforms. We summarize the biomarker candidates and highlight the challenges inherent in urinary biomarker discovery. We review the various technologies with promise for biomarker detection and assess these novel approaches for endometrial cancer biomarker research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelechi Njoku
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Stoller Biomarker Discovery Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Davide Chiasserini
- Stoller Biomarker Discovery Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Section of Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Eleanor R. Jones
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Chloe E. Barr
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Helena O’Flynn
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony D. Whetton
- Stoller Biomarker Discovery Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Emma J. Crosbie
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Lan T, Mu C, Wang Z, Wang Y, Li Y, Mai Y, Li S, Xu H, Gu B, Luo L, Ma P. Diagnostic and Prognostic Values of Serum EpCAM, TGM2, and HE4 Levels in Endometrial Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1697. [PMID: 33014844 PMCID: PMC7498689 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: This study aims to investigate the diagnostic and prognostic values of EpCAM, TGM2, and HE4 in endometrial cancer (EC). Methods: In this study, 42 patients diagnosed with EC (EC group), 41 patients diagnosed with myoma (benign group), and 43 healthy women (healthy group), who applied to Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University between March 2018 - September 2019 were recruited. Serum EpCAM, TGM2, and IL-33 levels were measured by ELISA, while serum HE4 and CA-125 levels were measured by ECLIA. The serum markers listed above were also measured in 12 paired pre- and post-operative EC patients. The diagnostic and prognostic values of serum markers were analyzed. Results: The serum EpCAM, TGM2, HE4, CA-125, and IL-33 levels were significantly higher in the EC group. The sensitivity and specificity of combined detection of EpCAM and HE4 was 92.86 and 69.05%, which were significantly higher than using a single marker or other combinations. Among these markers, serum HE4 levels were significantly higher in patients with myometrial invasion, metastasis, and lymphovascular invasion (p = 0.006, p = 0.0004, p = 0.0004, respectively). And serum TGM2 levels were significantly decreased in post-operative than that of pre-operative EC patients (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The combination of EpCAM and HE4 showed the highest specificity and sensitivity in the diagnosis of EC. HE4 was successful in the detection of high-risk individuals preoperatively. Additionally, TGM2 might be a prognostic factor for EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Lan
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Laboratory Diagnostics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Chunyan Mu
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Laboratory Diagnostics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zhongcheng Wang
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Laboratory Diagnostics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ying Li
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Laboratory Diagnostics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yueqin Mai
- Air Force Jinan Base Security Department Outpatient Department, Jinan, China
| | - Shibao Li
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Laboratory Diagnostics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Bing Gu
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Laboratory Diagnostics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Lan Luo
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Laboratory Diagnostics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ping Ma
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Laboratory Diagnostics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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22
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Panyavaranant P, Manchana T. Preoperative markers for the prediction of high-risk features in endometrial cancer. World J Clin Oncol 2020; 11:378-388. [PMID: 32874951 PMCID: PMC7450819 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v11.i6.378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preoperative evaluations aiming to assess high-risk features in clinical stage 1 endometrial cancer patients are crucial to refer these patients to gynecologic oncologists. Cancer antigen 125 (CA125) and human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) have been reported in endometrial cancer patients with poor prognostic factors.
AIM To evaluate the association between preoperative levels of CA125 and HE4 and high-risk features and establish optimal cut-off values in clinical stage 1 endometrial cancer.
METHODS A retrospective study was conducted in clinical stage 1 endometrial cancer patients who underwent primary surgery between January 2013 and December 2018. A total of 128 patients had preoperative serum CA125 and HE4 measurements. High-risk features included grade 3 tumors, large tumor sizes (more than 2 cm), deep myometrial invasion (more than 50%), lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI), cervical involvement, extrauterine involvement and node metastasis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated to analyze the optimal cut-off values.
RESULTS The mean age of the patients was 57.4 years, and 69.5% of them were postmenopausal. Most patients presented with stage I disease (67.2%) and had the endometrioid subtype (97.7%). The median CA125 and HE4 levels in all patients were 22.1 U/mL and 104.7 pmol/L, respectively. CA125 and HE4 levels were significantly elevated in those with large tumor sizes, deep myometrial invasion, LVSI, extrauterine metastasis, and advanced stage, but node metastasis was associated with elevated CA125 only. According to the ROC curve, both serum markers had statistical significance for the prediction of high-risk features only in postmenopausal patients, with an optimal cut-off value of 20 U/mL for CA125 [area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) = 0.72, P = 0.002] and 113 pmol/L for HE4 (AUC = 0.70, P = 0.006). The combination of both serum markers had 80% sensitivity and 64.4% positive predictive value. Significantly worse 5-year disease-free survival was observed in patients with high levels of CA125 and HE4 (78.4% and 100%, respectively; P = 0.01).
