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Kim DS, Song L, Gou W, Kim J, Liu B, Wei H, Muise-Helmericks RC, Li Z, Wang H. GRP94 is an IGF-1R chaperone and regulates beta cell death in diabetes. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:374. [PMID: 38811543 PMCID: PMC11137047 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06754-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
High workload-induced cellular stress can cause pancreatic islet β cell death and dysfunction, or β cell failure, a hallmark of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thus, activation of molecular chaperones and other stress-response genes prevents β cell failure. To this end, we have shown that deletion of the glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94) in Pdx1+ pancreatic progenitor cells led to pancreas hypoplasia and reduced β cell mass during pancreas development in mice. Here, we show that GRP94 was involved in β cell adaption and compensation (or failure) in islets from leptin receptor-deficient (db/db) mice in an age-dependent manner. GRP94-deficient cells were more susceptible to cell death induced by various diabetogenic stress conditions. We also identified a new client of GRP94, insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R), a critical factor for β cell survival and function that may mediate the effect of GRP94 in the pathogenesis of diabetes. This study has identified essential functions of GRP94 in β cell failure related to diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Sung Kim
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Lili Song
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Wenyu Gou
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Jisun Kim
- Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleson, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Bei Liu
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-James, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Hua Wei
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Robin C Muise-Helmericks
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Zihai Li
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-James, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Hongjun Wang
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA.
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2
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Chang YJ, Prince GMSH, Wei PL, Batzorig U, Huang CY, Hung CS, Chang TC. The role of thrombomodulin in modulating ITGB3 expression and its implications for triple-negative breast cancer progression. Cell Biol Int 2024; 48:216-228. [PMID: 38081783 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer (BC) compared to other BC subtypes in clinical settings. Currently, there are no effective therapeutic strategies for TNBC treatment. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify suitable biomarkers or therapeutic targets for TNBC patients. Thrombomodulin (TM) plays a role in cancer progression and metastasis in many different cancers. However, the role of TM in TNBC is not yet fully understood. First, silenced-TM in MDA-MB-231 cells caused an increase in proliferative and metastatic activity. In contrast, overexpression of TM in Hs578T cells caused a reduction in proliferation, invasion, and migration rate. Using RNA-seq analysis, we found that Integrin beta 3 (ITGB3) expression may be a downstream target of TM. Furthermore, we found an increase in ITGB3 levels in TM-KD cells by QPCR and western blot analysis but a decrease in ITGB3 levels in TM-overexpressing cells. We found phospho-smad2/3 levels were increased in TM-KD cells but decreased in TM-overexpressing cells. This implies that TM negatively regulates ITGB3 levels through the activation of the smad2/3 pathway. Silencing ITGB3 in TM-KD cells caused a decrease in proliferation and migration. Finally, we found that higher ITGB3 levels were correlated with poor overall survival and relapse-free survival in patients with TNBC. Our results indicated a novel regulatory relationship between TM and ITGB3 in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jia Chang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Cancer Research Center and Translational Laboratory, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Po-Li Wei
- Department of Medical Research, Cancer Research Center and Translational Laboratory, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, Division of Colorectal Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Uyanga Batzorig
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Chien-Yu Huang
- School of Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Sheng Hung
- Department of Surgery, Division of Colorectal Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Cheng Chang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Colorectal Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Shuang-Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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3
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Pugh KW, Alnaed M, Brackett CM, Blagg BSJ. The biology and inhibition of glucose-regulated protein 94/gp96. Med Res Rev 2022; 42:2007-2024. [PMID: 35861260 PMCID: PMC10003671 DOI: 10.1002/med.21915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The 94 kDa molecular chaperone, glucose-regulated protein 94 (Grp94), has garnered interest during the last decade due to its direct association with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and disease. Grp94 belongs to the Hsp90 family of molecular chaperones and is a master regulator of ER homeostasis due to its ability to fold and stabilize proteins/receptors, and to chaperone misfolded proteins for degradation. Multiple studies have demonstrated that Grp94 knockdown or inhibition leads to the degradation of client protein substrates, which leads to disruption of disease-dependent signaling pathways. As a result, small molecule inhibitors of Grp94 have become a promising therapeutic approach to target a variety of disease states. Specifically, Grp94 has proven to be a promising target for cancer, glaucoma, immune-mediated inflammation, and viral infection. Moreover, Grp94-peptide complexes have been utilized effectively as adjuvants for vaccines against a variety of disease states. This work highlights the significance of Grp94 biology and the development of therapeutics that target this molecular chaperone in multiple disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyler W. Pugh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Marim Alnaed
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Christopher M. Brackett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Brian S. J. Blagg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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4
