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Shafi O, Siddiqui G. Tracing the origins of glioblastoma by investigating the role of gliogenic and related neurogenic genes/signaling pathways in GBM development: a systematic review. World J Surg Oncol 2022; 20:146. [PMID: 35538578 PMCID: PMC9087910 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-022-02602-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma is one of the most aggressive tumors. The etiology and the factors determining its onset are not yet entirely known. This study investigates the origins of GBM, and for this purpose, it focuses primarily on developmental gliogenic processes. It also focuses on the impact of the related neurogenic developmental processes in glioblastoma oncogenesis. It also addresses why glial cells are at more risk of tumor development compared to neurons. Methods Databases including PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar were searched for published articles without any date restrictions, involving glioblastoma, gliogenesis, neurogenesis, stemness, neural stem cells, gliogenic signaling and pathways, neurogenic signaling and pathways, and astrocytogenic genes. Results The origin of GBM is dependent on dysregulation in multiple genes and pathways that accumulatively converge the cells towards oncogenesis. There are multiple layers of steps in glioblastoma oncogenesis including the failure of cell fate-specific genes to keep the cells differentiated in their specific cell types such as p300, BMP, HOPX, and NRSF/REST. There are genes and signaling pathways that are involved in differentiation and also contribute to GBM such as FGFR3, JAK-STAT, and hey1. The genes that contribute to differentiation processes but also contribute to stemness in GBM include notch, Sox9, Sox4, c-myc gene overrides p300, and then GFAP, leading to upregulation of nestin, SHH, NF-κB, and others. GBM mutations pathologically impact the cell circuitry such as the interaction between Sox2 and JAK-STAT pathway, resulting in GBM development and progression. Conclusion Glioblastoma originates when the gene expression of key gliogenic genes and signaling pathways become dysregulated. This study identifies key gliogenic genes having the ability to control oncogenesis in glioblastoma cells, including p300, BMP, PAX6, HOPX, NRSF/REST, LIF, and TGF beta. It also identifies key neurogenic genes having the ability to control oncogenesis including PAX6, neurogenins including Ngn1, NeuroD1, NeuroD4, Numb, NKX6-1 Ebf, Myt1, and ASCL1. This study also postulates how aging contributes to the onset of glioblastoma by dysregulating the gene expression of NF-κB, REST/NRSF, ERK, AKT, EGFR, and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ovais Shafi
- Sindh Medical College - Jinnah Sindh Medical University / Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - Ghazia Siddiqui
- Sindh Medical College - Jinnah Sindh Medical University / Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
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Liu X, Xian Y, Xu H, Hu M, Che K, Liu X, Wang H. The associations between Deltex1 and clinical characteristics of breast cancer. Gland Surg 2021; 10:3116-3127. [PMID: 34926227 PMCID: PMC8637063 DOI: 10.21037/gs-21-739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deltex 1 (DTX1) is a single transmembrane protein with ubiquitin E3 ligase activity which has been found to play a role in the development of several cancers. We aimed to investigate the associations between DTX1 and breast cancer (BC). METHODS We explored the roles and mechanisms of DTX1 in BC by using BC cell lines in vitro. Levels of DTX1 in serum and tissues were determined in 316 patients with BC, 102 patients with fibroadenoma, and 113 healthy controls by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The associations between DTX1 and clinical characteristics of BC were analyzed using multivariate analysis and Cox regression survival analysis. RESULTS Lower levels of DTX1 promoted BC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. The cell growth and survival of BC might be regulated by DTX1 via the Notch signaling pathway. Levels of DTX1 in BC tissues were lower compared to fibroadenoma tissues and peri-neoplastic breast tissues (P<0.01). A lower level of DTX1 was shown to be associated with advanced tumor grade (P=0.017), advanced clinical stage (P=0.031), positive lymph node metastasis (LNM) (P=0.009), and high Ki-67 index (P=0.023). Lower DTX1 expression was recognized as an impact factor for metastasis-free survival (MFS) in BC. CONCLUSIONS Lower levels of DTX1 could promote BC cell proliferation and migration, and are associated with advanced BC. There is potential for DTX1 as a marker to assist the selection of new BC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Liu
- Breast Diseases Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuwei Xian
- Department of Ultrasonography, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Meixiang Hu
- Department of Pathology, People’s Hospital of Qixia, Yantai, China
| | - Kui Che
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Thyroid Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiangping Liu
- Medical Research Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Haibo Wang
- Breast Diseases Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Integrated Gene Expression and Methylation Analyses Identify DLL3 as a Biomarker for Prognosis of Malignant Glioma. J Mol Neurosci 2021; 71:1622-1635. [PMID: 33713320 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-021-01817-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glioma is one of the most common neurological malignancies worldwide. Delta-like ligand 3 (DLL3), an inhibitory ligand-driven activation of the Notch pathway, has been shown to be significantly associated with overall survival in patients with glioma. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether DLL3 as a biomarker in glioma is associated with patients' clinicopathological features and prognosis. We identified differences in transcriptome and promoter methylation in the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) in patients with malignant glioma with shorter (less than 1 year) and longer (greater than 3 years) survival time. Further analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) revealed that four genes (DLL3, TSPAN15, RTN1, PAK7) are highly associated with patient prognosis and play an indispensable role in evolution. We chose the expression level of DLL3 in glioma patients for our study. Patients were divided into groups with low and high expression of DLL3 according to the cutoff values obtained, and Kaplan-Meier and Cox analysis were used to examine the correlation between DLL3 gene expression and patient survival. We then performed a gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) to identify significantly enriched signaling pathways. Our results confirmed that the overall survival of patients with low DLL3 expression was significantly shorter than that of patients with high DLL3 expression. GSEA showed that the signaling pathways of the immune process and immune response, among others, were enhanced with the DLL3 low-expression phenotype. Collectively, our findings signify that DLL3 is a potent prognostic factor for glioma, which can provide a viable approach for glioma prognostic assessment and valuable insights for anti-tumor immune-targeted therapies.
