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Wagner M, Jasek M, Karabon L. Immune Checkpoint Molecules-Inherited Variations as Markers for Cancer Risk. Front Immunol 2021; 11:606721. [PMID: 33519815 PMCID: PMC7840570 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.606721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, immunotherapy has been revolutionized by a new approach that works by blocking receptors called immune checkpoints (IC). These molecules play a key role in maintaining immune homeostasis, mainly by suppressing the immune response and by preventing its overactivation. Since inhibition of the immune response by IC can be used by cancer to avoid recognition and destruction by immune system, blocking them enhances the anti-tumor response. This therapeutic approach has brought spectacular clinical effects. The ICs present heterogeneous expression patterns on immune cells, which may affect the effectiveness of immunotherapy. The inherited genetic variants in regulatory regions of ICs genes can be considered as potential factors responsible for observed inter-individual differences in ICs expression levels on immune cells. Additionally, polymorphism located in exons may introduce changes to ICs amino acid sequences with potential impact on functional properties of these molecules. Since genetic variants may affect both expression and structure of ICs, they are considered as risk factors of cancer development. Inherited genetic markers such as SNPs may also be useful in stratification patients into groups which will benefit from particular immunotherapy. In this review, we have comprehensively summarized the current understanding of the relationship between inherited variations of CTLA-4, PDCD1, PD-L1, BTLA, TIM-3, and LAG-3 genes in order to select SNPs which can be used as predictive biomarkers in personalized evaluation of cancer risk development and outcomes as well as possible response to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monika Jasek
- Laboratory of Genetics and Epigenetics of Human Diseases, Department of Experimental Therapy, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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Gao X, Guo D, Kou M, Xing G, Zha A, Yang X, Wang X, Di S, Cai J, Niu B. Identification of porcine CTLA4 gene polymorphism and their association with piglet diarrhea and performance traits. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 46:813-822. [PMID: 30515696 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4536-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4) gene and piglet diarrhea. In this study, the mRNA expression of the CTLA4 gene increased significantly in IPEC-J2 cells after Escherichia coli K88 infection. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in the 5' flanking region (SNPs g.107281989C>T) and 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR; SNPs g.107288753C>A) were identified, and they were in linkage disequilibrium in both Min pigs and the Landrace population. Association analysis showed that Landrace piglets with a TT or AA genotype had a lower diarrhea index, and AA animals had higher average daily gain when compared to CC pigs, respectively (p < 0.05). However, the relationship between SNPs and diarrhea and performance traits in the Min population was not significant. Haplotype analysis indicated that the TC haplotype had the lowest diarrhea index. The 5' flanking deletion assay suggested that SNP g.107281989C>T was a molecular marker instead of the functional marker. This research demonstrated that genetic variances in the CTLA4 gene had significant effects on Landrace piglet diarrhea resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Dongchun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Mingxing Kou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Guiling Xing
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Andong Zha
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xiuqin Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xibiao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Shengwei Di
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | | | - Buyue Niu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
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