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Guo X, Chen M, Cao L, Hu Y, Li X, Zhang Q, Ren Y, Wu X, Meng Z, Xu K. Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Promote Migration and Invasion of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells via miR-101-3p Mediated VEGFA Secretion and AKT/eNOS Pathway. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:764151. [PMID: 34977016 PMCID: PMC8716726 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.764151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are major component of tumor microenvironment (TME), which plays crucial roles in tumor growth, invasion and metastasis; however, the underling mechanism is not fully elucidated. Despite many studies are focused on the tumor promoting effect of CAFs-derived cytokines, the upstream regulators of cytokine release in CAFs is largely unknown. Here we found that miR-101-3p was downregulated in primary lung cancer-associated CAFs compared to normal fibroblasts (NFs). Ectopic overexpression of miR-101-3p suppressed CAFs activation, and abrogated the promoting effect of CAFs on migration and invasion of non-small cell lung cancer cells (NSCLC), through attenuating CAFs’ effect on epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) process, metastasis-related genes (MMP9, TWIST1) and AKT/endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) signaling pathway. Further study indicated that vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) was a novel target of miR-101-3p, and CAFs-derived VEGFA mediated the effect of miR-101-3p on migration and invasion of lung cancer cells, demonstrated by using recombinant VEGFA and VEGFA neutralizing antibody. Interestingly, the analysis of the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database revealed that lung cancer tissues expressed lower level of miR-101-3p than non-cancerous tissues, and low/medium-expression of miR-101-3p was associated with poor overall survival (OS) rate. Moreover, the mouse xenograft experiment also showed that CAFs accelerated tumor growth whereas miR-101-3p diminished CAFs’ effect. These findings revealed a novel mechanism that CAFs facilitated lung cancer metastasis potential via miR-101-3p/VEGFA/AKT signaling pathway, suggesting miR-101-3p as a potential candidate for metastasis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueru Guo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengmeng Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Limin Cao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yiming Hu
- Department of Toxic Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xueqin Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qicheng Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yinghui Ren
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiang Wu
- Core Facility Center, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhaowei Meng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Wei PL, Lin JC, Hung CS, Makondi PT, Batzorig U, Chang TC, Huang CY, Chang YJ. Human α-defensin 6 (HD6) suppresses CRC proliferation and metastasis through abolished EGF/EGFR signaling pathway. Int J Med Sci 2022; 19:34-46. [PMID: 34975297 PMCID: PMC8692109 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.64850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) has increased significantly in the past decade. Early diagnosis and new therapeutics are still urgently needed for CRC in clinical practice. Human α-defensin 6 (HD6) plays a defense role against microbes in the gastrointestinal tract. However, the role and mechanism of HD6 in CRC is still unresolved. Specimens from CRC patients with higher HD6 showed better outcomes. Overexpressed HD6 in CRC cells caused a reduction of cell proliferative, migratory, and invasive ability in vitro and in vivo. HD6-overexpressed caused S phase arrest through changes in cyclin-A and B and CDK2 levels. In addition, serpine-1 may be negatively regulated by HD6 altering the translocation of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK), and p38. Higher HD6 and lower serpine-1 levels in CRC patients reflected better outcomes. Finally, we found that HD6 interacts directly with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) by co-immunoprecipitated assay. EGF treatment caused an increase of the level of serpine-1 and pEGFR levels and then increased growth activity in HD6 overexpressing cells. Together, our study shows that HD6 may compete with EGF to bind to EGFR and interrupt cancer progression in CRC. We believe these findings may give new insights for HD6 in CRC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Li Wei
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cancer Research Center and Translational Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jang-Chun Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Sheng Hung
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Uyanga Batzorig
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Cheng Chang
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Colon and Rectal, Department of Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Huang
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Colon and Rectal, Department of Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jia Chang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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6
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Duan X, Iwanowycz S, Ngoi S, Hill M, Zhao Q, Liu B. Molecular Chaperone GRP94/GP96 in Cancers: Oncogenesis and Therapeutic Target. Front Oncol 2021; 11:629846. [PMID: 33898309 PMCID: PMC8062746 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.629846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During tumor development and progression, intrinsic and extrinsic factors trigger endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the unfolded protein response, resulting in the increased expression of molecular chaperones to cope with the stress and maintain tumor cell survival. Heat shock protein (HSP) GRP94, also known as GP96, is an ER paralog of HSP90 and has been shown to promote survival signaling during tumor-induced stress and modulate the immune response through its multiple clients, including TLRs, integrins, LRP6, GARP, IGF, and HER2. Clinically, elevated expression of GRP94 correlates with an aggressive phenotype and poor clinical outcome in a variety of cancers. Thus, GRP94 is a potential molecular marker and therapeutic target in malignancies. In this review, we will undergo deep molecular profiling of GRP94 in tumor development and summarize the individual roles of GRP94 in common cancers, including breast cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, multiple myeloma, and others. Finally, we will briefly review the therapeutic potential of selectively targeting GRP94 for the treatment of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Duan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Stephen Iwanowycz
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Soo Ngoi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Megan Hill
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Bei Liu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- The Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology at The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, United States
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7
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Kim JW, Cho YB, Lee S. Cell Surface GRP94 as a Novel Emerging Therapeutic Target for Monoclonal Antibody Cancer Therapy. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030670. [PMID: 33802964 PMCID: PMC8002708 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident member of the heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) family. In physiological conditions, it plays a vital role in regulating biological functions, including chaperoning cellular proteins in the ER lumen, maintaining calcium homeostasis, and modulating immune system function. Recently, several reports have shown the functional role and clinical relevance of GRP94 overexpression in the progression and metastasis of several cancers. Therefore, the current review highlights GRP94’s physiological and pathophysiological roles in normal and cancer cells. Additionally, the unmet medical needs of small chemical inhibitors and the current development status of monoclonal antibodies specifically targeting GRP94 will be discussed to emphasize the importance of cell surface GRP94 as an emerging therapeutic target in monoclonal antibody therapy for cancer.
