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Maan M, Abuzayeda M, Kaklamanos EG, Jamal M, Dutta M, Moharamzadeh K. Molecular insights into the role of electronic cigarettes in oral carcinogenesis. Crit Rev Toxicol 2023; 53:1-14. [PMID: 37051806 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2023.2190764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarette (EC) usage or vaping has seen a significant rise in recent years across various parts of the world. They have been publicized as a safe alternative to smoking; however, this is not supported strongly by robust research evidence. Toxicological analysis of EC liquid and aerosol has revealed presence of several toxicants with known carcinogenicity. Oral cavity is the primary site of exposure of both cigarette smoke and EC aerosol. Role of EC in oral cancer is not as well-researched as that of traditional smoking. However, several recent studies have shown that it can lead to a wide range of potentially carcinogenic molecular events in oral cells. This review delineates the oral carcinogenesis potential of ECs at the molecular level, providing a summary of the effects of EC usage on cancer therapy resistance, cancer stem cells (CSCs), immune evasion, and microbiome dysbiosis, all of which may lead to increased tumor malignancy and poorer patient prognosis. This review of literature indicates that ECs may not be as safe as they are perceived to be, however further research is needed to definitively determine their oncogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenu Maan
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine (HBMCDM), Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Dubai, UAE
| | - Moosa Abuzayeda
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine (HBMCDM), Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Dubai, UAE
| | - Eleftherios G Kaklamanos
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine (HBMCDM), Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Dubai, UAE
- School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- School of Dentistry, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Mohamed Jamal
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine (HBMCDM), Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Dubai, UAE
| | - Mainak Dutta
- Department of Biotechnology, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus, Academic City, Dubai, UAE
| | - Keyvan Moharamzadeh
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine (HBMCDM), Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Dubai, UAE
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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2
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Safa AR. Drug and apoptosis resistance in cancer stem cells: a puzzle with many pieces. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2022; 5:850-872. [PMID: 36627897 PMCID: PMC9771762 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2022.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to anticancer agents and apoptosis results in cancer relapse and is associated with cancer mortality. Substantial data have provided convincing evidence establishing that human cancers emerge from cancer stem cells (CSCs), which display self-renewal and are resistant to anticancer drugs, radiation, and apoptosis, and express enhanced epithelial to mesenchymal progression. CSCs represent a heterogeneous tumor cell population and lack specific cellular targets, which makes it a great challenge to target and eradicate them. Similarly, their close relationship with the tumor microenvironment creates greater complexity in developing novel treatment strategies targeting CSCs. Several mechanisms participate in the drug and apoptosis resistance phenotype in CSCs in various cancers. These include enhanced expression of ATP-binding cassette membrane transporters, activation of various cytoprotective and survival signaling pathways, dysregulation of stemness signaling pathways, aberrant DNA repair mechanisms, increased quiescence, autophagy, increased immune evasion, deficiency of mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis, upregulation of anti-apoptotic proteins including c-FLIP [cellular FLICE (FADD-like IL-1β-converting enzyme)-inhibitory protein], Bcl-2 family members, inhibitors of apoptosis proteins, and PI3K/AKT signaling. Studying such mechanisms not only provides mechanistic insights into these cells that are unresponsive to drugs, but may lead to the development of targeted and effective therapeutics to eradicate CSCs. Several studies have identified promising strategies to target CSCs. These emerging strategies may help target CSC-associated drug resistance and metastasis in clinical settings. This article will review the CSCs drug and apoptosis resistance mechanisms and how to target CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad R. Safa
- Correspondence to: Dr. Ahmad R. Safa, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 635 Barnhill Dr. MS A416, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. E-mail:
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Ghazaghi F, Saffar H, Yazdani F, Etebarian A. Clinical Significance and Prognostic Value of SOX2 Protein Expression in Patients With Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2021; 29:700-705. [PMID: 33973888 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cancer stem cells are a small group of highly tumorigenic cells with the trend of self-renewal, tumor progression, metastasis, recurrence, and therapeutic resistance. SOX2 is an important cancer stem cell marker that is involved in tumorigenesis and correlated with aggressive features in various types of malignancies. The present study was aimed to investigate the expression of this biomarker in neoplastic tissues of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) to determine whether it has the potential to predict the outcomes and survival of the affected patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS The medical records of 73 patients diagnosed with OSCC were retrospectively studied. Clinical and pathologic features included age, sex, tumor size, histologic grade, lymph node involvement, recurrence, metastasis, and follow up. Immunohistochemical analysis for SOX2 protein expression was performed, and its correlations with clinicopathologic features were evaluated. RESULTS SOX2 was significantly associated with tumor size, lymph node metastasis, and patients' survival. We found no apparent correlation between SOX2 and tumor recurrence, distant metastasis, or differentiation. The multivariate analysis identifies patients' age, sex, and SOX2 expression as independent prognostic factors for overall survival. CONCLUSION SOX2 may worsen the prognosis and be a progressive malignant factor, which can help clinicians investigate OSCC patients' survival and plan the appropriate treatment accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Ghazaghi