CONCLUSION Preoperative CA125 levels greater than 20 U/mL or HE4 levels greater than 113 pmol/L are associated with an increased risk of having high-risk features and present as prognostic factors in clinical stage 1 postmenopausal endometrial cancer patients. This information is helpful for general gynecologists to refer high-risk patients to gynecologic oncologists to perform complete surgical staging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinyada Panyavaranant
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Tarinee Manchana
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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23
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Espiau Romera A, Cuesta Guardiola T, Benito Vielba M, De Bonrostro Torralba C, Coronado Martín PJ, Baquedano Mainar L. HE4 tumor marker as a predictive factor for lymphatic metastasis in endometrial cancer. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2020; 149:265-268. [PMID: 32147821 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.13140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Endometrial cancer is the most common genital cancer in high-resource countries. Treatment is essentially surgical, but the role of lymphadenectomy in the treatment of low-stage and low-grade tumors has not been defined. Although no tumor factors have been validated for use as preoperative prognostic markers of endometrial cancer at yet, human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) has received much interest as a potential diagnostic and prognostic tumor marker. Since 2008, several studies have explored its utility in the management of endometrial cancer: HE4 may be a useful preoperative prognostic marker because it is associated with lymphatic metastasis and other unfavorable factors in endometrial cancer. In addition, some studies have explored a HE4 cutoff value to classify patients according to lymph node involvement. HE4 might be beneficial as a serum marker that helps clinicians in the decision-making algorithm for treatment of endometrial cancer, enabling them to perform individualized operations and decrease the adverse effects of unnecessary surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marta Benito Vielba
- Department of Gynecology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain
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24
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Behrouzi R, Ryan NAJ, Barr CE, Derbyshire AE, Wan YL, Maskell Z, Stocking K, Pemberton PW, Bolton J, McVey RJ, Crosbie EJ. Baseline Serum HE4 But Not Tissue HE4 Expression Predicts Response to the Levonorgestrel-Releasing Intrauterine System in Atypical Hyperplasia and Early Stage Endometrial Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020276. [PMID: 31979212 PMCID: PMC7073190 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) is a conservative management option for atypical hyperplasia (AH) and low grade early stage endometrial cancer (EEC), but around 1 in 3 patients fail to respond to treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate if serum and/or tissue HE4 expression could predict response to LNG-IUS therapy. Patients with AH or presumed Stage I EEC had serum and endometrial samples taken at baseline and at 3-month intervals over 12 months post-insertion of LNG-IUS. 74 patients were recruited and baseline demographics recorded. Of 57 patients for whom response was histologically determinable, 39 (68%) were responders and 18 (32%) non-responders. Mean baseline serum HE4 was significantly lower in responders (62.1 ± 1.1 pM, 95% confidence interval (CI) 52.7–73.2), compared to non-responders (125.6 ± 1.3 pM, 95% CI 74.5–211.7, p = 0.014), including when considering age, BMI, menopausal status, smoking status, and histological grade as covariables (p = 0.005). Baseline tissue HE4 expression was not significantly different in responders compared to non-responders (p = 0.999). Responders showed a significant mean reduction (−9.8 ± 3.4%, 95% CI −16.7 to −2.8%, p = 0.008) in serum HE4 between baseline and 3 months (p = 0.008), whereas non-responders showed no significant change (p = 0.676). Neither responders nor non-responders showed a significant percentage change in serum HE4 from baseline beyond 3 months (p > 0.05). Change in serum HE4 between baseline and 3 and 6 months and tissue HE4 tissue expression between baseline and 3, 6, and 12 months was not significantly different in responders compared to non-responders (p > 0.05). This study suggests that baseline serum HE4, but not baseline tissue HE4 expression, is independently predictive of response to the LNG-IUS and could be used to guide management decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Behrouzi
- Department of Medicine, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WL, UK;
| | - Neil A. J. Ryan
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester M13 9WL, UK; (N.A.J.R.); (Y.L.W.); (Z.M.)
| | - Chloe E. Barr
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL, UK; (C.E.B.); (A.E.D.)
| | - Abigail E. Derbyshire
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL, UK; (C.E.B.); (A.E.D.)
| | - Y. Louise Wan
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester M13 9WL, UK; (N.A.J.R.); (Y.L.W.); (Z.M.)
| | - Zoe Maskell
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester M13 9WL, UK; (N.A.J.R.); (Y.L.W.); (Z.M.)
| | - Katie Stocking
- Centre for Biostatistics, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
| | - Philip W. Pemberton
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL, UK;
| | - James Bolton
- Department of Pathology, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL, UK; (J.B.); (R.J.M.)
| | - Rhona J. McVey
- Department of Pathology, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL, UK; (J.B.); (R.J.M.)
| | - Emma J. Crosbie
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester M13 9WL, UK; (N.A.J.R.); (Y.L.W.); (Z.M.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL, UK; (C.E.B.); (A.E.D.)
- Correspondence:
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25
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Huang GQ, Xi YY, Zhang CJ, Jiang X. Serum Human Epididymis Protein 4 Combined with Carbohydrate Antigen 125 for Endometrial Carcinoma Diagnosis: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2020; 23:580-588. [PMID: 31373853 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2019.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the overall diagnostic value of human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) combined with carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125) in endometrial carcinoma (EC) based on a meta-analysis of all eligible studies. Methods: The PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, CNKI, VANFUN, and VIP databases were searched by index words to identify eligible studies and also to search for relevant literature sources that had been published by January 2019. Eligible studies included prospective cohort studies or cross-sectional studies. The heterogeneity of the included studies was used to select appropriate effect models to calculate summary weighted sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic odds ratios (DORs). The summary receiver operational characteristic (SROC) analysis was summarized for the EC. Results: In total, 25 studies that had explored the diagnostic accuracy of HE4 combined with CA125 for EC were included in this meta-analysis. Nine were from English language articles and 16 from Chinese language articles. The global sensitivity and specificity of HE4 combined with CA125 for EC were as follows: 66% (95% CI: 60-72) and 92% (95% CI: 88-95), respectively. The global positive likelihood ratio and global negative likelihood ratio of HE4 combined with CA125 for EC were as follows: 8.03 (95% CI: 5.36-12.04) and 0.37 (95% CI: 0.31-0.44), respectively. The global DOR was19.59 (95% CI: 12.25-31.32) for IL-6. The area under the SROC was high for HE4 combined with CA125 (AUC = 0.86; 95% CI: 0.83-0.89). Conclusion: This study provides a systematic review and meta-analysis of the diagnostic accuracy of HE4 combined with CA125 for EC. The results indicate that HE4 combined with CA125 is highly accurate for the diagnosis of EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Qing Huang
- 1Emergency and Critical Care Center and Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Xi
- 2Reproductive Medicine Centre, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China.,3Biomedical Engineering College, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Chang-Jun Zhang
- 2Reproductive Medicine Centre, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China.,3Biomedical Engineering College, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Xing Jiang
- 2Reproductive Medicine Centre, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China.,3Biomedical Engineering College, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
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26