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8
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Batzorig U, Wei PL, Wang W, Huang CY, Chang YJ. Glucose-Regulated Protein 94 Mediates the Proliferation and Metastasis through the Regulation of ETV1 and MAPK Pathway in Colorectal Cancer. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:2251-2261. [PMID: 33967600 PMCID: PMC8100635 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.56024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a worldwide health problem. Glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94) is known as an important endoplasmic reticulum-stress response protein that shows correlation with aggressive cancer behavior. However, the role of GRP94 in CRC is still unclear. Our results showed that silencing GRP94 (GRP94-KD) reduced cell proliferation, invasion and migration of CRC cells and suppressed tumorigenesis in the xenograft mouse model. Rescue assay showed that ETV1 overexpression reversed the effect of GRP94 on cell proliferation and migration. In the molecular mechanism, we found that knockdown of GRP94 inhibited the level of MAPK pathway, including ERK/p-ERK, JNK/p-JNK, and p38/p-p38 signals. Cyclooxygenase-2 and epithelial-mesenchymal transformation biomarkers, such as N-cadherin, vimentin, and β-catenin were suppressed in GRP94 knockdown cells. Treatment of specific inhibitors of MAPK pathway showed that ERK/p-ERK, and p38/p-p38 inhibitors significantly influenced ETV1 expression as compared to JNK/p-JNK inhibitor. Our results indicated that silencing GRP94 repressed the ability of EMT process, cancer cell proliferation, metastasis, and CRC tumorigenesis. Therefore, GRP94 may play an important role in CRC by regulating ETV1 and MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uyanga Batzorig
- International Ph.D. Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Po-Li Wei
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.,Cancer Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Weu Wang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Huang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.,Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University.,Department of Pathology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jia Chang
- International Ph.D. Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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9
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Tawila AM, Sun S, Kim MJ, Omar AM, Dibwe DF, Awale S. A Triterpene Lactone from Callistemon citrinus Inhibits the PANC-1 Human Pancreatic Cancer Cells Viability through Suppression of Unfolded Protein Response. Chem Biodivers 2020; 17:e2000495. [PMID: 32865330 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human pancreatic tumor cells such as PANC-1 are known for their ability to tolerate nutrient starvation and thrive under the hypovascular tumor microenvironment, a phenomenon termed as 'austerity'. A search of agents that preferentially inhibit the cancer cell viability under the starvation condition without toxicity in the nutrient-rich condition is a promising approach in anticancer drug discovery. In this study, a triterpene lactone, 3β-hydroxy-13,28-epoxyurs-11-en-28-one (ursenolide), isolated from a Callistemon citrinus extract has shown strong preferential cytotoxicity against PANC-1 cells under nutrient starvation with PC50 value of 0.4 μm. Ursenolide-induced rounding of PANC-1 cell morphology followed by rupture of the cell membrane leading to cell death. In a real-time cell migration study, ursenolide was found to inhibit PANC-1 cell migration significantly. Mechanistically, it inhibited GRP78 and GRP94 under the starvation condition suggesting inhibition of unfolded protein response (UPR), an adaptive process of cell survival during starvation. It also inhibited the phosphorylation of the key survival protein Akt and mTOR. Overall results suggested that ursenolide is a potential anticancer agent against pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Tawila
- Natural Drug Discovery Laboratory, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Sijia Sun
- Natural Drug Discovery Laboratory, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Min Jo Kim
- Natural Drug Discovery Laboratory, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Ashraf M Omar
- Natural Drug Discovery Laboratory, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Dya Fita Dibwe
- Natural Drug Discovery Laboratory, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Suresh Awale
- Natural Drug Discovery Laboratory, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
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10
