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Elshatlawy M, Sampson J, Clarke K, Bayliss R. EML4-ALK biology and drug resistance in non-small cell lung cancer: a new phase of discoveries. Mol Oncol 2023; 17:950-963. [PMID: 37149843 PMCID: PMC10257413 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) can be driven to oncogenic activity by different types of mutational events such as point-mutations, for example F1174L in neuroblastoma, and gene fusions, for example with echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). EML4-ALK variants result from different breakpoints, generating fusions of different sizes and properties. The most common variants (Variant 1 and Variant 3) form cellular compartments with distinct physical properties. The presence of a partial, probably misfolded beta-propeller domain in variant 1 confers solid-like properties to the compartments it forms, greater dependence on Hsp90 for protein stability and higher cell sensitivity to ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). These differences translate to the clinic because variant 3, on average, worsens patient prognosis and increases metastatic risk. Latest generation ALK-TKIs are beneficial for most patients with EML4-ALK fusions. However, resistance to ALK inhibitors can occur via point-mutations within the kinase domain of the EML4-ALK fusion, for example G1202R, reducing inhibitor effectiveness. Here, we discuss the biology of EML4-ALK variants, their impact on treatment response, ALK-TKI drug resistance mechanisms and potential combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Elshatlawy
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of LeedsUK
| | - Josephina Sampson
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of LeedsUK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular BiologyUniversity of LeedsUK
| | - Katy Clarke
- Leeds Cancer Center, St.James' University HospitalLeeds Teaching Hospitals NHS TrustUK
| | - Richard Bayliss
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of LeedsUK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular BiologyUniversity of LeedsUK
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Schneider JL, Lin JJ, Shaw AT. ALK-positive lung cancer: a moving target. NATURE CANCER 2023; 4:330-343. [PMID: 36797503 PMCID: PMC10754274 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-023-00515-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is a potent oncogenic driver in lung cancer. ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors yield significant benefit in patients with ALK fusion-positive (ALK+) lung cancers; yet the durability of response is limited by drug resistance. Elucidation of on-target resistance mechanisms has facilitated the development of next-generation ALK inhibitors, but overcoming ALK-independent resistance mechanisms remains a challenge. In this Review, we discuss the molecular underpinnings of acquired resistance to ALK-directed therapy and highlight new treatment approaches aimed at inducing long-term remission in ALK+ disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime L Schneider
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica J Lin
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alice T Shaw
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Alternative Treatment Options to ALK Inhibitor Monotherapy for EML4-ALK-Driven Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14143452. [PMID: 35884511 PMCID: PMC9325236 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
EML4-ALK is an oncogenic fusion protein that accounts for approximately 5% of NSCLC cases. Targeted inhibitors of ALK are the standard of care treatment, often leading to a good initial response. Sadly, some patients do not respond well, and most will develop resistance over time, emphasizing the need for alternative treatments. This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms behind EML4-ALK-driven NSCLC progression and the opportunities they present for alternative treatment options to ALK inhibitor monotherapy. Targeting ALK-dependent signalling pathways can overcome resistance that has developed due to mutations in the ALK catalytic domain, as well as through activation of bypass mechanisms that utilise the same pathways. We also consider evidence for polytherapy approaches that combine targeted inhibition of these pathways with ALK inhibitors. Lastly, we review combination approaches that use targeted inhibitors of ALK together with chemotherapy, radiotherapy or immunotherapy. Throughout this article, we highlight the importance of alternative breakpoints in the EML4 gene that result in the generation of distinct EML4-ALK variants with different biological and pathological properties and consider monotherapy and polytherapy approaches that may be selective to particular variants.
