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Roy B, Basak R, Rai U. Impact of xenoestrogens on sex differentiation and reproduction in teleosts. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Xu Z, Zhao D, Zheng X, Huang B, Pan X, Xia X. Low concentrations of 17β-estradiol exacerbate tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer treatment through membrane estrogen receptor-mediated signaling pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:514-526. [PMID: 34821461 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to discover the influences of tamoxifen and 17β-estradiol (E2) on tamoxifen-resistant (TamR) patients in vitro. Herein, we established a stabilized TamR MCF-7 cell line at 1 μM via gradient concentrations of tamoxifen cultivation. The expression changes of four ER subtypes (ERα66, ERβ, ERα36 and GPR30) were found to bring about tamoxifen resistance. Moreover, the generation of tamoxifen resistance involved in apoptosis escape via a reactive oxygen species-regulated p53 signaling pathway. Interestingly, E2 at environmental concentrations (0.1-10 nM) could activate the expression of both ERα36 and GPR30, and then stimulate the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Akt, resulting in cell growth promotion. Cell migration and invasion promotion, apoptosis inhibition, and cell cycle G1-S progression are involved in such proliferative effects. Conversely, the application of specific antagonists of ERα36 and GPR30 could restore tamoxifen's sensitivity as well as partially offset E2-mediated proliferation. In short, overexpression of ERα36 and GPR30 not only ablate tamoxifen responsiveness but also could promote tumor progression of TamR breast cancer under estrogen conditions. These results provided novel insights into underlying mechanisms of tamoxifen resistance and the negative effects of steroid estrogens at environmental concentrations on TamR MCF-7 cells, thus generating new thoughts for future management of ER-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiang Xu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Dimeng Zhao
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Xianyao Zheng
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Bin Huang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Xuejun Pan
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Xueshan Xia
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
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Guo Y, Cai X, Lu H, Li Q, Zheng Y, Lin Z, Cheng Z, Yang M, Zhang L, Xiang L, Yang X. 17β-Estradiol Promotes Apoptosis of HepG2 Cells Caused by Oxidative Stress by Increasing Foxo3a Phosphorylation. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:607379. [PMID: 33790784 PMCID: PMC8005602 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.607379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is associated with high mortality, particularly in patients infected with the hepatitis B virus. Treatment methods remain very limited. Here, we explored the effects of 17β-estradiol (E2) on apoptosis of various liver cell lines (LO2, HepG2, and HepG2.2.15 cells). Within a certain concentration range, 17β-estradiol induced oxidative stress and apoptosis of HepG2 cells, downregulated ERα-36 expression, and increased Akt and Foxo3a phosphorylation. p-Foxo3a became localized around the nucleus but did not enter the organelle. The levels of mRNAs encoding manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and catalase, to the promoters of which Foxo3a binds to trigger gene expression, were significantly reduced in HepG2 cells. 17β-estradiol had no obvious effects on LO2 or HepG2.2.15 cells. We speculate that 17β-estradiol may induce oxidative stress in HepG2 cells by increasing Foxo3a phosphorylation, thus promoting apoptosis. This may serve as a new treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusheng Guo
- Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital/School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangsheng Cai
- Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital/School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Medical Experiments, University of Chinese Academy of Science-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaorong Yang, ; Lei Xiang, ; Xiangsheng Cai,
| | - Hanwei Lu
- Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital/School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiqi Li
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Zheng
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zefang Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zexiong Cheng
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Maoxiang Yang
- Center for Medical Experiments, University of Chinese Academy of Science-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital/School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Xiang
- Center for Medical Experiments, University of Chinese Academy of Science-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaorong Yang, ; Lei Xiang, ; Xiangsheng Cai,
| | - Xiaorong Yang
- Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital/School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaorong Yang, ; Lei Xiang, ; Xiangsheng Cai,