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Lu T, Wang Y, Xu K, Zhou Z, Gong J, Zhang Y, Gong H, Dai Q, Yang J, Xiong B, Song Z, Yang G. Co-downregulation of GRP78 and GRP94 Induces Apoptosis and Inhibits Migration in Prostate Cancer Cells. Open Life Sci 2019; 14:384-391. [PMID: 33817173 PMCID: PMC7874808 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2019-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Both glucose-regulated protein 78 kDa (GRP78) and glucose-regulated protein 94 kDa (GRP94) are important molecular chaperones that play critical roles in maintaining tumor survival and progression. This study investigated the effects in prostate cancer cells following the downregulation of GRP78 and GRP94. Methods RNA interference was used to downregulate GRP78 and GRP94 expression in the prostate cancer cell line, PC-3. The effects on apoptosis and cell migration was examined along with expression of these related proteins. Results Small interfering RNAs targeting GRP78 and GRP94 successfully down-regulated their expression. This resulted in the induction of apoptosis and inhibition of cell migration. Preliminary mechanistic studies indicated that caspase-9 (cleaved) and Bax expression levels were upregulated while Bcl-2 and vimentin expression levels were downregulated. Conclusion Co-downregulation of GRP78 and GRP94 expression induces apoptosis and inhibits migration in prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Lu
- Department of Urology, The First People's Hospital of Tianmen City, East No.1, Renmin Avenue, Tianmen City, Hubei 431700, P.R.China
| | - Yue Wang
- Sinopharm Wuhan Plasma-derived Biotherapies Co. Ltd., No.1 attached No.1, Zhengdian Gold Industrial Park Road, Jiangxia District, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R.China
| | - Kang Xu
- Department of Urology, The First People's Hospital of Tianmen City, East No.1, Renmin Avenue, Tianmen City, Hubei 431700, P.R.China
| | - Zhijun Zhou
- Department of Urology, The First People's Hospital of Tianmen City, East No.1, Renmin Avenue, Tianmen City, Hubei 431700, P.R.China
| | - Juan Gong
- Department of Urology, The First People's Hospital of Tianmen City, East No.1, Renmin Avenue, Tianmen City, Hubei 431700, P.R.China
| | - Yingang Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First People's Hospital of Tianmen City, East No.1, Renmin Avenue, Tianmen City, Hubei 431700, P.R.China
| | - Hua Gong
- Department of Urology, The First People's Hospital of Tianmen City, East No.1, Renmin Avenue, Tianmen City, Hubei 431700, P.R.China
| | - Qiang Dai
- Department of Urology, The First People's Hospital of Tianmen City, East No.1, Renmin Avenue, Tianmen City, Hubei 431700, P.R.China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Urology, The First People's Hospital of Tianmen City, East No.1, Renmin Avenue, Tianmen City, Hubei 431700, P.R.China
| | - Biao Xiong
- Department of Urology, The First People's Hospital of Tianmen City, East No.1, Renmin Avenue, Tianmen City, Hubei 431700, P.R.China
| | - Ze Song
- Department of Urology, The First People's Hospital of Tianmen City, East No.1, Renmin Avenue, Tianmen City, Hubei 431700, P.R.China
| | - Gang Yang
- Department of Urology, The First People's Hospital of Tianmen City, East No.1, Renmin Avenue, Tianmen City, Hubei 431700, P.R.China
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The clinical and prognostic evaluation of GRP94 immunoexpression in Caucasian patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma. GASTROENTEROLOGY REVIEW 2019; 14:140-147. [PMID: 31616529 PMCID: PMC6791135 DOI: 10.5114/pg.2019.85898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Colorectal cancer (CRC) is traditionally regarded as the most commonly diagnosed gastrointestinal malignant disease. Nevertheless, despite advances in diagnosis and novel therapeutic options, the clinical outcomes of patients are still unsatisfactory. Aim To investigate the clinicopathological and prognostic roles of GRP94 expression, the immunohistochemical investigation was performed on samples of CRC tumour tissues, adjacent non-pathological mucosa, and metastatic foci in regional lymph nodes in Caucasian patients. Material and methods Paraffin-embedded adenocarcinoma samples were assessed immunohistochemically for GRP94 protein and scored according to the percentage of cells with positive reaction combined with staining intensity. Connections between GRP94 immunoexpression and clinicopathological factors including the overall survival (OS) were evaluated. Results The level of the GRP94 immunohistochemical reactivity was correlated with the grade of the histological differentiation (H (2.92) = 25.906; p < 0.001), size of the primary tumour (Z = –4.010; p < 0.001), regional lymph node involvement (Z = –6.547; p < 0.001), and perineural invasion (Z = –6.235; p < 0.001). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that the survival time for patients with a low expression of GRP94 was significantly longer than that for patients with a moderate or strong level of GRP94 immunoreactivity (p < 0.001). Conclusions An enhanced level of GRP94 immunoexpression was significantly associated with malignancy-related clinicopathological factors and reduced the 5-year overall survival in CRC patients. However, a multivariate analysis demonstrated that GRP94 was not revealed as an independent risk factor for CRC prognosis.
