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Calenda S, Catarzi D, Varano F, Vigiani E, Volpini R, Lambertucci C, Spinaci A, Trevisan L, Grieco I, Federico S, Spalluto G, Novello G, Salmaso V, Moro S, Colotta V. Structural Investigations on 2-Amidobenzimidazole Derivatives as New Inhibitors of Protein Kinase CK1 Delta. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:468. [PMID: 38675428 PMCID: PMC11054282 DOI: 10.3390/ph17040468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase CK1δ (CK1δ) is a serine-threonine/kinase that modulates different physiological processes, including the cell cycle, DNA repair, and apoptosis. CK1δ overexpression, and the consequent hyperphosphorylation of specific proteins, can lead to sleep disorders, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. CK1δ inhibitors showed anticancer properties as well as neuroprotective effects in cellular and animal models of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. To obtain new ATP-competitive CK1δ inhibitors, three sets of benzimidazole-2-amino derivatives were synthesized (1-32), bearing different substituents on the fused benzo ring (R) and diverse pyrazole-containing acyl moieties on the 2-amino group. The best-performing derivatives were those featuring the (1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-acetyl moiety on the benzimidazol-2-amino scaffold (13-32), which showed CK1δ inhibitor activity in the low micromolar range. Among the R substituents, 5-cyano was the most advantageous, leading to a compound endowed with nanomolar potency (23, IC50 = 98.6 nM). Molecular docking and dynamics studies were performed to point out the inhibitor-kinase interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Calenda
- Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff, 6, 50019 Florence, Italy; (S.C.); (D.C.); (F.V.); (E.V.)
| | - Daniela Catarzi
- Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff, 6, 50019 Florence, Italy; (S.C.); (D.C.); (F.V.); (E.V.)
| | - Flavia Varano
- Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff, 6, 50019 Florence, Italy; (S.C.); (D.C.); (F.V.); (E.V.)
| | - Erica Vigiani
- Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff, 6, 50019 Florence, Italy; (S.C.); (D.C.); (F.V.); (E.V.)
| | - Rosaria Volpini
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (R.V.); (C.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Catia Lambertucci
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (R.V.); (C.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Andrea Spinaci
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (R.V.); (C.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Letizia Trevisan
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (L.T.); (I.G.); (S.F.); (G.S.)
| | - Ilenia Grieco
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (L.T.); (I.G.); (S.F.); (G.S.)
| | - Stephanie Federico
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (L.T.); (I.G.); (S.F.); (G.S.)
| | - Giampiero Spalluto
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (L.T.); (I.G.); (S.F.); (G.S.)
| | - Gianluca Novello
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy; (G.N.); (V.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Veronica Salmaso
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy; (G.N.); (V.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Stefano Moro
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy; (G.N.); (V.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Vittoria Colotta
- Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff, 6, 50019 Florence, Italy; (S.C.); (D.C.); (F.V.); (E.V.)