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Hernández JE, González-Montiel A, Allos-Villalva JCC, Cantú D, Barquet S, Olivares-Mundo A, Herrera LA, Prada D. Prognostic molecular biomarkers in endometrial cancer: A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 7:17-28. [PMID: 34322276 PMCID: PMC8315102 DOI: 10.14312/2052-4994.2019-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Background: Endometrial cancer (EC) is the fourth most common malignancy in women worldwide and the most common gynecological cancer in developed countries. The endometrioid subtype has an excellent prognosis with conventional treatment; however, recurrence reduces overall survival. Objective: Describe the most relevant evidence regarding selected potential molecular biomarkers that may predict overall survival (OS), relapse-free survival (RFS), and cancer-specific survival (CSS) in EC. Methods: An exhaustive search was performed in PUBMED with the search terms endometrial cancer, molecular biomarker, and survival. We selected original articles written in English about endometrial cancer, molecular biomarkers, and that included survival analysis published between January 2000 and December 2016. Results: Several molecular prognostic biomarkers have been studied in terms of survival and therapeutic response in women with endometrial cancer; hormone receptors, microRNAs, and other molecules have emerged as potentially useful biomarkers, including HER2, p21, HE4, PTEN, p27, ANCCA, and ANXA2. Conclusions: The use of biomarkers in the assessment of OS, RFS, and CSS requires large trials to expand our understanding of endometrial carcinogenesis. Several molecular markers are significantly associated with a high tumor grade and advanced clinical stage in EC and, therefore, could have additive effects when combined.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Edgardo Hernández
- Unit of Biomedical Research, National Cancer Institute- Biomedical Research Institute, National Autonomous University of Mexico. San Fernando 22, Colonia Sección XVI, Delegatión Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico, 14080
| | - Ailyn González-Montiel
- Unit of Biomedical Research, National Cancer Institute- Biomedical Research Institute, National Autonomous University of Mexico. San Fernando 22, Colonia Sección XVI, Delegatión Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico, 14080
| | - Jesús C Ceb Allos-Villalva
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, C.U., Av. Universidad 3000, Mexico City, Mexico, 04510
| | - David Cantú
- Unit of Biomedical Research, National Cancer Institute- Biomedical Research Institute, National Autonomous University of Mexico. San Fernando 22, Colonia Sección XVI, Delegatión Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico, 14080
| | - Salim Barquet
- Unit of Biomedical Research, National Cancer Institute- Biomedical Research Institute, National Autonomous University of Mexico. San Fernando 22, Colonia Sección XVI, Delegatión Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico, 14080
| | - Anny Olivares-Mundo
- Unit of Biomedical Research, National Cancer Institute- Biomedical Research Institute, National Autonomous University of Mexico. San Fernando 22, Colonia Sección XVI, Delegatión Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico, 14080
| | - Luis A Herrera
- Unit of Biomedical Research, National Cancer Institute- Biomedical Research Institute, National Autonomous University of Mexico. San Fernando 22, Colonia Sección XVI, Delegatión Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico, 14080
| | - Diddier Prada
- Unit of Biomedical Research, National Cancer Institute- Biomedical Research Institute, National Autonomous University of Mexico. San Fernando 22, Colonia Sección XVI, Delegatión Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico, 14080.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, C.U., Av. Universidad 3000, Mexico City, Mexico, 04510
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27
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Njoku K, Chiasserini D, Whetton AD, Crosbie EJ. Proteomic Biomarkers for the Detection of Endometrial Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101572. [PMID: 31623106 PMCID: PMC6826703 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometrial cancer is the leading gynaecological malignancy in the western world and its incidence is rising in tandem with the global epidemic of obesity. Early diagnosis is key to improving survival, which at 5 years is less than 20% in advanced disease and over 90% in early-stage disease. As yet, there are no validated biological markers for its early detection. Advances in high-throughput technologies and machine learning techniques now offer unique and promising perspectives for biomarker discovery, especially through the integration of genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic and imaging data. Because the proteome closely mirrors the dynamic state of cells, tissues and organisms, proteomics has great potential to deliver clinically relevant biomarkers for cancer diagnosis. In this review, we present the current progress in endometrial cancer diagnostic biomarker discovery using proteomics. We describe the various mass spectrometry-based approaches and highlight the challenges inherent in biomarker discovery studies. We suggest novel strategies for endometrial cancer detection exploiting biologically important protein biomarkers and set the scene for future directions in endometrial cancer biomarker research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelechi Njoku
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, 5th Floor Research, St Mary's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WL, UK.
- Stoller Biomarker Discovery Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Davide Chiasserini
- Stoller Biomarker Discovery Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Anthony D Whetton
- Stoller Biomarker Discovery Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Emma J Crosbie
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, 5th Floor Research, St Mary's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WL, UK.
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Cymbaluk-Płoska A, Chudecka-Głaz A, Pius-Sadowska E, Machaliński B, Sompolska-Rzechuła A, Kwiatkowski S, Menkiszak J. The role of lipocalin-2 serum levels in the diagnostics of endometrial cancer. Cancer Biomark 2019; 24:315-324. [PMID: 30829613 PMCID: PMC6484256 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-181942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Endometrial cancer is one of the most common tumor of the woman genital organs. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to determine the lipocalin-2 levels in patients with endometrial cancer compared to those with normal endometrium or mild endometrial pathologies. METHODS: Study included 123 patients with BMI > 21 kg/m2 who were admitted due to abnormal bleeding, in which 52 patients with endometrial cancer. The NGAL, CA125, HE4 serum levels were determined for all patients. RESULTS: Significantly lower median NGAL serum levels were found in a group of patients with normal endometrium compared to the endometrial cancer group, p= 0.006. NGAL protein area under ROC curves value as a diagnostic test, differentiating between endometrial cancer and other benign changes endometrium is AUC – 0.81 (p< 0.00001). The NGAL protein had a high sensitivity in all patients included in the analysis: 84% vs. 82% in pre-menopausal patients, and 81% in postmenopausal women with a specificity of 78%, 80% and 87%, respectively. The independent variable for FIGO and model logistic regression proves that NGAL is statistically significant (p= 0.000602), the odds ratio is 3.66. The model for grading shows, that NGAL increase by one ng/ml increases risk chances by 2.32 times in diagnosis with less cancer differentiation. CONCLUSIONS: Our preliminary studies demonstrate that lipocalin-2 may be of value in the diagnostics of uterine body cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Cymbaluk-Płoska
- Department of Gynecological Surgery and Gynecological Oncology of Adults and Adolescents, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anita Chudecka-Głaz
- Department of Gynecological Surgery and Gynecological Oncology of Adults and Adolescents, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ewa Pius-Sadowska
- General Pathology Department, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | | | - Sebastian Kwiatkowski
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Janusz Menkiszak
- Department of Gynecological Surgery and Gynecological Oncology of Adults and Adolescents, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
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29
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Xi Z, Jing L, Le-Ni K, Zhu L, Ze-Wen D, Hui Y, Ming-Rong X, Guang-Dong L. Evaluation of PTEN and CD4+FOXP3+ T cell expressions as diagnostic and predictive factors in endometrial cancer: A case control study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e16345. [PMID: 31348233 PMCID: PMC6709148 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000016345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the potential role of Pten and CD4FOXP3 T cells in prognosis from endometrial cancer.Tissue samples and clinical data were collected from 200 patients with endometrial cancer and 100 control patients with benign uterine diseases. The expressions of Pten and CD4FOXP3 T cells were quantified by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. After surgery, all patients were followed up for an average of 56.3 months. Surgical effects were evaluated based on the patients' symptoms and signs. A two-sided P value < .05 was considered significant.Pten diminished and CD4FOXP3 T cells significantly accumulated with the progression of endometial cancer, in comparison to the controls. Moreover, Pten expression was negatively correlated with the count of CD4FOXP3 T cells. Pten and CD4FOXP3 T cells were correlated with clinical characteristics, including tumor stage, differentiation and associated with patients' disease-free survival.Limited data were available between the expressions of Pten and CD4FOXP3 T cells in patients with endometrial cancer. Our study findings suggested that the expressions of Pten and CD4FOXP3 T cells might become possible biomarkers for the diagnosis and prediction in endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng Xi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu