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Ghosh S, Khanam R, Acharya Chowdhury A. The Evolving Roles of Bacopa monnieri as Potential Anti-Cancer Agent: A Review. Nutr Cancer 2020; 73:2166-2176. [PMID: 33148034 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2020.1841248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The intermingled interrelationship of Bacopa monnieri and human health dates backs to the ancient times in the history of ayurveda making the plant an enriched source of alternative drug development in a nontoxic manner. In recent years, research on the biological effects of Bacopa monnieri has flourished as promising neuroprotective, memory boosting and more importantly as both chemopreventive and anti-neoplastic agent. Each naturally synthesized chemical constituent identified from Bacopa monnieri leaf extract with different solvents, has significant anti-metastatic, anti-angiogenic and anti-proliferative activity on different type of cancer cells. In this context, a substantial literature survey allows a deep understanding of the involvement of specific bioactive molecules along with the whole plant extract of Bacopa monnieri with their divergent effective molecular pathways. This comprehensive review covers literature up to the year 2020 highlighting all the anticancer efficacy along with signaling pathways activated by secondary metabolites found in bacopa plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeepa Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology, JIS University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Rahmat Khanam
- Department of Biotechnology, JIS University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Aithal MGS, Rajeswari N. Bacoside A Induced Sub-G0 Arrest and Early Apoptosis in Human Glioblastoma Cell Line U-87 MG through Notch Signaling Pathway. Brain Tumor Res Treat 2019; 7:25-32. [PMID: 31062528 PMCID: PMC6504756 DOI: 10.14791/btrt.2019.7.e21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly malignant brain tumor with a worst prognosis of less than one year despite advance treatment facilities. Among various signaling pathway genes displaying genetic modifications, aberrant expression of Notch pathway genes is frequent in GBM offering novel therapeutic targets. Herbal extracts having anticancer properties are used in adjuvant therapy that is safe and affordable as compared to chemotherapeutics. Bacopa monnieri has been used for the development of brain cells because of its neuroprotective properties. Its anticancer properties have shown to be promising in cancer treatment. Methods The anticancer properties of Bacoside A, an active and abundant component of Bacopa monnieri was assessed on U-87 MG cell line and its effects on expression of Notch pathway genes were studied. Cell cycle arrest and apoptosis were studied using flow cytometry. Expression of Notch pathway genes comprising of Notch receptors (notch1, notch2, notch3 and notch4), ligands (jagged1 and jagged2), a component of gamma-secretase complex (APH1A) and downstream target (HES1) were evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR. Results Bacoside A exhibited considerable cytotoxicity on U-87 MG cells inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Cell cycle analysis revealed a significant arrest of 39.21% cells in sub-G0 phase at 80 µg/mL concentration, increasing to 53.21% at a higher concentration of 100 µg/mL. The fraction of early apoptotic cells in control was low (3.48%) that increased substantially to 31.36% and 41.11% after 80 µg/mL and 100 µg/mL of Bacoside A treatment respectively. Additionally, the expression of notch1 gene decreased after exposure to Bacoside A with a fold change of 0.05, whereas HES1 gene expression was increased by 25 fold. Conclusion These data indicate that Bacoside A has a possible anticancer activity that could be inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through Notch pathway in GBM in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuri G S Aithal
- Department of Biotechnology, Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, Bangalore, India
| | - Narayanappa Rajeswari
- Department of Biotechnology, Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, Bangalore, India.