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Wang J, Hu B, Wang W. Prognostic value and immunological role of CSNK1D in human cancers. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:8948-8975. [PMID: 37688771 PMCID: PMC10522368 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
CSNK1D, also known as CK1δ, is a crucial gene involved in various biological processes such as cell cycle, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, cell polarity, and cell motility. It is associated with different cancers and neurodegenerative diseases. This study aimed to investigate the role of CSNK1D in multiple human cancers, particularly hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), through in vitro experiments. The research utilized various online resources and databases like UCSC, NCBI, GEPIA2, HPA, cBioPortal, SangerBox, UALCAN, and TCGA for analyzing CSNK1D expression, prognosis significance, immune features, and gene alterations in cancers. RT-PCR was employed to evaluate CSNK1D expression in normal liver and liver cancer cell lines. In vitro experiments, including CCK-8, Edu, wound healing, and Transwell assays, were conducted to assess CSNK1D's biological function in HCC cells. Results demonstrated consistent upregulation of CSNK1D in various tumors. Heightened CSNK1D expression correlated with reduced overall survival and disease-free survival rates in different cancer patient cohorts. Significant associations were found between CSNK1D expression levels and immune cell infiltrations, immune checkpoint inhibitors, tumor mutation burden, and microsatellite instability across multiple malignancies. Notably, statistical analyses using TCGA and ICGC data identified CSNK1D as a robust and independent prognostic biomarker in HCC. Inhibiting CSNK1D expression effectively hindered cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in cellular experiments. In conclusion, this study suggests that CSNK1D may serve as a biomarker for tumor prognosis and immunotherapy. It influences the proliferation and metastasis of HCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, PR China
| | - Baohong Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, PR China
| | - Weixing Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, PR China
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Zhu M, Zhang J, Bian S, Zhang X, Shen Y, Ni Z, Xu S, Cheng C, Zheng W. Circadian gene CSNK1D promoted the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma by activating Wnt/β-catenin pathway via stabilizing Dishevelled Segment Polarity Protein 3. Biol Proced Online 2022; 24:21. [PMID: 36460966 PMCID: PMC9717411 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-022-00183-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE A variety of studies have connected circadian rhythm to the initiation and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The purpose of this study was to figure out about the circadian genes' profile characteristics, prognostic significance, and targeted values in HCC. METHODS The expression profiles and prognostic significance of circadian genes in the cancer genome atlas liver hepatocellular carcinoma (TCGA-LIHC) database were investigated using bioinformatics analysis. The expression features of Casein Kinase 1 Delta (CSNK1D), a robust signature gene, was further detected by immunohistochemistry, western blotting and Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) in a local HCC cohort. The effect of CSNK1D on corresponding phenotypes of HCC cells was evaluated using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8), flowcytometry, clone assay, Transwell assay, and xenograft assay. In addition, the underlying mechanisms of CSNK1D in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling were validated by multiple molecular experiments. RESULTS Abnormal expression of the Circadian genome was associated with the malignant clinicopathological characteristics of HCC patients. A 10 circadian gene-based signature with substantial prognostic significance was developed using Cox regression and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) analysis. Of them, CSNK1D, significantly elevated in a local HCC cohort, was chosen for further investigation. Silencing or overexpression of CSNK1D significantly reduced or increased proliferation, invasion, sorafenib resistance, xenograft development, and epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) of HCC cells, respectively. Mechanically, CSNK1D exacerbated the aggressiveness of HCC cells by activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling through interacting with Dishevelled Segment Polarity Protein 3 (DVL3). CONCLUSIONS The Circadian gene CSNK1D was found to contribute to HCC progression by boosting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, hinting that it could be a prospective therapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Zhu
- grid.440642.00000 0004 0644 5481Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001 China ,grid.440642.00000 0004 0644 5481Department of Oncology, Medical School of Nantong University, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001 China ,grid.459521.eThe First People’s Hospital of Xuzhou, Xuzhou, 221000 China
| | - Jianping Zhang
- grid.440642.00000 0004 0644 5481Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001 China ,grid.440642.00000 0004 0644 5481Department of Oncology, Medical School of Nantong University, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001 China