| | - Li Jing
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan
| | - Kang Le-Ni
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu
- National Office for Maternal and Child Health Surveillance of China, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lan Zhu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu
| | - Deng Ze-Wen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu
| | - Ye Hui
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu
| | - Xi Ming-Rong
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu
| | - Liao Guang-Dong
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu
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Plotti F, Scaletta G, Terranova C, Montera R, De Cicco Nardone C, Luvero D, Rossini G, Gatti A, Schirò T, Moncelli M, Guzzo F, Angioli R. The role of human epididymis protein 4 as a biomarker in gynecologic malignancies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 71:36-43. [DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4784.18.04328-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Li J, Wang X, Qu W, Wang J, Jiang SW. Comparison of serum human epididymis protein 4 and CA125 on endometrial cancer detection: A meta-analysis. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 488:215-220. [PMID: 30414437 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometrial cancer (EC) is common type of gynecologic malignancy affecting a large number of females around the world. While most early stage cases are well managed with a relatively benign prognosis, the late stage cases have poor survival. Among the many biomarkers identified, serum human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) and CA125 are most promising surrogates for EC detection. METHODS We performed a meta-analysis to estimate the diagnostic accuracy of HE4 and CA125 and compared their performance. A literature research was performed in Medline, Cochrane Literature Library and CNKI. After filtering, twelve studies evaluating the diagnostic value of serum HE4, alone or in comparison with CA125, were included. The total sample size was 1106 patients and 1480 controls. Pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (PLR), negative likelihood ratio (NLR) and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) were calculated and summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curves were plotted to assess the diagnostic accuracy. RESULTS The pooled estimates for HE4 were sensitivity: 0.71 (95%CI 0.56-0.82), specificity: 0.87 (95%CI 0.80-0.92), and area under ROC curve: 0.88 (0.85-0.91), compared to 0.35 (95% CI 0.25-0.46), 0.83 (95% CI 0.71-0.91), and 0.58 (95% CI 0.54-0.63), respectively, of CA125. Subgroup analysis demonstrated a better performance of HE4 in Caucasian population, compared to Chinese population. CONCLUSION This analysis suggested that when stage and histological type are not specifically considered, serum HE4 is generally a better tool than CA125 in EC diagnosis by its significantly higher sensitivity than CA125.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospitable of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; Department of Biomedical Science, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA 31404, USA
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University School of Medicine, Yantai 264000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wanglei Qu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospitable of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Developmental Biology and Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Shi-Wen Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospitable of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; Department of Biomedical Science, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA 31404, USA; The Affiliated Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214002, China.
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Plotti F, Capriglione S, Scaletta G, Luvero D, Lopez S, Nastro FF, Terranova C, De Cicco Nardone C, Montera R, Angioli R. Implementing the Risk of Endometrial Malignancy Algorithm (REM) adding obesity as a predictive factor: Results of REM-B in a single-center survey. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2018; 225:51-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2018.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Li LM, Zhu YX, Zhong Y, Su T, Fan XM, Xi Q, Li MY, Fu J, Tan H, Liu S. Human epididymis protein 4 in endometrial cancer: A meta-analysis. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 482:215-223. [PMID: 29630870 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) is a potential marker for endometrial cancer (EC), however, the diagnostic value of HE4 for EC remains controversial. In this study, we performed a meta-analysis to estimate the diagnostic accuracy of serum HE4 for EC. METHODS Literature reports of the diagnostic accuracy of serum HE4 for EC were systematically identified using online data-bases. The meta-analysis was performed using STATA 12.0, Meta-Disc 1.4, and Review Manager 5.2. RESULTS A total of 4182 participants and 23 studies were included in our meta-analysis. The pooled sensitivity (SEN), specificity (SPE), positive likelihood ratio (PLR), negative likelihood ratio (NLR), diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and area under the curve (AUC) were 0.65 (95% CI: 0.56-0.73), 0.91 (95% CI: 0.84-0.95), (95% CI: 4.38-12.64), 0.38 (95% CI: 0.31-0.47), 19.46 (95% CI: 11.61-32.62) and 0.84 (95% CI: 0.81 to 0.87), respectively. Our overall analysis suggested that HE4 is a useful diagnostic marker for EC. Subgroup analysis indicated that studies with benign disease controls showed higher diagnostic accuracies than those with healthy controls. CONCLUSION Serum HE4 may serve as a potential biomarker for EC diagnosis. Due to certain limitations, this conclusion should to be cautiously interpreted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Man Li
- Center for Gene Diagnosis, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169# Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yu-Xuan Zhu
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Affiliated Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Yi Zhong
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Laboratory, West China-Washington Mitochondria and Metabolism Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tao Su
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Laboratory, West China-Washington Mitochondria and Metabolism Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Fan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Qian Xi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Ming-Yong Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Jun Fu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Hong Tan
- Department of General Surgery, Chengdu Integrated TCM & Western Medicine Hospital (Chengdu First People's Hospital), Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Shan Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China.
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Anastasi E, Gigli S, Ballesio L, Angeloni A, Manganaro L. The Complementary Role of Imaging and Tumor Biomarkers
in Gynecological Cancers: An Update of the Literature. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2018; 19:309-317. [PMID: 29479951 PMCID: PMC5980913 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.2.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Gynecological tumors, including endometrial, cervical and ovarian cancer, have increased in incidence over time. The widespread introduction of screening programs and advances in diagnostic imaging methods has lead to a progressive increase in gynecological cancer detection. Accurate diagnosis and proper monitoring of disease remain the primary target for a successful treatment. In the last years, knowledge about cancer biomarkers has considerably increased providing great opportunities for improving cancer detection and treatment. In addition, in the last few years there has been an important development of imaging techniques. Nowadays, a multimodal approach including the evaluation of serum tumor biomarkers combined with imaging techniques, seems to be the best strategy for assessing tumor presence, spread, recurrence, and/or the response to treatment in female cancer patients In this review we provide an overview of the application of biomarkers combined with novel imaging methods and highlight their roles in female cancer diagnosis and follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Anastasi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Roma, Italy.
