Genetic variants of chemokine CCL2 and chemokine receptor CCR2 genes and risk of prostate cancer

Significant association of MCP1 rs1024611 and CCR2 rs1799864 polymorphisms with colorectal cancer and liver metastases susceptibility and aggressiveness: A case-control study

BACKGROUND

The MCP-1/CCR2 axis is one of the major chemokine signaling pathways that play a crucial role in the tumor microenvironment and has been involved in triggering various tumor progression mechanisms, such as increasing the immunosuppressive cells recruitment and promoting tumor cell proliferation and invasiveness.

AIM

The current study investigated the association of MCP1 (rs1024611) and CCR2 (rs1799864) genes variants with the risk as well as prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) and colorectal liver metastases (CRLM).

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

A retrospective cohort study involved 408 patients (284 CRC and 124 CRLM), and 284 healthy control was conducted. Genotyping of selected polymorphisms was performed by PCR-RFLP assays and confirmed by microchip and capillary electrophoresis.

RESULTS

The results highlighted a positive association between MCP1 rs1024611 (non-AA) and CCR2 rs1799864 (GA) genotypes with increased CRC and CRLM risk. Correlation between SNPs and clinicopathological characteristics revealed a positive association between MCP1 rs1024611 and CCR2 rs1799864 (dominant model) and CRC poor prognosis features. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed a significant association between MCP1 rs1024611 non-AA carriers and decreased survival rate. Neoadjuvant treatment showed an improvement in CRC and CRLM survival rates among carriers of MCP1 and CCR2 wild-type genotype. FOLFIRI chemotherapy exhibits reduced survival rates for patients who carried mutated genotypes of MCP1 and CCR2 polymorphisms.

CONCLUSION

Considering our results, we suggest That both MCP1 and CCR2 polymorphisms may constitute independent factors for CRC and CRLM occurrence and can be helpful targets for an efficient therapeutic approach.

Relationship between the Monocyte Chemo-attractant Protein-1 gene rs1024611 A>G Polymorphism and Cancer Susceptibility: A Meta-analysis Involving 14,617 Subjects

BACKGROUND

Inflammatory and inducible chemokines are the hallmarks of malignancy. Monocyte chemo-attractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is a crucial chemokine implicated in infection and inflammation. Methods: We performed an updated meta-analysis of thirty independent case-control studies with 6,777 cancer cases and 7,840 controls to determine if the MCP-1 gene rs1024611 A > G variant is associated with the risk of cancer. Results: The G allele carriers of rs1024611 in the MCP-1 gene might have a null association with cancer risk in overall comparison. In a subgroup analysis by ethnicity, we identified a marked association between the MCP-1 G allele rs1024611 polymorphism and cancer risk in the Caucasian populations (GG vs. AA: OR = 1.72, 95% CI, 1.12-2.64, P = .013, and GG vs. AG/AA: OR = 1.82, 95% CI, 1.19-2.78, P = .006). The potential bias in literature selection was witnessed in this meta-analysis (G vs. A: P _Begg's =  0.187, P_Egger's =  0.049; and GG/GA vs. AA: P _Begg's =  0.069, P_Egger's =  0.024). The adjusted ORs and CIs of the nonparametric "trim-and-fill" method demonstrated the reliability of these findings. The outcome of heterogeneity analysis indicated that heterogeneity might be due to small sample sizes (<1000 subjects), cancer types (bladder cancer, other cancers), ethnicity (Asians), and population-based studies. However, the sensitivity analysis validated the reliability of the findings. Conclusion: In conclusion, this updated meta-analysis showed that the G carrier of the MCP-1 gene rs1024611 is associated with susceptibility to cancer in Caucasian.

Genetic variants of MCP-1 and CCR2 genes and IgA nephropathy risk

Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and its receptor CCR2 stimulate inflammation response by activating and recruiting monocytes/macrophages. MCP-1 and CCR2 polymorphisms were reported to be associated with various diseases. To explore the relationship between MCP-1 and CCR2 polymorphisms and IgA nephropathy (IgAN), we conducted this case-control study by enrolling 351 IgAN patients and 310 health controls. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to evaluate potential associations of MCP-1 and CCR2 polymorphisms with susceptibility and clinical parameters of IgAN. No statistical differences between IgAN group and the control group in the MCP-1 -2518 and CCR2 +190 genotypic groups were observed (P > 0.05). Individuals with MCP-1 -2518 GG genotypes had a higher blood pressure (GG vs. AA+AG: OR = 1.79, 95% CI = 1.07-2.99, P = 0.026) and Lee's grade (GG vs. AA+AG: OR = 2.05, 95% CI = 1.19-3.54, P = 0.009; GG vs. AA: OR = 2.24, 95% CI = 1.19-4.20, P = 0.01), compared with patients with AA/AG genotypes. A significant association between CCR2 +190 polymorphism and Lee's grades was observed (GA+AA vs. GG: OR = 2.66, 95% CI = 1.63-4.35, P < 0.001; GA vs. AA+GG: OR = 2.27, 95% CI = 1.39-3.70, P = 0.001). Our results indicated that MCP-1 and CCR2 polymorphisms may influence the progression of IgAN, but not increase/decrease its susceptibility.

Immunogenetics of prostate cancer: a still unexplored field of study

The immune system is a double-edged sword with regard to the prostate cancer (PCa) battle. Immunogenetics, the study of the potential role of immune-related polymorphisms, is taking its first steps in the treatment of this malignancy. This review summarizes the most recent papers addressing the potential of immunogenetics in PCa, reporting immune-related polymorphisms associated with tumor aggressiveness, treatment toxicity and patients' prognosis. With some peculiarities, RNASEL, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β and MMP7 have arisen as the most significant biomarkers in PCa treatment and management, having a potential clinical role. Validation prospective clinical studies are required to translate immunogenetics into precision treatment of PCa.