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12
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Tramentozzi E, Finotti P. Effects of purine-scaffold inhibitors on HUVECs: Involvement of the purinergic pathway and interference with ATP. Implications for preventing the adverse effects of extracellular Grp94. Biochem Biophys Rep 2019; 19:100661. [PMID: 31317075 PMCID: PMC6611975 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2019.100661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Extracellular Glucose-regulated protein94 (Grp94) is linked to pathological conditions disrupting the obligatory intracellular location of this Heat Shock Protein (HSP). In plasma, Grp94 is linked to IgG in complexes that drive adverse effects on vascular cells and are biomarker of gastro-intestinal cancer. By blocking ATP site in different HSPs, purine-scaffold inhibitors are used as promising anti-cancer compounds, but their effects on vasculature are not known. Methods We tested the capacity of two purine-scaffold inhibitors, PU-H71 and PU-WS13, to prevent the binding of Grp94 to IgG and to antagonize the effects of Grp94 and native Grp94-IgG complexes on HUVECs in different experimental conditions. Results PU-H71 and PU-WS13 blocked Grp94 and the formation of Grp94-IgG complexes in absence of cells. Instead, in presence of HUVECs rather than Grp94 PU-inhibitors targeted cells causing stimulation of Akt and VEGF pathways and displaying angiogenic-like effects similar to, although less intense than that provoked by Grp94 and Grp94-IgG complexes. Unlike Grp94 and Grp94-IgG complexes, PU-inhibitors also activated the purinergic pathway and increased the expression of the ATP receptor P2X7. Effects of PU-inhibitors on HUVECs were reversed by ATP and in presence of ATP PU-inhibitors were again able to block Grp94. Conclusions PU-inhibitors can display direct effects on endothelial cells by targeting the ATP receptor P2X7. In absence of ATP, PU-inhibitors preferentially bind to cells rather than Grp94. ATP antagonizes the PU-inhibitor binding to cells thus restoring the capacity to block Grp94 and Grp94-IgG complex formation. Results have implications for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of PU-inhibitors against circulating pathogenic Grp94. Extracellular Grp94 forms pathogenic complexes with IgG. PU-inhibitors block the Grp94-IgG complex formation in absence of cells. PU-inhibitors target cells and activate the purinergic pathway. Effects of PU-inhibitors on cells are reversed by ATP. ATP restores the capacity of PU-inhibitors to block the Grp94-IgG complex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Tramentozzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Largo E.Meneghetti, 2, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Paola Finotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Largo E.Meneghetti, 2, 35131, Padua, Italy
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13
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Glucose-Regulated Protein 94 Modulates the Response of Osteosarcoma to Chemotherapy. DISEASE MARKERS 2019; 2019:4569718. [PMID: 30719181 PMCID: PMC6335772 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4569718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common and most aggressive primary solid malignant bone tumor in children and young adults and has high rates of recurrence and metastasis. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway is important in regulating the chemo-responsiveness of cancer. However, the role of glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94) in regulating the response of OS to chemotherapy has never been explored. Methods In this study, two OS cell lines, MG63 and 143B cells, were used to evaluate the mechanism by which GRP94 modulates the response of osteosarcoma to chemotherapy. GRP94-knockdown (GRP94-KD) OS cells were generated using short hairpin RNAs, and the response to chemotherapy was assessed using an MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. Cell apoptosis was quantified with propidium iodide (PI) staining and flow cytometry. Results Silencing of GRP94 in MG63 and 143B cells did not influence the growth and migration of the cells, but reduced the colony formation. GRP94-KD OS cells were more resistant to paclitaxel, gemcitabine, and epirubicin treatments than cells transfected with the scrambled control, and more cells transfected with the scrambled control underwent apoptosis after paclitaxel, gemcitabine, and epirubicin treatments than GRP94-KD cells. Conclusions Therefore, GRP94 silencing may increase the resistance of MG63 and 143B cells to paclitaxel, gemcitabine, and epirubicin treatments by inhibiting the induction of apoptosis. Thus, GRP94 may be a key biomarker for the chemotherapeutic response of OS.
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14
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Huang CY, Wei PL, Chen WY, Chang WC, Chang YJ. Silencing Heat Shock Protein 27 Inhibits the Progression and Metastasis of Colorectal Cancer (CRC) by Maintaining the Stability of Stromal Interaction Molecule 1 (STIM1) Proteins. Cells 2018; 7:cells7120262. [PMID: 30544747 PMCID: PMC6315635 DOI: 10.3390/cells7120262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) has significantly increased in recent decades, and this disease has become an important health issue worldwide. Currently, there is no useful prognostic or diagnostic biomarker for CRC. Heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) is a chaperone that interacts with many proteins. HSP27 has been shown to be overexpressed in many cancers, including colon cancer, and its overexpression is related to poor disease outcome. Although the importance of HSP27 as a biomarker cannot be underrated, its detailed mechanisms in colon cancer are still unclear. In vitro studies have indicated that silencing HSP27 reduces the proliferation, migration and invasion of colon cancer cells, and xenograft models have shown that silencing HSP27 decreases tumor progression. Tissue array results showed that colon cancer patients with high expression of HSP27 exhibited poor prognosis. In addition, we found a reduction of calcium influx through a decrease in STIM1 protein after HSP27 was abolished. The formation of puncta was decreased in HSP27 knockdown (HSP27KD) cells after thapsigargin (TG) treatment. Finally, we confirmed that the reduction of STIM1 after HSP27 silencing may be due to a loss of STIM1 stability instead of transcription. HSP27 may interact with STIM1 but not Orai1, as shown by immunoprecipitation assays. HSP27 and STIM1 were co-expressed in CRC specimens. Our study showed that HSP27 is a key mediator in the progression and metastasis of CRC by regulating the store-operated calcium entry. This novel pathway may provide a new direction for development of therapeutic strategies for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Yu Huang
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Po-Li Wei
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Cancer Research Center and Translational Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Yu Chen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Department of Pathology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Chiao Chang