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Abbink K, Zusterzeel PL, Geurts-Moespot AJ, Herwaarden AEV, Pijnenborg JM, Sweep FC, Massuger LF. HE4 is superior to CA125 in the detection of recurrent disease in high-risk endometrial cancer patients. Tumour Biol 2018; 40:1010428318757103. [PMID: 29463191 DOI: 10.1177/1010428318757103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To date, biomarkers are not routinely used in endometrial cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and follow-up. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether serum HE4 was related to clinicopathological risk factors and outcome. Second, the role of serum HE4 and CA125 was assessed as indicator for recurrent disease during follow-up. METHODS A total of 174 patients with endometrial cancer between 1999 and 2009 were selected for this retrospective study. Serum HE4 and CA125 were analyzed at primary diagnosis, during follow-up, and at the time of recurrence. Correlations with clinicopathological factors were studied by univariate and multivariate survival analyses. Lead time was calculated in order to determine which serum marker was elevated prior to clinical detection of recurrent disease. RESULTS Serum levels of HE4 and CA125 were significantly associated with high tumor grade, myometrial invasion, lymph node involvement, and advanced stage (p < 0.01). HE4 was an independent prognostic factor for reduced disease-free survival and overall survival with hazard ratios of 2.96 (95% confidence interval: 1.18-7.99) and 3.27 (95% confidence interval: 1.18-9.02), respectively. At recurrence, 75% of the patients had an elevated HE4 compared to 54% with an elevated CA125. HE4 levels were more frequently elevated in patients with distant metastasis compared to local recurrences, 67% and 37%, respectively. Serum HE4 detected a recurrence with a median of 126 days earlier than clinical confirmation. CONCLUSION Elevated serum HE4 is an independent risk factor for reduced disease-free survival and overall survival. HE4 seems to be superior to CA125 in the detection of recurrent disease during follow-up, mainly in high-risk endometrial cancer patients who are more prone to distant metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Abbink
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Petra Lm Zusterzeel
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anneke J Geurts-Moespot
- 2 Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Johanna Ma Pijnenborg
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Fred Cgj Sweep
- 2 Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Leon Fag Massuger
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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The Role of HE4, a Novel Biomarker, in Predicting Optimal Cytoreduction After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Advanced Ovarian Cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2018; 27:696-702. [PMID: 28406844 DOI: 10.1097/igc.0000000000000944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate serum human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) changes during neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) to establish HE4 predebulking surgery cutoff values and to demonstrate that CA125, HE4, and computed tomography (CT) taken together are better able to predict complete cytoreduction after NACT in advanced ovarian cancer patients. METHODS From January 2006 to November 2015, patients affected by epithelial advanced ovarian cancer (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage III-IV), considered not optimally resectable, were included in this prospective study. After 3 cycles of NACT, all patients underwent debulking surgery and were allocated, according to residual tumor (RT), into group A (RT = 0) and group B (RT > 0). Serum CA125, HE4, and CT images were recorded during NACT and compared singularly and with each other in term of accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive value. RESULTS A total of 94 and 20 patients were included in group A and group B, respectively. The HE4 values recorded before debulking surgery correlated with RT. The identified HE4 cutoff value of 226 pmol/L after NACT was able to classify patients at high or low risk of suboptimal surgery, with a sensitivity of 75% and a specificity of 85% (positive predictive value, 0.87; negative predictive value, 0.70). The combination of CA125, HE4, and CT imaging resulted in the best combination with a sensitivity of 96% and a specificity of 92% (positive predictive value, 0.96; negative predictive value, 0.94). CONCLUSIONS The novel biomarker HE4, in addition to CA125 and CT, is better able to predict the RT at debulking surgery and the prognosis of patients.
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Capriglione S, Luvero D, Plotti F, Terranova C, Montera R, Scaletta G, Schirò T, Rossini G, Benedetti Panici P, Angioli R. Ovarian cancer recurrence and early detection: may HE4 play a key role in this open challenge? A systematic review of literature. Med Oncol 2017; 34:164. [PMID: 28825178 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-017-1026-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Despite the improvement in overall survival for ovarian cancer (OC) patients, a fraction of patients with advanced-stage disease fails to respond to primary therapy and relapses in 70% of cases. For this reason, new predictive and monitoring tools are needed to identify OC recurrence and new biomarkers were studied, among which human epididymis 4 (HE4), primarily expressed in the reproductive and respiratory tracts, is one of the most promising, reporting a good sensitivity and specificity in detecting OC, overcoming the traditional role of carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA-125). In this review, we aim to discuss the latest evidence reported in the literature about the use of HE4 to monitor ovarian cancer treatment and to detect OC recurrence. We searched MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, IBECS, BIOSIS, Web of Science, SCOPUS, congress abstracts, and Grey literature (Google Scholar; British Library) from January 1952 to June 2017. The search identified seven papers in line with eligibility criteria for this systematic review; all of them demonstrated a good performance of HE4 in OC recurrence. The challenge to anticipate the diagnosis of OC recurrence and to translate this early diagnosis of relapse in a survival and quality of life improvement is still open, and as reported in this review, HE4 may play a key role in this scenario. More studies are needed to validate and reinforce the role of HE4 in ovarian cancer recurrence and in its early detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Capriglione
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Rome "Campus Bio-Medico", Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200 - 00128, Rome, Italy.
| | - Daniela Luvero
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Rome "Campus Bio-Medico", Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200 - 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Plotti
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Rome "Campus Bio-Medico", Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200 - 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - Corrado Terranova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Rome "Campus Bio-Medico", Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200 - 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Montera
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Rome "Campus Bio-Medico", Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200 - 00128, Rome, Italy.,Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Scaletta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Rome "Campus Bio-Medico", Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200 - 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - Teresa Schirò
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Rome "Campus Bio-Medico", Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200 - 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Rossini
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Rome "Campus Bio-Medico", Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200 - 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Benedetti Panici
- Department of Gynecology Obstetrics and Urology, Policlinico Umberto I, ''Sapienza'' University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Angioli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Rome "Campus Bio-Medico", Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200 - 00128, Rome, Italy