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Lei Y, Lei Y, Shi X, Wang J. EML4‑ALK fusion gene in non‑small cell lung cancer (Review). Oncol Lett 2022; 24:277. [PMID: 35928804 PMCID: PMC9344266 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2022.13397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a malignant tumor with a high morbidity and mortality rate that is a threat to human health. With the development of molecular targeted research, breakthroughs have been made on the molecular mechanism of lung cancer. The echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (EML4-ALK) fusion gene is one of the most important pathogenic driver genes of NSCLC discovered thus far. Four generations of targeted drugs for EML4-ALK have been developed, with patients benefiting significantly from these drugs. Therefore, EML4-ALK has become a research hotspot in NSCLC. The aim of the present study is to introduce the current research progress of EML4-ALK and its association with NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lei
- Department of Pathology, Qianjiang Central Hospital, Qianjiang, Hubei 433100, P.R. China
| | - Yan Lei
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Qianjiang Central Hospital, Qianjiang, Hubei 433100, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Shi
- Department of Pathology, Qianjiang Central Hospital, Qianjiang, Hubei 433100, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Department of Pathology, Qianjiang Central Hospital, Qianjiang, Hubei 433100, P.R. China
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SPP1 overexpression is associated with poor outcomes in ALK fusion lung cancer patients without receiving targeted therapy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14031. [PMID: 34234236 PMCID: PMC8263595 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93484-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The screening of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumors for anaplastic lymphoma receptor tyrosine kinase (ALK) gene rearrangements is important because of the dramatically favorable therapy response to ALK inhibitor. However, the exact mechanism of poor survival in ALK fusion lung cancer patients without receiving targeted therapy is unclear. In this study, total of 521 tumor specimens from Chinese patients with lung cancer were screened for ALK fusion by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). As results, there were no cases of coexisting EGFR and ALK mutations identified. Fourteen cases (2.7%) harbored ALK fusion, including eight solid adenocarcinomas with signet ring cell features, four acinar adenocarcinomas with cribriform pattern containing mucin, one adenosquamous carcinoma and one micropapillary adenocarcinoma with mucin. Six (42.9%) of fourteen patients with ALK-positive lung cancer had stage IV disease, and five ALK-positive patients treated with platinum-based chemotherapy had poor outcome (all patients were dead and the mean survival time was 12 months), compared to 72 months for patients with ALK inhibitor therapy. Furthermore, Five ALK-positive cases were analyzed by whole exome sequencing (WES) and via direct transcript counting using a digital probe-base (NanoString) to explore the driver genes. Deregulation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in ALK-positive lung cancer was demonstrated by WES analysis, and significantly increased mRNA of ALK, ROS1, MET, SPP1 and PI3K signaling pathway was identified by NanoString assay. The concordance between NanoString, IHC and FISH methodologies for detecting ALK fusion was 100%. Significant overexpression of SPP1 protein in ALK-positive lung cancer was confirmed by IHC compared to paired adjacent normal tissues and ALK-negative cancers. Thus we concluded that SPP1 overexpression is associated with poor outcomes for patients with ALK fusion lung cancer without receiving targeted therapy and PI3K/AKT/SPP1 pathway may become the promising targets in patients with aggressive lung cancer.