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Comparison of 1p and 19q status of glioblastoma by whole exome sequencing, array-comparative genomic hybridization, and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Med Oncol 2018; 35:60. [PMID: 29600313 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-018-1119-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
According to the 2016 World Health Organization classification of tumors of the central nervous system, detecting 1p/19q co-deletion became essential in clinical neuropathology for gliomas with oligodendroglioma-like morphology. Here, we assessed genomic profiles of glioblastoma in 80 cases including 1p/19q status using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), array-comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), and/or whole exome sequencing (WES). Paraffin-embedded tumor tissues were subjected to FISH analysis, and the corresponding frozen tissues from the same tumors were evaluated for aCGH and/or WES for 1p/19q co-deletion and other genetic parameters, which included IDH1-R132H, ATRX, TP53, CIC, and NOTCH1 mutations and MGMT methylation status. We also evaluated correlations between 1p/19q co-deletion status and molecular markers or clinical outcomes. The FISH analyses revealed 1p/19q co-deletion in two cases, isolated deletion of 1p in six cases, and 19q in two cases, whereas the aCGH and WES results showed isolated deletion of 19q in four cases and 19 monosomy in only one case. Eleven cases showed discordant 1p/19q results between aCGH/WES and FISH analysis, and in most of them, 1p and/or 19q deletion on FISH analysis corresponded to the partial deletions at 1p36 and/or 19q13 on aCGH/WES. Our cohort exhibited IDH1-R132H mutations (5.4%), MGMT promotor methylation (34.6%), and mutations in ATRX (9.5%), TP53 (33.3%), and NOTCH1 (3.8%) but not in CIC (0%). In addition, MGMT methylation and ATRX mutation were significantly associated with clinical prognosis. In glioblastomas, partial deletions of 1p36 and/or 19q13 were uncommon, some of which appeared as 1p and/or 19q deletions on FISH analysis.
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Kanabur P, Guo S, Simonds GR, Kelly DF, Gourdie RG, Verbridge SS, Sheng Z. Patient-derived glioblastoma stem cells respond differentially to targeted therapies. Oncotarget 2018; 7:86406-86419. [PMID: 27863440 PMCID: PMC5349922 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The dismal prognosis of glioblastoma is, at least in part, attributable to the difficulty in eradicating glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs). However, whether this difficulty is caused by the differential responses of GSCs to drugs remains to be determined. To address this, we isolated and characterized ten GSC lines from established cell lines, xenografts, or patient specimens. Six lines formed spheres in a regular culture condition, whereas the remaining four lines grew as monolayer. These adherent lines formed spheres only in plates coated with poly-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate. The self-renewal capabilities of GSCs varied, with the cell density needed for sphere formation ranging from 4 to 23.8 cells/well. Moreover, a single non-adherent GSC either remained quiescent or divided into two cells in four-seven days. The stem cell identity of GSCs was further verified by the expression of nestin or glial fibrillary acidic protein. Of the two GSC lines that were injected in immunodeficient mice, only one line formed a tumor in two months. The protein levels of NOTCH1 and platelet derived growth factor receptor alpha positively correlated with the responsiveness of GSCs to γ-secretase inhibitor IX or imatinib, two compounds that inhibit these two proteins, respectively. Furthermore, a combination of temozolomide and a connexin 43 inhibitor robustly inhibited the growth of GSCs. Collectively, our results demonstrate that patient-derived GSCs exhibit different growth rates in culture, possess differential capabilities to form a tumor, and have varied responses to targeted therapies. Our findings underscore the importance of patient-derived GSCs in glioblastoma research and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Kanabur
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA 24016, United States.,Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA 24016, United States
| | - Sujuan Guo
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA 24016, United States
| | - Gary R Simonds
- Department of Neurosurgery, Carilion Clinic, Roanoke, VA 24016, United States
| | - Deborah F Kelly
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA 24016, United States.,Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA 24016, United States.,Faculty of Health Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Robert G Gourdie
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA 24016, United States.,Faculty of Health Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States.,Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA 24016, United States
| | - Scott S Verbridge
- Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Zhi Sheng
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA 24016, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States.,Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA 24016, United States.,Faculty of Health Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
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Inder S, O'Rourke S, McDermott N, Manecksha R, Finn S, Lynch T, Marignol L. The Notch-3 receptor: A molecular switch to tumorigenesis? Cancer Treat Rev 2017; 60:69-76. [PMID: 28889086 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The Notch pathway is a highly conserved pathway increasingly implicated with the progression of human cancers. Of the four existing receptors associated with the pathway, the deregulation in the expression of the Notch-3 receptor is associated with more aggressive disease and poor prognosis. Selective targeting of this receptor has the potential to enhance current anti-cancer treatments. Molecular profiling strategies are increasingly incorporated into clinical decision making. This review aims to evaluate the clinical potential of Notch-3 within this new era of personalised medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakeel Inder
- Translational Radiobiology and Molecular Oncology, Applied Radiation Therapy Trinity, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Urology, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sinead O'Rourke
- Translational Radiobiology and Molecular Oncology, Applied Radiation Therapy Trinity, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niamh McDermott
- Translational Radiobiology and Molecular Oncology, Applied Radiation Therapy Trinity, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Stephen Finn
- Department of Histopathology, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Thomas Lynch
- Department of Urology, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Laure Marignol
- Translational Radiobiology and Molecular Oncology, Applied Radiation Therapy Trinity, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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