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Chen Y, Huang L, Wang S, Liu T, Wu Y, Li JL, Li M. WAP four-disulfide core domain protein 2 promotes metastasis of human ovarian cancer by regulation of metastasis-associated genes. J Ovarian Res 2017; 10:40. [PMID: 28679402 PMCID: PMC5499000 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-017-0329-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND WAP four-disulfide core domain protein 2 (WFDC2) shows a tumor-restricted upregulated pattern of expression in ovarian cancer. METHODS In this study, we evaluated the role of WFCD2 in tumor mobility, invasion and metastasis of ovarian cancer in clinical tissue and in ovarian cancer cells, both in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Our results revealed WFCD2 was overexpressed in ovarian tissues, and the expression level of WFCD2 was associated with metastasis and lymph node metastasis. Higher expression of WFCD2 was also observed in aggressive HO8910-PM cells than in HO8910 cells, and WFCD2 knockdown halted cell migration, invasion, tumorigenicity and metastasis in ovarian cancer cells, both in vitro and in vivo. Knockdown of WFDC2 induced the down-regulation of ICAM-1, CD44, and MMP2. CONCLUSION In summary, our work demonstrates that WFCD2 promotes metastasis in ovarian cancer. These findings suggest that WFCD2 plays a critical role in promoting metastasis and may constitute a potential therapeutic target of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.,State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.,Institute of Antibody Engineering, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatainan Road, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Liping Huang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Center, Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Suihai Wang
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatainan Road, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Tiancai Liu
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatainan Road, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yingsong Wu
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatainan Road, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Ji-Liang Li
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatainan Road, Guangzhou, 510515, China. .,Department of Oncology, Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
| | - Ming Li
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China. .,Institute of Antibody Engineering, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatainan Road, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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Dong C, Liu P, Li C. Value of HE4 Combined with Cancer Antigen 125 in the Diagnosis of Endometrial Cancer. Pak J Med Sci 2017; 33:1013-1017. [PMID: 29067084 PMCID: PMC5648931 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.334.12755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinical significance of human epididymal secretory protein E4 (HE4) in combination with cancer antigen 125 (CA125) in the diagnosis of endometrial cancer. METHODS One hundred and fifty patients with endometrial cancer who were admitted to Binzhou People's Hospital, Shandong, China, between June 2013 and July 2014, were enrolled and set as an endometrial cancer group; another one hundred patients with benign uterine diseases and one hundred healthy females were also enrolled. The serum was collected from the subjects for the detection of HE4 level. The level of CA125 was detected using electrochemiluminescence assay (ELISA). Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn to analyze the cutoff points of HE4 and CA125 levels for the diagnosis of endometrial cancer. The diagnostic efficacy based on the detection of the two indexes separately and jointly was evaluated. RESULTS The area under curve (AUC) for diagnosis of endometrial cancer based on HE4 was superior to that based on CA125 (0.819 vs 0.757). The optimal diagnosis cutoff point of HE4 and CA125 on the ROC curves was 92.21 pmol/L and 31.32KU/L, respectively. The sensitivity, Youden index, coincidence rate and negative predicted value of diagnosing endometrial cancer with HE4 in combination with CA125 (73.2%, 0.641, 83.5% and 83.4%) were significantly higher than those of diagnosing endometrial cancer with the two indexes separately. The ROC-AUC value of serum HE4 and CA125 was 0.749 and 0.528 respectively, much lower than that of HE4 in combination with CA125 (0.794; P<0.05). CONCLUSION Serum HE4 and CA125 are the ideal marker combination for the diagnosis of endometrial cancer. HE4 combined with CA125 is beneficial to the diagnosis of endometrial cancer; hence it is worth promotion in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Dong
- Chunhua Dong, Department of Gynaecology, Binzhou People’s Hospital, Shandong, 256610, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Ping Liu, Office of Binzhou People’s Hospital, Library of Binzhou People’s Hospital, Binzhou People’s Hospital, Shandong, 256610, China
| | - Chao Li
- Chao Li, Department of Gastroenterology, Binzhou People’s Hospital, Shandong, 256610, China
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Dewan R, Dewan A, Hare S, Bhardwaj M, Mehrotra K. Diagnostic Performance of Serum Human Epididymis Protein 4 in Endometrial Carcinoma: A Pilot Study. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:XC01-XC05. [PMID: 28893024 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/28926.10285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Endometrial Cancer (EC) is a common female malignant disorder. To date, there are no specific tumour markers for EC that may be routinely used in clinical practice for diagnosis. AIM To evaluate the diagnostic performance of the serum Human Epididymis protein 4 (HE4) as biomarker for EC and to determine its association with clinicopathological variables. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study population included 60 postmenopausal women with a diagnosis of EC and 60 healthy postmenopausal female subjects (control group). Concentrations of serum HE4 and CA-125 in EC patients and control group were determined using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA). The value of serum HE4 and CA-125 for the diagnosis and prediction of stage, histology, myometrial invasion and lymph nodal metastasis was analysed. RESULTS The mean serum HE4 and CA-125 levels were significantly higher in patients with EC than those with control group (p<0.05). Comparison for HE4 and CA-125 between different stages showed a statistically significant difference. Stage I EC patients with <50% myometrial invasion had a significantly lower mean serum HE4 value than patients with >50% myometrial invasion (p=0.007). Corresponding values of CA-125 showed a similar trend (p=0.023). There were significantly higher levels of HE4 and CA-125 in cases with lymph node involvement. The levels of serum HE4 and CA-125 were higher in the non-endometroid histology, but the difference was not statistically significant. The Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve analysis for EC and control group showed that HE4 had greater Area Under Curve (AUC) when compared with CA-125. Using ROC curve, a serum HE4 concentration of 69.8 pmol/l (AUC 0.974) and/or serum CA-125 level of 34.50 U/mL (AUC 0.714) was used to predict malignancy. Sensitivity of combined biomarkers showed no additional improvement in comparison to HE4 or CA-125 alone. CONCLUSION Our results show that HE4 is a sensitive diagnostic serum marker for detection of EC patients, exhibiting a better diagnostic performance compared to CA-125. Good performance of HE4 in diagnosis of early stages EC indicates its usefulness as a prognostic marker and also to monitor therapy and detect early recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupali Dewan
- Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - Abhinav Dewan
- Attending Consultant, Department of Radiation Oncology, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, Delhi, India
| | - Swati Hare
- Postgraduate Student, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - Mausumi Bhardwaj
- Senior Scientist, Department of Research, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Krati Mehrotra
- Medical Officer, Department of Oncology, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi, India
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Serum HE4 is correlated to prognostic factors and survival in patients with endometrial cancer. Virchows Arch 2017; 470:655-664. [PMID: 28401338 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-017-2115-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The extent of surgery and the decision for adjuvant treatment in patients with endometrial cancer (EC) depend on the presence of risk factors for lymph node metastases and disease recurrence. Postoperative markers such as myometrial infiltration and specific mutations can select patients for adjuvant treatment but will not influence surgical planning. A biomarker stratifying patients into low-risk and high-risk groups before surgery could identify patients who benefit from more extensive surgery. Therefore, we evaluated the correlation of serum biomarker HE4 with clinical and recently identified prognostic pathological variables and survival. Patients treated for endometrial cancer between 1994 and 2014 were included. Serum HE4 concentration was measured in preoperatively obtained samples. A total of 88 patients were eligible for analysis. The majority (64%) was diagnosed with endometrioid-type adenocarcinoma. Serum HE4 concentration is significantly associated with stage of disease (p = 0.001), deep myometrial invasion (p < 0.001), exact depth of myometrial invasion (≥4 mm) (p = 0.01), tumour-free distance to serosa (≤7 mm) (p < 0.001), extensive lymph vascular space invasion (p = 0.04) and cervical involvement (p = 0.001). HE4 concentration and nodal involvement were correlated, although not significant (p = 0.17). Serum HE4 is an independent prognostic factor for recurrence-free survival (HR 5.12 per 10-fold increase in HE4, 95% CI 1.54-17.1) and overall survival (HR 7.48 per 10-fold increase in HE4, 95% CI 1.76-31.7). HE4 is a prognostic marker in endometrial cancer and is helpful in addition to other variables for the preoperative risk stratification of patients with endometrial cancer.