Chemokine genetic polymorphism in human health and disease

Chemokine receptor-ligand interaction regulates transmigration of lymphocytes and monocytes from circulation to the inflammatory sites. CC chemokine receptors, chemokine receptor 2(CCR2) and 5 (CCR5) are important in recruitment of immune cells as well as non-immune cells under pathological condition. CCR2, CCR5 and their ligands (CCL2 and CCL5) are major contributor to the autoimmune and inflammatory diseases and cancer. Currently studies are being done to explore genetic variations in chemokine genes and their involvement in diseases that could make clear disease severity and deaths. Conflicting results of studies in different populations and diseases promoted to investigate chemokines genetic polymorphisms in miscellaneous diseases. This study is aimed to evaluate the influence of chemokines genetic polymorphisms in pathogenesis and outcome of prevalent non infectious diseases. Present study demonstrates the likely role played by genetic variations in drug response and evolution. Moreover this study highlights chemokine as therapeutic target and diagnostic biomarker in pathological condition.

Distribution of allelic and genotypic frequencies of IL1A, IL4, NFKB1 and PAR1 variants in Native American, African, European and Brazilian populations

BACKGROUND

The inflammatory response plays a key role at different stages of cancer development. Allelic variants of the interleukin 1A (IL1A), interleukin 4 (IL4), nuclear factor kappa B1 (NFKB1) and protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) genes may influence not only the inflammatory response but also susceptibility to cancer development. Among major ethnic or continental groups, these polymorphic variants present different allelic frequencies. In admixed populations, such as the Brazilian population, data on distribution of these polymorphisms are limited. Here, we collected samples of cancer-free individuals from the north, northeast, midwest, south and southeast regions of Brazil and from the three main groups that gave rise to the Brazilian population: Native Americans from the Brazilian Amazon, Africans and Europeans. We describe the allelic distributions of four IL1A (rs3783553), IL4 (rs79071878), NFKB1 (rs28362491) and PAR1 (rs11267092) gene polymorphisms, which the literature describes as polymorphisms with a risk of cancer or worse prognosis for cancer.

RESULTS

The genotypic distribution of the four polymorphisms was statistically distinct between Native Americans, Africans and Europeans. For the allelic frequency of these polymorphisms, the Native American population was the most distinct among the three parental populations, and it included the greatest number of alleles with a risk of cancer or worse prognosis for cancer. The PAR1 gene polymorphism allelic distribution was similar among all Brazilian regions. For the other three markers, the northern region population was statistically distinct from other Brazilian region populations.

CONCLUSION

The IL1A, IL4, NFKB1 and PAR1 gene polymorphism allelic distributions are homogeneous among the regional Brazilian populations, except for the northern region, which significantly differs from the other four Brazilian regions. Among the parental populations, the Native American population exhibited a higher incidence of alleles with risk of cancer or worse prognosis for cancer, which can indicate greater susceptibility to this disease. These genetic data may be useful for future studies on the association between these polymorphisms and cancer in the investigated populations.

CCL2 Serum Levels and Adiposity Are Associated with the Polymorphic Phenotypes -2518A on CCL2 and 64ILE on CCR2 in a Mexican Population with Insulin Resistance

Genetic susceptibility has been described in insulin resistance (IR). Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand-2 (CCL2) is overexpressed in white adipose tissue and is the ligand of C-C motif receptor-2 (CCR2). The CCL2 G-2518A polymorphism is known to regulate gene expression, whereas the physiological effects of the CCR2Val64Ile polymorphism are unknown. The aim of the study is to investigate the relationship between these polymorphisms with soluble CCL2 levels (sCCL2), metabolic markers, and adiposity. In a cross-sectional study we included 380 Mexican-Mestizo individuals, classified with IR according to Stern criteria. Polymorphism was identified using PCR-RFLP/sequence-specific primers. Anthropometrics and metabolic markers were measured by routine methods and adipokines and sCCL2 by ELISA. The CCL2 polymorphism was associated with IR (polymorphic A+ phenotype frequencies were 70.9%, 82.6%, in individuals with and without IR, resp.). Phenotype carriers CCL2 (A+) displayed lower body mass and fat indexes, insulin and HOMA-IR, and higher adiponectin levels. Individuals with IR presented higher sCCL2 compared to individuals without IR and was associated with CCR2 (Ile+) phenotype. The double-polymorphic phenotype carriers (A+/Ile+) exhibited higher sCCL2 than double-wild-type phenotype carriers (A-/Ile-). The present findings suggest that sCCL2 production possibly will be associated with the adiposity and polymorphic phenotypes of CCL2 and CCR2, in Mexican-Mestizos with IR.

Inflammation and prostate cancer: friends or foe?

INTRODUCTION

Prostate cancer is the most common non-cutaneous malignancy diagnosed in men. Moving from histological observations since a long time, it has been recognized that innate and adaptive immunity actively participates in the pathogenesis, surveillance, and progression of prostate cancer.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A PubMed and Web of Science databases search was performed for studies providing evidence on the roles of the innate and adaptive immunity during the development and progression of prostate cancer.

CONCLUSIONS

There are growing evidences that chronic inflammation is involved in the regulation of cellular events in prostate carcinogenesis, including disruption of the immune response and regulation of the tumor microenvironment. This review discusses the role played by the innate and adaptive immune system in the local progression of prostate cancer, and the prognostic information that we can currently understand and exploit.