- Department of Periodontology, School of dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
| | - Hana Saffar
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Institute, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex
| | - Farzad Yazdani
- Department of Pathology, Amir Alam Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences
| | - Arghavan Etebarian
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
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4
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Varun BR, Jayanthi P, Ramani P. Cancer stem cells: A comprehensive review on identification and therapeutic implications. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2020; 24:190. [PMID: 32508482 PMCID: PMC7269290 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_336_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are distinct subpopulations of tumor cells that possess the ability for perpetual self-renewal and proliferation. They produce downstream progenitor cells and cancer cells that drive tumor growth. Studies of many cancer types including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) have identified CSCs using specific markers, but it is still unclear as to where in the stem cell hierarchy these markers fall. This is compounded further by the presence of multiple CSC subtypes within OSCC, making investigation reliant on the use of multiple markers. This review paper focuses on the current knowledge in CSC markers including OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, aldehyde dehydrogenase 1, CD44, CD24, CD133 and Musashi-1, highlighting their use and validity in OSCC CSC research.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Varun
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, PMS College of Dental Sciences and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P Jayanthi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Azeezia College of Dental Sciences and Research, Kollam, Kerala, India
| | - Pratibha Ramani
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Saveetha Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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5
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Zhang W, Ren Z, Jia L, Li X, Jia X, Han Y. Fbxw7 and Skp2 Regulate Stem Cell Switch between Quiescence and Mitotic Division in Lung Adenocarcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:9648269. [PMID: 31534970 PMCID: PMC6732578 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9648269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The molecular mechanism of dormancy initiation of cancer stem cells (CSCs) is not clear. This study was to explore the molecular mechanism by which CSCs switch from mitotic division to quiescence. METHODS MTT assays, flow cytometry, Western blotting, qRT-PCR, and immunofluorescence staining were used to test cell viability, cell cycle and expression of F-box and WD repeat domain-containing 7 (Fbxw7), c-myc, S phase kinase associated protein-2 (Skp2), cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (p27), octamer-binding transcription factor 3/4 (Oct3/4), and β catenin gene in 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-treated A549 cells. Lung adenocarcinoma xenograft models were employed to detect the effects of Fbxw7 on tumor growth. RESULTS 5-FU inhibited the proliferation of A549 cells, with a median inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 200 μg/ml after 24 h treatment. 5-FU treatment increased the expressions of Oct3/4, Fbxw7, and p27 and increased the number of A549 cells at G0/G1. 5-FU treatment triggered nuclear translocation of β-catenin, decreased the expression levels of c-myc and Skp2, and decreased the number of A549 cells at S phase. Release from 5-FU decreased the expressions of Oct3/4, Fbxw7 and p27; decreased the percentage of cells in the G0/G1 phase; increased the expressions of Skp2 and c-myc; and increased the proportion of cells in S phase. 5-FU treatment led to high expressions of Oct3/4, c-myc, and p27, with low expressions of Fbxw7 and Skp2. Knockdown of Fbxw7 augmented the expression of c-myc and decreased the proportion of A549 cells in Go/G1 phase. Skp2 siRNA increased the expression of p27 and the percentage of G0/G1 phase cells and reduced the proportion of S phase cells. Fbxw7 overexpression inhibited tumor growth in mouse lung adenocarcinoma xenograft models. When Fbxw7 expression was low, Skp2 expression was higher in lung adenocarcinoma tissues and associated with the differentiation of lung adenocarcinoma. CONCLUSION 5-FU enriches the CSCs in lung adenocarcinoma cells via increasing Fbxw7 and decreasing Skp2 expression, followed by downregulation of c-myc and upregulation of p27, which switches cells to quiescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zihan Ren
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lanling Jia
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Physiology, College of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinshan Jia
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuchen Han
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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6