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Li J, Zhang B, Zhang Y, Xu F, Zhang Z, Shao L, Yan C, Ulivi P, Denis MG, Christopoulos P, Thomas de Montpréville V, Bernicker EH, van der Wekken AJ, Wang C, Yue D. Concomitant mutation status of ALK-rearranged non-small cell lung cancers and its prognostic impact on patients treated with crizotinib. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2021; 10:1525-1535. [PMID: 33889527 PMCID: PMC8044492 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-21-160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangement characterizes a subgroup of patients who show sensitivity to ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). However, the prognoses of these patients are heterogeneous. A better understanding of the genomic alterations occurring in these tumors could explain the prognostic heterogeneity observed in these patients. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 96 patients with NSCLC with ALK detected by immunohistochemical staining (VENTANA anti-ALK(D5F3) Rabbit Monoclonal Primary Antibody). Cancer tissues were subjected to next-generation sequencing using a panel of 520 cancer-related genes. The genomic landscape, distribution of ALK fusion variants, and clinicopathological characteristics of the patients were evaluated. The correlations of genomic alterations with clinical outcomes were also assessed. Results Among the 96 patients with immunohistochemically identified ALK fusions, 80 (83%) were confirmed by next-generation sequencing. TP53 mutation was the most commonly co-occurring mutation with ALK rearrangement. Concomitant driver mutations [2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) G12, 1 epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) 19del, and 1 MET exon 14 skipping] were also observed in 4 adenocarcinomas. Echinoderm microtubule associated protein-like 4 (EML4)-ALK fusions were identified in 95% of ALK-rearranged patients, with 16.2% of them also harboring additional non-EML4-ALK fusions. Nineteen non-EML4 translocation partners were also discovered, including 10 novel ones. Survival analyses revealed that patients concurrently harboring PIK3R2 alterations showed a trend toward shorter progression-free survival (6 vs. 13 months, P=0.064) and significantly shorter overall survival (11 vs. 32 months, P=0.004) than did PIK3R2-wild-type patients. Patients with concomitant alterations in PI3K the signaling pathway also had a shorter median overall survival than those without such alterations (23 vs. 32 months, P=0.014), whereas progression-free survival did not differ significantly. Conclusions The spectrum of ALK-fusion variants and the landscape of concomitant genomic alterations were delineated in 96 NSCLC patients. Our study also demonstrated the prognostic value of concomitant alterations in crizotinib-treated patients, which could facilitate improved stratification of ALK-rearranged NSCLC patients in the selection of candidates who could optimally benefit from therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Li
- Department of Lung Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Lung Cancer Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Lung Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Lung Cancer Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Lung Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Lung Cancer Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Lung Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Lung Cancer Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenfa Zhang
- Department of Lung Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Lung Cancer Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Lin Shao
- Burning Rock Biotech, Beijing, China
| | | | - Paola Ulivi
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Marc G Denis
- Department of Biochemistry and INSERM U1232, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes Cedex, France
| | - Petros Christopoulos
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Thoraxklinik and National Center for Tumor Diseases at the Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Changli Wang
- Department of Lung Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Lung Cancer Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Dongsheng Yue
- Department of Lung Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Lung Cancer Center, Tianjin, China
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L. Michmerhuizen N, Wang J, Brenner J. Integrated Molecular Profiling as an Approach to Identify PI3K Inhibitor Resistance Mechanisms. Mol Pharmacol 2020. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.92875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of drug resistance pathways and approaches to target these pathways remains a significant and important challenge in cancer biology. Here, we address this challenge in the context of ongoing efforts to advance phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors for the treatment of PI3K-aberrant cancers. While PI3K inhibitors have had tremendous success in some diseases, such as breast cancer, early clinical trials in other malignancies, such as head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), have not had the same level of success. Since HNSCC and other cancers display relatively high PI3K pathway alteration rates (>45%), these underwhelming results suggest that additional or unexpected factors may contribute to the lower response rates. Here, we highlight some of the emerging functional genomic and sequencing approaches being used to identify predictive biomarkers of PI3K inhibitor response using both cancer cell lines and clinical trial specimens. Importantly, these approaches have uncovered both innate genetic and adaptive mechanisms driving PI3K inhibitor resistance. In this chapter, we describe recent technological advances that have revolutionized our understanding of PI3K inhibitor resistance pathways in HNSCC and highlight how these and other approaches lay the groundwork to make significant strides in our understanding of molecular pharmacology in the cancer field.