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Validation of REM score to predict endometrial cancer in patients with ultrasound endometrial abnormalities: results of a new independent dataset. Med Oncol 2017; 34:82. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-017-0945-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Benati M, Montagnana M, Danese E, Paviati E, Giudici S, Ruzzenente O, Franchi M, Lippi G. The clinical significance of DJ-1 and HE4 in patients with endometrial cancer. J Clin Lab Anal 2017; 32. [PMID: 28374920 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.22223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The non-invasive diagnostic approach for early detection of endometrial cancer (EC) remains limited. To date, human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) has been intensively studied but its diagnostic is controversial in EC. DJ-1 is an oncoprotein secreted by cancer cells, recently identified as a potential diagnostic biomarker for breast cancer, melanoma, and pancreatic cancer. The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic performances of DJ-1 and HE4 measured in EC patients and healthy controls (HC). METHODS Forty-five patients (63.9±12.0 years) with EC and 29 (63.2±13.3 years) HC were enrolled. Serum concentrations of DJ-1 and HE4 were measured using ELISA kits developed by R&D (Minneapolis, USA) and Fujirebio Diagnostic (Malvern, PA, USA), respectively. Differences between EC patients and HC were assessed by Mann-Whitney test and associations were tested by Spearman's correlation. The diagnostic performance was assessed using receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves analysis. RESULTS Serum DJ-1 concentrations were found to be higher in EC patients than in HC (9533.6 vs 1988.5 pg/mL; P<.0001). The area under the ROC curve (ROC-AUC) was 0.95 (P<.0001). At the cut-off of 3654 pg/mL, the sensitivity and specificity were 0.89 and 0.90, respectively. HE4 serum levels were higher in EC patients than in HC (75.3 vs 56.2 pmol/L; P=.019), with an AUC of 0.66 (P=.020). The AUC obtained by the combination of the two markers resulted 0.96 (P<.0001). CONCLUSION These results suggest that increased serum DJ-1 levels are associated with EC and that this biomarker may be potentially useful for diagnosing EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Benati
- Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, Clinical Biochemistry Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Martina Montagnana
- Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, Clinical Biochemistry Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elisa Danese
- Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, Clinical Biochemistry Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elisa Paviati
- Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, Clinical Biochemistry Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Silvia Giudici
- Department of Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynaecology Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Orazio Ruzzenente
- Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, Clinical Biochemistry Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Massimo Franchi
- Department of Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynaecology Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lippi
- Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, Clinical Biochemistry Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Abstract
This article summarizes recent advances in PET/MR imaging in gynecologic cancers and the emerging clinical value of PET/MR imaging in the management of the 3 most common gynecologic malignancies: cervical, endometrial, and ovarian cancers. PET/MR imaging offers superior soft tissue contrast, improved assessment of primary tumor involvement because of high-resolution multiplanar reformats, and functional MR techniques such as diffusion-weighted MR imaging and dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging. This article discusses the challenges, future directions, and technical advances of PET/MR imaging, and the emerging new multimodality, multiparametric imaging techniques for integrating morphologic, functional, and molecular imaging data.
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Prueksaritanond N, Cheanpracha P, Yanaranop M. Association of Serum HE4 with Primary Tumor Diameter and Depth of Myometrial Invasion in Endometrial Cancer Patients at Rajavithi Hospital. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 17:1489-92. [PMID: 27039795 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2016.17.3.1489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although there are no biomarkers that are routinely used in endometrial cancer (EC) management, many studies have found that serum human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) is superior to cancer antigen 125 (CA125) in the detection of EC. The correlation of HE4 with two prognostic factors for EC, primary tumor diameter (PTD) and depth of myometrial invasion (DMI) may be useful in identifying EC patients at high risk of lymphatic dissemination. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the correlation of serum HE4 with PTD and DMI in patients with EC. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted on 70 EC patients who were scheduled for elective surgery at Rajavithi Hospital between 1st September 2013 and 30th May 2014. Preoperative serum levels of HE4 and CA125 were investigated, and then gross measurement of PTD was taken and postoperative pathologic slides were reviewed for DMI including histologic types, grading and staging. RESULTS Preoperative serum HE4 levels were strongly correlated with PTD (r=0.65, p<0.001) and moderately correlated with DMI (r=0.46, p<0.001). Moreover, serum HE4 levels were significantly elevated in EC patients with PTD >2 cm (p<0.001) and DMI > 50% (p=0.004). The performance of serum HE4 in identifying EC patients at low risk and high risk of lymph node metastasis was significantly better than that of CA125 (AUC 0.88 vs. 0.65, p=0.003). At an optimal cut-off value of 70 pM/L, serum HE4 had a sensitivity of 83.3% and a specificity of 80.0%. CONCLUSIONS In EC patients, preoperative serum HE4 is significantly correlated with PTD and DMI. Serum HE4 levels could be useful in identifying endometrial cancer patients at high risk of lymphatic spread who would benefit from systemic lymphadenectomy at the cut-off value of 70 pM/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisa Prueksaritanond
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rajavithi Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand E-mail :
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Analysis of serum level of HE4 and CA125 considering selected risk factors among patients with endometrioid endometrial cancer. Contemp Oncol (Pozn) 2017; 20:463-467. [PMID: 28239284 PMCID: PMC5320459 DOI: 10.5114/wo.2016.65606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study To assess the difference of serum level of HE4 and CA125 among patients with endometrioid endometrial cancer, considering the presence or absence of selected risk factors. Material and methods A retrospective study of 46 patients, whose serum level of HE4 and CA125 level was documented, admitted to our Clinic because of endometrioid endometrial cancer. The statistical difference of both markers was analyzed considering certain risk factors. Results In the examined group of patients there was no significant statistical difference of HE4 and CA125 levels among patients with and without the following risk factors: older age, menopausal status, overweight and obesity, hypertension, diabetes, early menarche, and family history of certain cancers. Similar results were obtained within the subgroup of patients with stage I endometrial cancer. Both HE4 and CA125 were significantly higher in premenopausal patients than in those after menopause in the more advanced stages of the disease. The same results were obtained within group of patients with advanced histological grading G2 and G3. In this group, higher levels of CA125 were observed among patients without hypertension. Among patients with histological grade G1 the serum level of HE4 was higher in the group of patients older than 60 years than it was in younger patients. Conclusions In the examined group of patients serum levels of tumour markers may not be affected by the selected risk factors. Higher HE4 and CA125 levels among premenopausal patients may be an alarming sign of advanced stages and classes of histological grading.