- School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Master Program for Clinical Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoproteomics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Jia Chang
- Cancer Research Center and Translational Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
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15
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Liang HH, Huang CY, Chou CW, Makondi PT, Huang MT, Wei PL, Chang YJ. Heat shock protein 27 influences the anti-cancer effect of curcumin in colon cancer cells through ROS production and autophagy activation. Life Sci 2018; 209:43-51. [PMID: 30056019 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The problem of therapeutic resistance and chemotherapeutic efficacy is tricky and critical in the management of colorectal cancer (CRC). Curcumin is a promising anti-cancer agent. Heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) is correlated with CRC progression and is said to affect CRC response to different therapies. However, the role of HSP27 on the therapeutic efficacy of curcumin remains unknown. HSP27 was silenced using small hairpin RNA (shRNA) technique. The cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of curcumin were assessed by sulforhodamine B (SRB) colorimetric assay, flow cytometric cell cycle analysis, and annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) double-labeling assays. Total reactive oxygen species (ROS)/superoxide and autophagy detection were performed, and the levels of apoptosis-related proteins were examined by Western blotting. It was found that the silencing of HSP27 (HSP27-KD) resulted in increased treatment resistance to curcumin in CRC cells. In addition, cell cycle analysis showed that the curcumin treatment caused cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase in the control group, and apoptosis was reduced in the HSP27-KD group. Curcumin treatment also resulted in a decrease in anti-apoptotic proteins, p-Akt, Akt, Bcl-2 and p-Bad, and increase in pro-apoptotic proteins Bad and c-PARP levels in the control cells but not in the HSP27-KD cells. This was also followed by low reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), superoxide and autophagy induction levels in the HSP27-KD cells as compared to the control cells. Therefore, as silencing of HSP27 increases curcumin resistance by reducing apoptosis and reactive oxidative stress production, HSP27 is a potential selective target for curcumin treatment in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Hua Liang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Yu Huang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Wen Chou
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Precious Takondwa Makondi
- International PhD Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Te Huang
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Po-Li Wei
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Cancer Research Center and Translational Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Jia Chang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Fuhrmann-Stroissnigg H, Niedernhofer LJ, Robbins PD. Hsp90 inhibitors as senolytic drugs to extend healthy aging. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:1048-1055. [PMID: 29886783 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1475828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is characterized by progressive decay of biological systems and although it is not considered a disease, it is one of the main risk factors for chronic diseases and many types of cancers. The accumulation of senescent cells in various tissues is thought to be a major factor contributing to aging and age-related diseases. Removal of senescent cells during aging by either genetic or therapeutic methods have led to an improvement of several age related disease in mice. In this preview, we highlight the significance of developing senotherapeutic approaches to specifically kill senescent cells (senolytics) or suppress the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) that drives sterile inflammation (senomorphics) associated with aging to extend healthspan and potentially lifespan. Also, we provide an overview of the senotherapeutic drugs identified to date. In particular, we discuss and expand upon the recent identification of inhibitors of the HSP90 co-chaperone as a new class of senolytics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Fuhrmann-Stroissnigg
- a Department of Molecular Medicine and The Center on Aging , The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter , FL , USA
| | - Laura J Niedernhofer
- a Department of Molecular Medicine and The Center on Aging , The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter , FL , USA
| | - Paul D Robbins
- a Department of Molecular Medicine and The Center on Aging , The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter , FL , USA
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17
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Huang CY, Hsieh MJ, Wu WJ, Chiang WL, Liu TC, Yang SF, Tsao TCY. Association of endothelial nitric oxide synthase ( eNOS) polymorphisms with EGFR-mutated lung adenocarcinoma in Taiwan. J Cancer 2018; 9:2518-2524. [PMID: 30026850 PMCID: PMC6036879 DOI: 10.7150/jca.25824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
EGFR mutation of Non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) was predominantly seen in Asian population and it was considered as a predictor of responsiveness. Eendothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) plays a vital role in chronic inflammation and carcinogenesis. In this study, we aimed to explore the association between the genetic polymorphisms of eNOS (-786T/C and 894 G/T) and EGFR mutation in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. A total of 277 patients with diagnosed lung adenocarcinoma were recruited between years 2012 and 2015. All study subjects underwent the analysis of eNOS genetic variants (-786 T/C and 894 G/T) using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) genotyping. Our results showed that, among the 277 patients, variant types (GT + TT) of eNOS 894 G/T polymorphism were significantly positively correlated with EGFR mutation type, specifically exon 19 in-frame deletion. With the subgroup of EGFR L858R mutation, variant genotypes (GT + TT) of eNOS 894 G/T were significantly associated with lymph node invasion. Moreover, in silico analysis indicated that eNOS 894 G/T altered the eNOS expression. In conclusion, our study showed that eNOS 894 G/T variants were significantly associated with EGFR mutation types of lung adenocarcinoma, specifically exon 19 in-frame deletion. This may be utilized as a prediction of tumor invasiveness and therapy responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yao Huang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Taipei Branch, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ju Hsieh