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Tan AC, Itchins M, Khasraw M. Brain Metastases in Lung Cancers with Emerging Targetable Fusion Drivers. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1416. [PMID: 32093103 PMCID: PMC7073114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The management of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has transformed with the discovery of therapeutically tractable oncogenic drivers. In addition to activating driver mutations, gene fusions or rearrangements form a unique sub-class, with anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and c-ros oncogene 1 (ROS1) targeted agents approved as the standard of care in the first-line setting for advanced disease. There are a number of emerging fusion drivers, however, including neurotrophin kinase (NTRK), rearrangement during transfection (RET), and neuregulin 1 (NRG1) for which there are evolving high-impact systemic treatment options. Brain metastases are highly prevalent in NSCLC patients, with molecularly selected populations such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutant and ALK-rearranged tumors particularly brain tropic. Accordingly, there exists a substantial body of research pertaining to the understanding of brain metastases in such populations. Little is known, however, on the molecular mechanisms of brain metastases in those with other targetable fusion drivers in NSCLC. This review encompasses key areas including the biological underpinnings of brain metastases in fusion-driven lung cancers, the intracranial efficacy of novel systemic therapies, and future directions required to optimize the control and prevention of brain metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron C. Tan
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore 169610, Singapore
| | - Malinda Itchins
- Department of Medical Oncology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia;
- Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Mustafa Khasraw
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA;
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Jiang W, Ji M. Receptor tyrosine kinases in PI3K signaling: The therapeutic targets in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 59:3-22. [PMID: 30943434 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway, one of the most commonly activated signaling pathways in human cancers, plays a crucial role in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. This pathway is usually activated by receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), whose constitutive and aberrant activation is via gain-of-function mutations, chromosomal rearrangement, gene amplification and autocrine. Blockage of PI3K pathway by targeted therapy on RTKs with tyrosine kinases inhibitors (TKIs) and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has achieved great progress in past decades; however, there still remain big challenges during their clinical application. In this review, we provide an overview about the most frequently encountered alterations in RTKs and focus on current therapeutic agents developed to counteract their aberrant functions, accompanied with discussions of two major challenges to the RTKs-targeted therapy in cancer - resistance and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, PR China
| | - Meiju Ji
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, PR China; Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, PR China.
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Bian C, Liu Z, Li D, Zhen L. PI3K/AKT inhibition induces compensatory activation of the MET/STAT3 pathway in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:9655-9662. [PMID: 29928341 PMCID: PMC6004714 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Constitutive activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling pathway is evident in a diverse array of human cancer types, and targeting the pathway is an attractive therapeutic approach. However, pre-clinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that the antitumor efficacy of a number of inhibitors of the PI3K/AKT pathway is poor, and the underlying mechanisms are not completely clear. In the present study, activation of MET proto-oncogene (MET)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling was demonstrated during PI3K/AKT inhibition. Western blotting showed that the pharmacological or genetic inhibition of PI3K/AKT signaling triggered compensatory activation of STAT3 and upregulation of the expression of its downstream genes. The results from RTK array analysis and western blotting demonstrated that the hyperactivated STAT3 signaling was demonstrated to be mediated by the activation of MET. In addition, PI3K/AKT inhibition suppressed tumor growth more effectively when combined with inhibitors targeting MET/STAT3 signaling by detecting apoptosis and colony formation. These results were further confirmed in a nude mouse model. Thus, our results highlight a compensatory survival mechanism via the MET/STAT3 signaling pathway after PI3K/AKT signaling inhibition in non-small cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunan Bian
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nanjing Jiangbei People's Hospital, Nantong University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210048, P.R. China
| | - Zonghang Liu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nanjing Jiangbei People's Hospital, Nantong University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210048, P.R. China
| | - Dakou Li
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nanjing Jiangbei People's Hospital, Nantong University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210048, P.R. China
| | - Lifeng Zhen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nanjing Jiangbei People's Hospital, Nantong University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210048, P.R. China