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Xu Z, Zhao D, Zheng X, Huang B, Xia X, Pan X. Quercetin exerts bidirectional regulation effects on the efficacy of tamoxifen in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer therapy: An in vitro study. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2020; 35:1179-1193. [PMID: 32530119 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tamoxifen was widely applied in the therapy of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer. With the purpose of determining the potential impacts of quercetin on its effectiveness, MCF-7 cells were selected as the in vitro model and several cellular biological behaviors (ie, cell proliferation, migration, invasion, cycle, apoptosis, and oxidative stress) were investigated. As results, quercetin showed contrasting dose-response to cellular behaviors dependent on the ROS-regulated p53 signaling pathways. In detail, quercetin promoted cell proliferation and inhibited cell apoptosis at low concentrations, whereas high-concentration resulted in apoptosis induction. Moreover, quercetin at a low concentration significantly inhibited tamoxifen-induced antiproliferation in MCF-7 cells, whereas high concentrations enhanced cell apoptosis in a synergetic manner. The real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis further implied that quercetin exerted its dual roles in tamoxifen-induced antiproliferative effects by regulated the gene expression involved in cell metastasis, cycle, and apoptosis through the ER pathways. Our present study provides a considerable support to the combination of quercetin and tamoxifen on human ER-positive breast carcinoma management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiang Xu
- Faulty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Dimeng Zhao
- Faulty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Xianyao Zheng
- Faulty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Bin Huang
- Faulty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Xueshan Xia
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Xuejun Pan
- Faulty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
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Lin ZH, Jin J, Shan XY. The effects of estradiol on inflammatory and endothelial dysfunction in rats with preeclampsia. Int J Mol Med 2020; 45:825-835. [PMID: 31985028 PMCID: PMC7015126 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE), a hypertensive disorder during pregnancy, has adverse effects to both the mother and the fetus. Maternal inflammatory and vascular endothelial dysfunction are important factors in the pathogenesis of PE. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of estradiol (E2) on inflammatory and endothelial dysfunction in an N (omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME)-induced rat model of PE. Adult pregnant female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four equal groups between days 7 and 11 of gestation and treated as follows: i) Pregnant rats receiving daily intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of equal volume of 0.9% normal saline (NS) (Control group, n=12); ii) pregnant rats receiving daily i.p. injections of L-NAME at 50 mg/kg (L-NAME group, n=12); iii) pregnant rats receiving a daily i.p. injection of 50 mg/kg L-NAME and NS from day 11 (L-NAME + NS group, n=12); and iv) pregnant rats receiving daily i.p. injections of 50 mg/kg L-NAME and 100 µg/kg/day E2 from day 11 (L-NAME + E2 group, n=12). On day 21, blood pressure (BP) and the level of 24-h urine protein in the maternal rats, fetal weight and percentage of stillbirths following a cesarean section were recorded. The activities of nitric oxide (NO) and inducible NO synthase (iNOS), the levels of inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, interferon-γ and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1], adherence factors (CD49d, intracellular adhesion molecule 1 and lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1) and uterine angiogenic status (Fms-like tyrosine kinase-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule and matrix metalloproteinase 2/9) were also assessed. In addition, the histopathology of the placenta, the expression of estrogen receptor α 36 (ERα36), ERα, ERβ and G protein-coupled ER, as well as the activation of the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway (TLR4, myeloid differentiation primary response 88, IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6) were evaluated by H&E staining, immunofluorescence and western blot assays. Treatment with L-NAME increased the BP, urine protein and rate of stillbirths and suppressed fetal weight compared with those in the control group. The L-NAME-induced effects were attenuated by the administration of E2. In addition, the administration of E2 decreased inflammation and NO levels and altered the uterine angiogenic status. The histological analysis of PE rat placenta in the E2-treated group confirmed the effects on biochemical parameters. Of note, E2 treatment significantly suppressed the TLR4 signaling pathway. In the rat model of PE, adverse outcomes including BP, fetal rat weight and proteinuria, high neonatal death rate, inflammatory response, oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction were attenuated by exogenous E2 administration, which may present a novel approach for the clinical treatment of PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Heng Lin
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The People's Hospital of Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Jinghong, Yunnan 666100, P.R. China
| | - Jing Jin
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The People's Hospital of Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Jinghong, Yunnan 666100, P.R. China
| | - Xi-Yun Shan
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The People's Hospital of Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Jinghong, Yunnan 666100, P.R. China