| | - Saiyan Bian
- grid.440642.00000 0004 0644 5481Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001 China
| | - Xue Zhang
- grid.440642.00000 0004 0644 5481Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001 China
| | - Yiping Shen
- grid.440642.00000 0004 0644 5481Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001 China
| | - Zhiyu Ni
- grid.440642.00000 0004 0644 5481Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001 China
| | - Shiyu Xu
- grid.440642.00000 0004 0644 5481Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001 China
| | - Chun Cheng
- grid.440642.00000 0004 0644 5481Department of Oncology, Medical School of Nantong University, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001 China
| | - Wenjie Zheng
- grid.440642.00000 0004 0644 5481Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001 China ,grid.440642.00000 0004 0644 5481Department of Oncology, Medical School of Nantong University, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001 China
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Catarzi D, Varano F, Vigiani E, Lambertucci C, Spinaci A, Volpini R, Colotta V. Casein Kinase 1δ Inhibitors as Promising Therapeutic Agents for Neurodegenerative Disorders. Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:4698-4737. [PMID: 35232339 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220301115124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Casein kinase 1 (CK1) belongs to the serine-threonine kinase family and is expressed in all eukaryotic organisms. At least six human isoforms of CK1 (termed α, γ1-3, δ and ε) have been cloned and characterized. CK1 isoform modulates several physiological processes, including DNA damage repair, circadian rhythm, cellular proliferation and apoptosis. Therefore, CK1 dysfunction may trigger diverse pathologies, such as cancer, inflammation and central nervous system disorders. Overexpression and aberrant activity of CK1 has been connected to hyperphosphorylation of key proteins implicated in the development of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Thus, CK1 inhibitors have attracted attention as potential drugs for these pathologies and several compounds have been synthesized or isolated from natural sources to be evaluated for their CK1 inhibitory activity. Here we report a comprehensive review on the development of CK1 inhibitors, with a particular emphasis on structure-activity relationships and computational studies which provide useful insight for the design of novel inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Catarzi
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff, 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Flavia Varano
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff, 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Erica Vigiani
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff, 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Catia Lambertucci
- Scuola di Scienze del Farmaco e dei Prodotti della Salute, Università degli Studi di Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy
| | - Andrea Spinaci
- Scuola di Scienze del Farmaco e dei Prodotti della Salute, Università degli Studi di Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy
| | - Rosaria Volpini
- Scuola di Scienze del Farmaco e dei Prodotti della Salute, Università degli Studi di Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy
| | - Vittoria Colotta
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff, 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Zhang H, Qiu C, Zeng H, Zhu W, Lyu W, Lao X. Upregulation of Stress-Induced Protein Kinase CK1 Delta is associated with a Poor Prognosis for patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2021; 25:504-514. [PMID: 34280005 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2020.0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study was designed to analyze the expression of CSNK1D in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and investigate the relationship between the expression of CSNK1D and the prognosis of HCC patients. Methods: The CSNK1D and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) expression levels in patients with HCC and their corresponding clinical data were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and sorted with a Perl program. CSNK1D and AFP expression differences in liver tissue and liver cancer were compared and analyzed, based on the online database human cancer metastasis database, the relationships between the expression levels of CSNK1D and AFP and the proliferation and metastases of HCC were explored. The immunohistochemical data obtained from the Human Protein Atlas Database further verified the differences in the expression levels of CSNK1D and AFP in liver tissues and liver cancer tissues. Through Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, the effects of CSNK1D and AFP expression levels on the prognosis of patients with HCC were investigated, and the influences of and patients' gender, age and grades of cancer cells, tumor size, the status of lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, and tumor stage on the expression of CSNK1D were analyzed with R language. The influence of differential expressions of CSNK1D on survival time was compared and