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Bahreyni A, Ghorbani E, Fuji H, Ryzhikov M, Khazaei M, Erfani M, Avan A, Hassanian SM, Azadmanesh K. Therapeutic potency of oncolytic virotherapy-induced cancer stem cells targeting in brain tumors, current status, and perspectives. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:2766-2773. [PMID: 30321455 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Brain tumors are the most common form of solid tumors in children and is presently a serious therapeutic challenge worldwide. Traditional treatment with chemotherapy and radiotherapy was shown to be unsuccessful in targeting brain tumor cancer stem cells (CSCs), leading to recurrent, treatment-resistant secondary malignancies. Oncolytic virotherapy (OV) is an effective antitumor therapeutic strategy which offers a novel, targeted approach for eradicating pediatric brain tumor CSCs by utilizing mechanisms of cell killing that differ from conventional therapies. A number of studies and some clinical trials have therefore investigated the effects of combined therapy of radiations or chemotherapies with oncolytic viruses which provide new insights regarding the effectiveness and improvement of treatment responses for brain cancer patients. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the therapeutic potency of OVs-induced CSCs targeting in the treatment of brain tumors for a better understanding and hence a better management of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Bahreyni
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Elnaz Ghorbani
- Department of Microbiology, Al-Zahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Fuji
- Department of Biochemistry, Payame-Noor University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mikhail Ryzhikov
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University, School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Marjan Erfani
- Department of Neurology, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed M Hassanian
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Yang LY, He CY, Chen XH, Su LP, Liu BY, Zhang H. Aurora kinase A revives dormant laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma cells via FAK/PI3K/Akt pathway activation. Oncotarget 2018; 7:48346-48359. [PMID: 27356739 PMCID: PMC5217022 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Revival of dormant tumor cells may be an important tumor metastasis mechanism. We hypothesized that aurora kinase A (AURKA), a cell cycle control kinase, promotes the transition of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) cells from G0 phase to active division. We therefore investigated whether AURKA could revive dormant tumor cells to promote metastasis. Western blotting revealed that AURKA expression was persistently low in dormant laryngeal cancer Hep2 (D-Hep2) cells and high in non-dormant (T-Hep2) cells. Decreasing AURKA expression in T-Hep2 cells induced dormancy and reduced FAK/PI3K/Akt pathway activity. Increasing AURKA expression in D-Hep2 cells increased FAK/PI3K/Akt pathway activity and enhanced cellular proliferation, migration, invasion and metastasis. In addition, FAK/PI3K/Akt pathway inhibition caused dormancy-like behavior and reduced cellular mobility, migration and invasion. We conclude that AURKA may revive dormant tumor cells via FAK/PI3K/Akt pathway activation, thereby promoting migration and invasion in laryngeal cancer. AURKA/FAK/PI3K/Akt inhibitors may thus represent potential targets for clinical LSCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yun Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang-Yu He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue-Hua Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Ping Su
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing-Ya Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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8
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Shang W, Zhang Q, Huang Y, Shanti R, Alawi F, Le A, Jiang C. Cellular Plasticity-Targeted Therapy in Head and Neck Cancers. J Dent Res 2018; 97:654-664. [PMID: 29486673 DOI: 10.1177/0022034518756351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancer is one of the most frequent human malignancies worldwide, with a high rate of recurrence and metastasis. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is cellularly and molecularly heterogeneous, with subsets of undifferentiated cancer cells exhibiting stem cell-like properties, called cancer stem cells (CSCs). Epithelial-mesenchymal transition, gene mutation, and epigenetic modification are associated with the formation of cellular plasticity of tumor cells in HNSCC, contributing to the acquisition of invasive, recurrent, and metastatic properties and therapeutic resistance. Tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a supportive role in the initiation, progression, and metastasis of head and neck cancer. Stromal fibroblasts, vasculature, immune cells, cytokines, and hypoxia constitute the main components of TME in HNSCC, which contributes not only to the acquisition of CSC properties but also to the recurrence and therapeutic resistance of the malignancies. In this review, we discuss the potential mechanisms underlying the development of cellular plasticity, especially the emergence of CSCs, in HNSCC. We also highlight recent studies implicating the complex interplays among TME components, plastic CSCs, tumorigenesis, recurrence, and therapeutic resistance of HNSCC. Finally, we summarize the treatment modalities of HNSCC and reinforce the novel concept of therapeutic targeting CSCs in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Shang
- 1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Shandong, China.,4 School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Shandong, China
| | - Q Zhang
- 2 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pharmacology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Y Huang
- 3 Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Shandong, China.,4 School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Shandong, China
| | - R Shanti
- 2 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pharmacology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,5 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, Penn Medicine Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,6 Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - F Alawi
- 7 Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A Le
- 2 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pharmacology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,5 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, Penn Medicine Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - C Jiang