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Xu Z, Liu J, Jianxin C, Yongliang Z, Pan X. 17β-Estradiol inhibits testosterone-induced cell proliferation in HepG2 by modulating the relative ratios of 3 estrogen receptor isoforms to the androgen receptor. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:8659-8671. [PMID: 30058741 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Sex hormones, especially 17β-estradiol (E2) and testosterone (TEST), play crucial roles in the oncogenesis and progression of liver cancer via hormone-related receptors. As women have a lower rate of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) than men, estrogens might attenuate the occurrence and development of HCC. This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effects and mechanisms of E2 on TEST-induced HCC development; the HepG2 cell line was used as an in vitro model. Five endpoints, including cell viability, cell apoptosis, cell cycle, receptor protein expression, and messenger RNA transcription, were investigated. Different roles and the ratios of androgen receptor (AR) and 3 estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes were also estimated. Cell viability assay showed that co-treatment of E2 and TEST resulted in a significant inhibition of E2-induced or TEST-induced cell proliferation. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that combined treatment of E2 and TEST blocked the cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase as well as induced cell early apoptosis, characterized by decreased cyclin-dependent kinase transcription and the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis results further demonstrated that estrogen receptor estrogen receptor α66 (ERα66) and estrogen receptor β (ERβ) were upregulated, whereas AR and estrogen receptor α36 (ERα36) were downregulated, irrespective of whether E2 and TEST were considered separately or together, whereas the combined treatment of E2 and TEST resulted in a decrease in the ERα66/ERβ ratio, the ERα66/ERα36 ratio, and the ERβ/ERα36 ratio, but with an increase in the ERα66/AR ratio, the ERα36/AR ratio, and the ERβ/AR ratio. To sum up, E2 could inhibit TEST-induced cell proliferation by modulating the ratio of different hormone-related receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiang Xu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Cao Jianxin
- Yunnan Institute of Food Safety, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Zhuang Yongliang
- Yunnan Institute of Food Safety, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Xuejun Pan
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
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Wilkenfeld SR, Lin C, Frigo DE. Communication between genomic and non-genomic signaling events coordinate steroid hormone actions. Steroids 2018; 133:2-7. [PMID: 29155216 PMCID: PMC5864526 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Steroid hormones are lipophilic molecules produced in one cell that can travel great distances within the body to elicit biological effects in another cell. In the canonical pathway, steroid hormone binding to a nuclear receptor (NR), often in the cytoplasm, causes the receptor to undergo a conformational change and translocate to the nucleus, where it interacts with specific sequences of DNA to regulate transcription. In addition to the classical genomic mechanism of action, alternate mechanisms of steroid activity have emerged that involve rapid, non-genomic signaling. The distinction between these two major mechanisms of action lies in the subcellular location of the initiating steroid hormone action. Importantly, the mechanisms of action are not exclusive, in that each can affect the activity of the other. Here, we describe the different types of genomic and non-genomic steroid hormone signaling mechanisms and how they can influence one another to ultimately regulate biology. Further, we discuss the approaches being used to study the non-genomic signaling events and address important caveats to be considered when designing new experiments. Thus, this minireview can serve as an introduction to the diverse signaling mechanisms of steroid hormones and offers initial, experimental guidance to those entering the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandi R Wilkenfeld
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chenchu Lin
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Daniel E Frigo
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Molecular Medicine Program, The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.
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Chen M, Turhan AG, Ding H, Lin Q, Meng K, Jiang X. Targeting BCR-ABL+ stem/progenitor cells and BCR-ABL-T315I mutant cells by effective inhibition of the BCR-ABL-Tyr177-GRB2 complex. Oncotarget 2018; 8:43662-43677. [PMID: 28599273 PMCID: PMC5546432 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of BCR-ABL+ human leukemia has been significantly improved by ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), but they are not curative for most patients and relapses are frequently associated with BCR-ABL mutations, warranting new targets for improved treatments. We have now demonstrated that protein expression of human estrogen receptor alpha 36 (ERα36), an alternative splicing variant of human estrogen receptor alpha 66 (ERα66), is highly increased in TKI-insensitive CD34+ chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells and BCR-ABL-T315I mutant cells, and is abnormally localized in plasma membrane and cytoplasm. Interestingly, new pre-clinically-validated analogs of Icaritin (SNG162 and SNG1153), which target abnormal ERα36 activity, inhibit cell growth and induce apoptosis of BCR-ABL+ leukemic cells, particularly BCR-ABL-T315I mutant cells. A combination of SNG inhibitors and TKI selectively eliminates treatment-naïve TKI-insensitive stem/progenitor cells while sparing healthy counterparts. Oral TKI dasatinib combined with potent SNG1153 inhibitor effectively eliminates infiltrated BCR-ABL+ blast cells and enhances survival of mice. Importantly, a unique mechanism of SNG inhibition was uncovered by demonstrating a marked interruption of the BCR-ABLTyr177-GRB2 interaction, leading to inhibition of the downstream RAS/MAPK pathway. This new combination therapy may lead to more effective disease eradication, especially in patients at high risk of TKI resistance and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency and Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ali G Turhan