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Han M, Shen J, Wang L, Wang Y, Zhai X, Li Y, Liu M, Li Z, Zuo D, Wu Y. 5-chloro-N4-(2-(isopropylsulfonyl)phenyl)-N2-(2-methoxy-4-(4-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)phenyl)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine (WY-135), a novel ALK inhibitor, induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through inhibiting ALK and its downstream pathways in Karpas299 and H2228 cells. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 284:24-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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12
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Chen K, Li Y, Xu H, Zhang C, Li Z, Wang W, Wang B. An analysis of the gene interaction networks identifying the role of PARP1 in metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:87263-87275. [PMID: 29152079 PMCID: PMC5675631 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective Though there were many researches about the effects of cancer cells on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) currently, it has been rarely reported completed oncogene and its mechanism in tumors by far. Here, we used biological methods with known oncogene of NSCLC to find new oncogene and explore its functionary mechanism in NSCLC. Methods The study firstly built NSCLC genetic interaction network based on bioinformatics methods and then combined shortest path algorithm with significance test to confirmed core genes that were closely involved with given genes; real-time qPCR was conducted to detect expression levels between patients with NSCLC and normal people; additionally, detection of PARP1's role in migration and invasion was performed by trans-well assays and wound-healing. Results Through gene interaction network, it was found that, core genes like PARP1, EGFR and ALK had a direct interaction. TCGA database showed that PARP1 presented strong expression in NSCLC and the expression level of metastatic NSCLC was significantly higher than that of non-metastatic NSCLC. Cell migration of NSCLC in accordance to the scratch test was suppressed by PARP1 silence but stimulated noticeably by PARP1 overexpression. According to Kaplan-meier survival curve, the higher PARP1 expression, the poorer patient survival rate and prognosis. Thus, PARP1 expression had a negative correction with patient survival rate and prognosis. Conclusion New oncogene PARP1 was found from known NSCLC oncogene in terms of gene interaction network, demonstrating PARP1's impact on NSCLC cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Baoji Central Hospital, Baoji 721008, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yajie Li
- Department of Cardiology, Baoji Central Hospital, Baoji 721008, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Baoji Central Hospital, Baoji 721008, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chunfeng Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Baoji Central Hospital, Baoji 721008, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Baoji Central Hospital, Baoji 721008, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Baoji Central Hospital, Baoji 721008, Shaanxi, China
| | - Baofeng Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Baoji Central Hospital, Baoji 721008, Shaanxi, China
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Wang XH, Zhang SF, Bao JT, Liu FY. Oridonin synergizes with Nutlin-3 in osteosarcoma cells by modulating the levels of multiple Bcl-2 family proteins. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317701638. [PMID: 28618955 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317701638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The small-molecule inhibitors of p53-murine double minute 2 interaction, such as Nutlin-3, are effective against cancers bearing wild-type p53. However, murine double minute 2 inhibitors often are unable to completely eliminate solid tumor cells. To address this issue, we investigated the anticancer effects of Nutlin-3 in combination with Oridonin in osteosarcoma cells. We found that Oridonin at sub-toxic concentrations synergistically enhanced Nutlin-3-mediated cell viability inhibition in wild-type p53 U2OS and SJSA-1, but not in p53-mutant MNNG/HOS and in null-p53 Saos-2 osteosarcoma cell lines. Importantly, in the presence of Oridonin, Nutlin-3 could completely abolish cell viability in the wild-type p53 osteosarcoma cell lines. Western blotting analysis showed that Oridonin treatment rapidly and distinctly increased the levels of all three forms of Bim and also markedly reduced the levels of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl in osteosarcoma cells. Western blotting analysis further showed that Oridonin considerably enhanced Nutlin-3-triggered activation of caspases-9 and -3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage. Flow cytometry assay showed that Oridonin significantly enhanced Nutlin-3-mediated apoptosis in wild-type p53 osteosarcoma cells. Overall, our results suggest that the combined treatment of Nutlin-3 plus Oridonin may offer a novel therapeutic strategy for osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hui Wang
- 1 Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shu-Feng Zhang
- 2 Department of Pediatric Surgery, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jun-Tao Bao
- 2 Department of Pediatric Surgery, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fu-Yun Liu