- 3 Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Shandong, China.,4 School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Shandong, China
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9
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Gao XL, Zhang M, Tang YL, Liang XH. Cancer cell dormancy: mechanisms and implications of cancer recurrence and metastasis. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:5219-5228. [PMID: 29138574 PMCID: PMC5667781 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s140854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
More recently, disease metastasis and relapse in many cancer patients several years (even some decades) after surgical remission are regarded as tumor dormancy. However, the knowledge of this phenomenon is cripplingly limited. Substantial quantities of reviews have summarized three main potential models that can be put forth to explain such process, including angiogenic dormancy, immunologic dormancy, and cellular dormancy. In this review, newly uncovered mechanisms governing cancer cell dormancy are discussed, with an emphasis on the cross talk between dormant cancer cells and their microenvironments. In addition, potential mechanisms of reactivation of these dormant cells in certain anatomic sites including lymph nodes and bone marrow are discussed. Molecular mechanism of cellular dormancy in head and neck cancer is also involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
| | - Mei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases.,Department of Oral Pathology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Ling Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases.,Department of Oral Pathology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Hua Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
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10
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Breast Carcinoma: From Initial Tumor Cell Detachment to Settlement at Secondary Sites. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:8534371. [PMID: 28785589 PMCID: PMC5529633 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8534371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis represents a multistep cascade of cancer cell alterations accompanied by structural and functional changes within the tumor microenvironment which may involve the induction of a retrodifferentiation program. Major steps in metastatic developments include (A) cell detachment from the primary tumor site involving epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), (B) migration and invasion into surrounding tissue, (C) transendothelial intravasation into the vasculature of blood and/or lymphatic vessels as circulating tumor cells (CTCs), (D) dissemination to distant organs, and (E) extravasation of CTCs to secondary sites as disseminated tumor cells (DTCs). This article highlights some aspects of the metastatic cascade with a focus on breast cancer cells. Metastatic steps critically depend on the capability of cancer cells to adapt to distant tissues and the corresponding new microenvironment. As a consequence, increasing plasticity and developmental changes paralleled by acquisition of new cancer cell functionalities challenge a successful therapeutic approach.
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11
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Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been identified in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC). CSCs possess the ability for perpetual self-renewal and proliferation, producing downstream progenitor cells and cancer cells that drive tumor growth. Studies of many cancer types including OCSCC have identified CSCs using specific markers, but it is still unclear as to where in the stem cell hierarchy these markers fall. This is compounded further by the presence of multiple CSC subtypes within OCSCC, making investigation reliant on the use of multiple markers. This review examines the current knowledge in CSC markers OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, ALDH1, phosphorylated STAT3, CD44, CD24, CD133, and Musashi-1, specifically focusing on their use and validity in OCSCC CSC research and how they may be organized into the CSC hierarchy. OCSCC CSCs also express components of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS), which suggests CSCs may be novel therapeutic targets by modulation of the RAS using existing medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranui Baillie
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Swee T Tan
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand.,Wellington Regional Plastic, Maxillofacial and Burns Unit, Hutt Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
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12
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Gao XM, Zhang R, Dong QZ, Qin LX. Properties and feasibility of using cancer stem cells in clinical cancer treatment. Cancer Biol Med 2016; 13:489-495. [PMID: 28154781 PMCID: PMC5250607 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2016.0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer treatment failure, drug resistance, or metastatic recurrence are thought to be caused mainly by the existence of a very small number of cancer stem cells (CSCs). The characteristics of this subgroup of cells include self-renewal, tumorigenesis, multiple differentiation and high invasiveness, metastasis, and drug resistance potential. Many studies have demonstrated that CSCs play important roles in tumor growth, spread and metastatic relapse after treatment, and are closely related to the prognosis of patients. From a therapeutic viewpoint, deep insights into the CSCs biology, development of specific therapeutic strategies for targeting CSCs, and characterization of their microenvironment could be an ideal way to combat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Mei Gao
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital and Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Qiong-Zhu Dong
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital and Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Lun-Xiu Qin
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital and Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
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