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Cancer Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jun Wu
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Whei-Ling Chiang
- School of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tu-Chen Liu
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Chest Medicine, Cheng-Ching General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Fa Yang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Thomas Chang-Yao Tsao
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Division of Chest, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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18
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Grp94 in complexes with IgG is a soluble diagnostic marker of gastrointestinal tumors and displays immune-stimulating activity on peripheral blood immune cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:72923-72940. [PMID: 27662661 PMCID: PMC5341954 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose-regulated protein94 (Grp94), the most represented endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident heat shock protein (HSP), is a tumor antigen shared by different types of solid and hematological tumors. The tumor-specific feature of Grp94 is its translocation from the ER to the cell surface where it displays pro-oncogenic functions. This un-physiological location has important implications for both the tumor pathology and anti-tumor therapy. We wanted to address the question of whether Grp94 could be measured as liquid marker in cancer patients in order to make predictions of diagnostic and therapeutic relevance for the tumor. To this aim, we performed an in-depth investigation on patients with primary tumors of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, using different methodological approaches to detect Grp94 in tumor tissues, plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Results indicate that Grp94 is not only the antigen highly expressed in any tumor tissue and in cells of tumor infiltrates, mostly B lymphocytes, but it is also found in the circulation. However, the only form in which Grp94 was detected in the plasma of any patients and in B lymphocytes induced to proliferate, was that of stable complexes with Immunoglobulin (Ig)G. Using a specific immune-enzyme assay to measure plasma Grp94-IgG complexes, we showed that Grp94-IgG complexes were significantly increased in cancer patients compared to healthy control subjects, serving as diagnostic tumor biomarker. Results also demonstrate that the stimulation of patient PBMCs with Grp94-IgG complexes led to an increased secretion of inflammatory cytokines that might drive a potentially beneficial anti-tumor effect.
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19
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Huang CY, Lee CH, Tu CC, Wu CH, Huang MT, Wei PL, Chang YJ. Glucose-regulated protein 94 mediates progression and metastasis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma via mitochondrial function and the NF-kB/COX-2/VEGF axis. Oncotarget 2018; 9:9425-9441. [PMID: 29507700 PMCID: PMC5823643 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is a worldwide health problem with a very poor prognosis. Therefore, new diagnostic biomarkers or therapeutic strategies for identifying and managing esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) are urgently needed. Glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94) is one of major endoplasmic reticulum-stress response proteins that plays a key role in cancer progression and therapeutic responses. However, the role of GRP94 in ESCC progression and metastasis remains unclear. The tissue array results indicated that higher GRP94 expression levels were associated with lower overall survival and higher lympho-node metastasis. Silencing GRP94 (GRP94-KD) reduced cell proliferation, migration and invasion in ESCC cells. In a xenotransplantation assay, silencing GRP94 reduced cell proliferation in the zebrafish embryo. Transmission electron microscopy revealed impaired mitochondria in GRP94-KD cells, which exhibited reduced basal respiration, spare respiratory capacity and ATP production and increased oxidative damage compared with scrambled control cells. Regarding the molecular mechanism underlying the effects of GRP94 knockdown, we found that silencing GRP94 may reduce the level of NF-kB, c-Jun, p38, IL-6, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) as well as activation of AKT and ERK. In conclusion, our results indicate that silencing GRP94 in ESCC cells suppressed cancer growth and the metastatic potential via mitochondrial functions and NF-kB/COX-2/VEGF in ESCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Yu Huang
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hwa Lee
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Chiang Tu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsiung Wu
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- En Chu Kong Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Te Huang
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Li Wei
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cancer Research Center and Translational Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jia Chang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cancer Research Center and Translational Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Glucose-regulated protein 94 deficiency induces squamous cell metaplasia and suppresses PTEN-null driven endometrial epithelial tumor development. Oncotarget 2018; 7:14885-97. [PMID: 26910913 PMCID: PMC4924759 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometrial carcinoma is the most prevalent gynecologic cancer in the United States. The tumor suppressor gene Pten (phosphatase and tensin homolog) is commonly mutated in the more common type 1 (endometrioid) subtype. The glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94) is emerging as a novel regulator for cancer development. Here we report that expression profiles from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) showed significantly increased Grp94 mRNA levels in endometrial tumor versus normal tissues, correlating with highly elevated GRP94 protein expression in patient samples and the requirement of GRP94 for maintaining viability of human endometrioid adenocarcinoma (EAC) cell lines. Through generation of uterus-specific knockout mouse models with deletion of Grp94 alone (c94f/f) or in combination with Pten (cPf/f94f/f), we discovered that c94f/f uteri induced squamous cell metaplasia (SCM) and reduced active nuclear β-catenin. The cPf/f94f/f uteri showed accelerated SCM and suppression of PTEN-null driven EAC, with reduced cellular proliferation, attenuated β-catenin signaling and decreased AKT/S6 activation in the SCM. In contrast to single PTEN knockout uteri (cPf/f), cPf/f94f/f uteri showed no decrease in E-cadherin level and no invasive lesion. Collectively, our study implies that GRP94 downregulation induces SCM in EAC and suppresses AKT/S6 signaling, providing a novel mechanism for suppressing EAC progression.