- 1 Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Qian L, Lin L, Du Y, Hao X, Zhao Y, Liu X. MicroRNA-588 suppresses tumor cell migration and invasion by targeting GRN in lung squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:3021-8. [PMID: 27571908 PMCID: PMC5042737 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been demonstrated to be critical in regulating tumor development and progression. The present study investigated the expression of miR-588 using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis in 85 cases of lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and observed the correlation between the expression of miR-588 with clinical pathologic features. The results indicated that the expression of miR-588 was predominantly lower in the tumor samples, compared with non-tumorous samples, and was negatively associated with tumor stages and lymph node invasion. The present study also examined the significance of the expression of miR-588 in SCC using gain- and loss-of-function analyses. It was found that miR-588 inhibited tumor cell migration and invasion. In addition, it was revealed that the overexpression of miR-588 in SCC cells reduced the mRNA and protein levels of progranulin (GRN), whereas miR-588 silencing increased the expression of GRN. A luciferase activity assay showed that miR-588 was able to directly bind to the 3′untranslated region of GRN and regulate its expression. Furthermore, it was found that the expression of GRN was inversely correlated with the expression of miR-588 in 85 paired SCC samples. These results indicated that GRN was involved in the miR-588-mediated suppressive functions in the progression of SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qian
- Department of Geriatrics, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Longlong Lin
- Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Yufeng Du
- Department of Geriatrics, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Hao
- Department of Geriatrics, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Yuze Zhao
- Department of Geriatrics, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Xuejun Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
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15
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Xiaobo Y, Qiang L, Xiong Q, Zheng R, Jianhua Z, Zhifeng L, Yijiang S, Zheng J. Serum and glucocorticoid kinase 1 promoted the growth and migration of non-small cell lung cancer cells. Gene 2015; 576:339-46. [PMID: 26548813 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Serum and glucocorticoid kinase 1 (SGK1) has been reported to be up-regulated in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, its functions in NSCLC remained unclear. Here, SGK1 was found to be up-regulated in NSCLC samples. Over-expression of SGK1 promoted the growth and migration of NSCLC cells, while down-regulation of SGK1 inhibited the growth, migration and metastasis of NSCLC cells. SGK1 promoted the phosphorylation of GSK3 beta and the accumulation of beta-catenin, up-regulation of the target genes downstream of beta-catenin/TCF signaling, and activating the transcriptional activity of beta-catenin/TCF complex. Collectively, SGK1 might promote the progression of NSCLC through activating beta-catenin/TCF signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xiaobo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Lin Qiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, China.
| | - Qin Xiong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Ruan Zheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Zhou Jianhua
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Lin Zhifeng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Su Yijiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Jian Zheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, China
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16
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Targeting brain metastases in ALK-rearranged non-small-cell lung cancer. Lancet Oncol 2015; 16:e510-21. [DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(15)00013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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17
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Hamilton G, Rath B, Burghuber O. Pharmacokinetics of crizotinib in NSCLC patients. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2015; 11:835-42. [PMID: 25732197 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2015.1021685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION For a subpopulation of NSCLC patients genetic rearrangement of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) was found as driver mutation, which can be targeted by the selective inhibitor crizotinib. AREAS COVERED This article presents an overview of the clinical studies that provided the characterization of the pharmacokinetic parameters for the administration of crizotinib to cancer patients and the factors influencing the clinical profiles of this drug. EXPERT OPINION Crizotinib is administered orally as a capsule and clinical studies indicated 250 mg crizotinib BID continuously as the maximal tolerated dose in cancer patients. Bioavailability is ∼ 40% and pharmacokinetic parameters are influenced by food only to a minor degree. This dose of the drug corresponds to a significant inhibition of the mutated ALK, retards tumor growth and achieves clinical responses in the majority of patients. Crizotinib lactam is the single metabolite with minor inhibitory activity for the ALK fusion protein. Metabolization is executed mainly by CYP3A4/5 and is modulated by other drugs interacting with this cytochrome oxidase. Despite the one-fits-all approach in administration of crizotinib at a fixed dose the pharmacokinetic parameters indicate a stable steady state upon continuous administration, which achieves sufficient inhibition of the ALK drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Hamilton
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster of Translational Oncology , 1090 Vienna , Austria +43 1 40400 66270 ; +43 1 40400 66270 ;
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