- Department of Hematology, Paris Sud University Hospitals, University Paris Sud 11 and INSERM U935, Villejuif, France
| | | | | | - Kun Meng
- Shenogen Pharma Group Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Jiang
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency and Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Molina L, Figueroa CD, Bhoola KD, Ehrenfeld P. GPER-1/GPR30 a novel estrogen receptor sited in the cell membrane: therapeutic coupling to breast cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:755-766. [PMID: 28671018 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1350264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Breast cancer is clinically classified as 'estrogen-positive' when at least 1% of cancer cells stain for the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα). However, recent research on both basic and clinical aspects of breast cancer suggests that GPER-1 (G protein-coupled estrogen receptor-1) may have an important role in breast cancer. Areas covered: This review provides a comprehensive and systematic literature search on GPER-1. We have focused on the role of GPER-1 in breast cancer and on resistance to endocrine therapy, an unsolved clinical issue still under discussion. Expert opinion: The discovery of GPER-1 as a novel estrogen receptor is unique and the signaling pathways activated by its stimulation, when compared to the classical nuclear ERα, indicate a potential role of GPER-1 in the genesis and mechanisms of drug resistance in breast cancer. Tumors expressing ERα represent the largest group of breast cancer patients indicating that more women eventually die from ERα-positive breast tumors than from other more malignant breast cancer subtypes such as HER2-positive and the triple negative groups. It is important to develop new strategies on endocrine therapy with regard to ERα and GPER-1 receptors to achieve innovative successful therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Molina
- a Laboratory of Cellular Pathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology & Pathology , Universidad Austral de Chile , Valdivia , Chile
| | - Carlos D Figueroa
- a Laboratory of Cellular Pathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology & Pathology , Universidad Austral de Chile , Valdivia , Chile
| | - Kanti D Bhoola
- a Laboratory of Cellular Pathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology & Pathology , Universidad Austral de Chile , Valdivia , Chile
| | - Pamela Ehrenfeld
- a Laboratory of Cellular Pathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology & Pathology , Universidad Austral de Chile , Valdivia , Chile
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Chuffa LGDA, Lupi-Júnior LA, Costa AB, Amorim JPDA, Seiva FRF. The role of sex hormones and steroid receptors on female reproductive cancers. Steroids 2017; 118:93-108. [PMID: 28041951 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Sex steroids have been widely described to be associated with a number of human diseases, including hormone-dependent tumors. Several studies have been concerned about the factors regulating the availability of sex steroids and its importance in the pathophysiological aspects of the reproductive cancers in women. In premenopausal women, large fluctuations in the concentration of circulating estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) orchestrate many events across the menstrual cycle. After menopause, the levels of circulating E2 and P4 decline but remain at high concentration in the peripheral tissues. Notably, there is a strong relationship between circulating sex hormones and female reproductive cancers (e.g. ovarian, breast, and endometrial cancers). These hormones activate a number of specific signaling pathways after binding either to estrogen receptors (ERs), especially ERα, ERα36, and ERβ or progesterone receptors (PRs). Importantly, the course of the disease will depend on particular transactivation pathway. Identifying ER- or PR-positive tumors will benefit patients in terms of proper endocrine therapy. Based on hormonal responsiveness, effective prevention methods for ovarian, breast, and endometrial cancers represent a special opportunity for women at risk of malignancies. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) might significantly increase the risk of these cancer types, and endocrine treatments targeting ER signaling may be helpful against E2-dependent tumors. This review will present the role of sex steroids and their receptors associated with the risk of developing female reproductive cancers, with emphasis on E2 levels in pre and postmenopausal women. In addition, new therapeutic strategies for improving the survival rate outcomes in women will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luiz Antonio Lupi-Júnior
- Department of Anatomy, IBB/UNESP, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Univ. Estadual Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Balandis Costa
- Department of Nursing, UENP/CLM - Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná, PR, Brazil
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