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Hung CS, Huang CY, Lee CH, Chen WY, Huang MT, Wei PL, Chang YJ. IGFBP2 plays an important role in heat shock protein 27-mediated cancer progression and metastasis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:54978-54992. [PMID: 28903396 PMCID: PMC5589635 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) is a key chaperone that interacts with over 200 client proteins. The expression of Hsp27 might be correlated with poor outcome in many types of cancer. Previous study indicated that Hsp27 might be an important biomarker in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the detailed mechanism is less well understood. The shRNA-mediated silencing of Hsp27 decreased the proliferation, migration and invasion of HCC cells. In a xenograft model, the silencing of Hsp27 reduced tumor progression. We revealed that the silencing of Hsp27 led to a reduction in insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP2), which might mediate proliferation and metastasis through vimentin, snail and beta-catenin. The overexpression of IGFBP2 reversed the reductions in cell growth, migration and invasion. The tissue array results showed that HCC patients with high Hsp27 expression exhibited poor prognosis and increased metastasis. The Hsp27 expression was highly correlated with IGFPB2 in CRC specimen. ChIP and luciferase assays showed that Hsp27 does not directly bind the IGFBP2 promoter region to regulate the transcription of IGFBP2. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that Hsp27 is a key mediator of HCC progression and metastasis and that Hsp27 might regulate proliferation and metastasis through IGFBP2. This pathway might provide a new direction for the development of a novel therapeutic strategy for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Sheng Hung
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chien-Yu Huang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Hwa Lee
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wei-Yu Chen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Pathology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Te Huang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Po-Li Wei
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Translational Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Cancer Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Jia Chang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Cancer Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Chang YJ, Cheng YW, Lin RK, Huang CC, Chen WTL, Ke TW, Wei PL. Thrombomodulin Influences the Survival of Patients with Non-Metastatic Colorectal Cancer through Epithelial-To-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160550. [PMID: 27512995 PMCID: PMC4981396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Treatment resistance and metastasis are the major causes of death among patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). Approximately 20% of surgically treated patients ultimately develop metastases during the follow-up period. Currently, the TNM system is the only available prognostic test. Therefore, the identification of new markers for CRC remains important. Thrombomodulin (TM), a glycoprotein, is involved in angiogenesis and has been linked to many malignant diseases. However, the function of TM in CRC remains unclear. Methods A total of 170 patients with CRC participated in this study. TM expression was analyzed via immunohistochemistry. Univariate (Kaplan-Meier) analysis was used to analyze patient outcomes, including overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). TM expression was manipulated using shRNA or an overexpression system. Transwell migration assays, wound healing migration assays, and the xCELLigence biosensor system were used to detect cell proliferative and migratory capacities. Results TM expression in the tumor tissues significantly and positively correlated with the DFS and OS of non-metastatic patients with CRC (ps = 0.036 and 0.0218, respectively). Suppression of TM expression increased the proliferation and migration of DLD-1 cells. TM overexpression reduced the cells’ proliferative and migratory capacities. Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression was up-regulated following TM silencing. Furthermore, the association between the migration of colon cancer cells and the levels of TM and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers (fibronectin, vimentin and ezrin) was confirmed in HT29 and DLD-1 cells. Conclusions Our study demonstrates that patients with non-metastatic CRC display low TM expression in their tumors and exhibit reduced DFS and OS. The enhanced expression of mesenchymal markers and COX-2 may be involved in the mechanisms that underlie recurrence in patients with cancer displaying low TM expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jia Chang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ya-Wen Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology,Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ruo-Kai Lin
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chi-Chou Huang
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Surgery, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - William Tzu-Liang Chen
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tao-Wei Ke
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
- Institute of Medicine, Chung-Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Po-Li Wei
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology,Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Cancer Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- * E-mail:
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Glucose-regulated protein 94 mediates metastasis by CCT8 and the JNK pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:8219-27. [PMID: 26718209 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4669-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer death worldwide. Cancer metastasis is a major obstacle in clinical cancer therapy. The mechanisms underlying the metastasis of HCC remain unclear. Glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94) is a key protein involved in mediating cancer progression, and it is highly expressed in HCC specimens. However, the role of GRP94 in cancer metastasis is unclear. A specific short hairpin RNA (shRNA) was employed to knock down GRP94 gene expression in HCC cell lines. Wound-healing migration, transwell migration, and invasion assays were performed to determine the migration and invasive ability of HCC cells. We demonstrated that silencing GRP94 inhibited HCC cell wound healing, migration, and invasion. Furthermore, our findings indicated that GRP94 knockdown might attenuate HCC cell metastasis by inhibiting CCT8/c-Jun/EMT signaling. Our study indicated that silencing GRP94 significantly reduced the migration and invasion abilities of HCC cells. Moreover, depleting GRP94 inhibited cell migration and invasion by downregulating CCT8/c-Jun signaling. Thus, our data suggest that the GRP94/CCT8/c-Jun/EMT signaling cascade might be a new therapeutic target for HCC.
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