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Yılmaz SA, Altınkaya SÖ, Kerimoglu ÖS, Tazegül Pekin A, Akyürek F, Ilhan TT, Benzer N, Unlu A, Yuksel H, Celik C. The role of human epididymis secretory protein E4 in patients with endometrial cancer and premalignant endometrial lesions. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2016; 37:58-63. [PMID: 28006994 DOI: 10.3109/01443615.2016.1174199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the concentrations of human epididymis secretory protein E4 (HE4) and Ca-125 in relation to clinicopathologic features in patients with endometrial cancer and premalignant endometrial lesions. Women with abnormal uterine bleeding (n = 167) who underwent endometrial sampling were divided into four groups. Group 1: endometrial cancer (n = 68), group 2: atypical endometrial hyperplasia (n = 12), group 3: endometrial hyperplasia without atypia (n = 39) and group 4: controls (n = 48). Women with endometrial cancer exhibited higher concentrations of HE4 levels than controls (91.4 pmol/L vs. 46.2 pmol/L, p < 0.001). HE4 levels were significantly higher in patients with lymphatic involvement, deep myometrial invasion, lymphovascular space involvement and non-endometrioid histology (p < 0.001). The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values for HE4 in detecting endometrial cancer were 72.7%, 84.4%, 80% and 78.4%, respectively. Preoperative HE4 levels are more elevated in women with endometrial cancer than those with benign endometrium as well as in women with prognostic high-risk factors with endometrial cancer. HE4 may be used as an additional marker in combination with other clinicopathologic features for planning the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setenay Arzu Yılmaz
- a Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics , Selçuk University Faculty of Medicine , Konya , Turkey
| | - Sündüz Özlem Altınkaya
- b Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics , Faculty of Adnan Menderes University , Aydın , Turkey
| | - Özlem Seçilmiş Kerimoglu
- a Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics , Selçuk University Faculty of Medicine , Konya , Turkey
| | - Aybike Tazegül Pekin
- a Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics , Selçuk University Faculty of Medicine , Konya , Turkey
| | - Fikret Akyürek
- c Department of Biochemistry , Faculty of Selçuk University , Konya , Turkey
| | - Tolgay Tuyan Ilhan
- a Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics , Selçuk University Faculty of Medicine , Konya , Turkey
| | - Nilgün Benzer
- a Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics , Selçuk University Faculty of Medicine , Konya , Turkey
| | - Ali Unlu
- c Department of Biochemistry , Faculty of Selçuk University , Konya , Turkey
| | - Hasan Yuksel
- b Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics , Faculty of Adnan Menderes University , Aydın , Turkey
| | - Cetin Celik
- a Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics , Selçuk University Faculty of Medicine , Konya , Turkey
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Capriglione S, Plotti F, Miranda A, Lopez S, Scaletta G, Moncelli M, Luvero D, De Cicco Nardone C, Terranova C, Montera R, Angioli R. Further insight into prognostic factors in endometrial cancer: the new serum biomarker HE4. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2016; 17:9-18. [PMID: 27892774 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2017.1266263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Endometrial cancer (EC) is one of the most common gynecological cancer worldwide. To date, no good markers are routinely used in clinical practice for prognosis and monitoring. Areas covered: During the last years, an increasing interest in literature has been growing on HE4 (Human epididimis 4). Therefore, we aimed to gather all the evidence reported in literature analysing the potential prognostic value of HE4, compared to the well know tumor's features (histological type and grade, stage of disease, depth of myometrial invasion, lymphovascular space involvement and cervical involvement). Expert commentary: The analysis of data suggests that HE4 seems to have a good performance in prognosis and monitoring of the disease, helping to schedule the appropriste timing of imaging and surgery in a more individualized fashion. However, these findings surely require a validation in a larger cohorts of patients. Probably, in the next five years, prospective randomized trials will be performed to confirm the prognostic role of HE4 in EC and to find a tailored EC management strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Capriglione
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Campus Bio Medico , University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Francesco Plotti
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Campus Bio Medico , University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Andrea Miranda
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Campus Bio Medico , University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Salvatore Lopez
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Campus Bio Medico , University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Scaletta
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Campus Bio Medico , University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Michele Moncelli
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Campus Bio Medico , University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Daniela Luvero
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Campus Bio Medico , University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Carlo De Cicco Nardone
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Campus Bio Medico , University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Corrado Terranova
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Campus Bio Medico , University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Roberto Montera
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Campus Bio Medico , University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Roberto Angioli
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Campus Bio Medico , University of Rome , Rome , Italy
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Qu W, Li J, Duan P, Tang Z, Guo F, Chen H, Zhu X, Jiang SW. Physiopathological factors affecting the diagnostic value of serum HE4-test for gynecologic malignancies. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2016; 16:1271-1282. [PMID: 27784171 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2016.1251317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Serum epididymis protein 4 (HE4) represents a useful biomarker for the management of ovarian cancer and endometrial cancer patients. However, HE4 levels are affected by many physiopathological conditions or disorders that should be taken into consideration for an efficient application of this biomarker. Areas covered: The review provides an up-to-date reference on the multiple physiopathological factors that cause fluctuation of HE4 serum levels, and evaluates their impact on HE4-test in clinical settings. Potential mechanisms underlying the regulation of HE4 expression are also discussed. The review is based on data from literature search of PubMed and the author's opinions. Expert commentary: Studies have shown that physiopathological factors such as age, infection/inflammation, renal function, menopause and hormonal levels impose significant impacts on HE4 serum levels. HE4 amount shed into the circulation is related to HE4 expression and secretion by tumor as well as normal tissues, which is affected by cancer heterogeneity, vascular permeability, renal clearance and HE4 degradation. Investigation on interfering factors builds a basis for the construction of a quantitative logarithm for individualized application of HE4-test in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanglei Qu
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China
| | - Jinping Li
- b Department of Biomedical Science , Mercer University School of Medicine , Savannah , GA , USA
| | - Ping Duan
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China
| | - Zuoqing Tang
- c Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences , Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Fengbiao Guo
- b Department of Biomedical Science , Mercer University School of Medicine , Savannah , GA , USA
- d Department of Histology and Embryology , Shantou University Medical College , Shantou , Guangdong , China
| | - Haibin Chen
- d Department of Histology and Embryology , Shantou University Medical College , Shantou , Guangdong , China
| | - Xueqiong Zhu
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China
| | - Shi-Wen Jiang
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China
- b Department of Biomedical Science , Mercer University School of Medicine , Savannah , GA , USA
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Rižner TL. Discovery of biomarkers for endometrial cancer: current status and prospects. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2016; 16:1315-1336. [DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2016.1258302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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