the prognostic factors influencing the survival of HCC patients were statistically explored by univariate analysis and multivariate analysis. The potential influencing mechanism of CSNK1D on the prognosis of HCC patients was explored by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) enrichment. Results: The expression level of CSNK1D and AFP in cancer foci was significantly higher than that in normal tissues, However, in the same patient, the expression levels of AFP in paracarcinoma tissues and cancer tissues showed no significant difference. The expression level of CSNK1D in HCC with distant metastases was higher than that in those without metastasis, but the expression level of AFP in metastatic HCC was lower than that in those HCC without metastases. In immunohistochemical tests, CSNK1D was moderately positive in normal liver tissues, slightly positive in normal bile duct tissues, and highly positive in HCC. AFP was slightly positive in normal liver tissues and negative in HCC, but it was not detected in normal intrahepatic bile duct tissue. Survival analysis results suggested that the higher expression level of CSNK1D corresponded to the shorter survival period, whereas the expression level of AFP showed no significant influence on survival time. The expression level of CSNK1D was not correlated with gender, age, the status of lymph node metastasis status, or distant metastasis of patients. The main factors influencing the expression level of CSNK1D included tumor size, cancer cell grade, and tumor stage. The expression levels of CSNK1D in T2 and T3 were higher than that in T1. The expression levels of CSNK1D in G3 and G4 were higher than that in G1. The expression levels of CSNK1D in Stage II and Stage III were higher than that in Stage I. Univariate analysis suggested that tumor size, cell grade, distant metastasis, clinical stage, and CSNK1D expression level were the prognostic factors influencing the survival of patients. Multivariate analysis suggested that CSNK1D expression level was an independent factor influencing the prognosis of HCC patients. GSEA enrichment analysis indicated that CSNK1D mainly affected the prognosis of HCC patients through cell cycle, WNT signaling pathway, amino acid degradation metabolism, and other pathways. Conclusion: CSNK1D is an independent influencing factor for the prognosis of HCC patients and has the potential to be developed as a potential therapeutic target for HCC, and better than AFP in predicting the prognosis of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Haifeng Zeng
- Zhaoqing First People's Hospital, Zhaoqing, China
| | - Wentian Zhu
- Zhaoqing First People's Hospital, Zhaoqing, China
| | - Weidong Lyu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Xuejun Lao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Wang Z, Zhou L, Wang Y, Peng Q, Li H, Zhang X, Su Z, Song J, Sun Q, Sayed S, Liu S, Lu D. The CK1δ/ε-AES axis regulates tumorigenesis and metastasis in colorectal cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:4421-4435. [PMID: 33754069 PMCID: PMC7977458 DOI: 10.7150/thno.53901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Amino-terminal enhancer of split (AES) has been identified as a tumor and metastasis suppressor in some cancers including colorectal cancer (CRC), but very little is known about the regulation of AES expression. Methods: Bioinformatics analysis was used to investigate the expression patterns of AES, CK1δ and CK1ε. The co-immunoprecipitation, GST pull-down, Western Blot, real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry were performed to study the mechanism underlying the regulation of AES expression by CK1δ/ε. The biological function was assessed by in vitro colony formation, transwell, sphere formation, tumor organoids, in vivo tumor metastasis model and patient-derived colorectal tumor xenografts (PDTX) model. Results: A strong inverse relationship was observed between the expression of AES and the expression of CK1δ/ε. Mechanically, AES could interact with CK1δ/ε and SKP2 using its Q domain. SKP2 mediated the ubiquitination and degradation of AES in a CK1δ/ε-dependent manner. CK1δ/ε phosphorylated AES at Ser121 and accelerated the SKP2-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of AES. In colon cancer cells, CK1δ/ε antagonized the effect of wild-type AES but not that of its mutant (S121A) on Wnt and Notch signaling, leading to an increase in the expression of Wnt target genes and Notch target genes. By downregulating the expression of AES, CK1δ/ε enhanced anchorage-independent growth, migration, invasion and sphere formation in colon cancer cells. CK1δ/ε also promoted the growth of APCmin/+ colorectal tumor organoids and liver metastasis in colon cancer mouse models through the regulation of AES degradation. Furthermore, CK1 inhibitor SR3029 treatment suppressed tumor growth via stabilizing AES in APCmin/+ colorectal tumor organoids and patient-derived colorectal tumor xenografts (PDTX). Conclusions: Our results revealed that the CK1δ/ε-AES axis is important for CRC tumorigenesis and metastasis, and targeted inhibition of this axis may be a potential therapeutic strategy for CRC.
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Xu P, Ianes C, Gärtner F, Liu C, Burster T, Bakulev V, Rachidi N, Knippschild U, Bischof J. Structure, regulation, and (patho-)physiological functions of the stress-induced protein kinase CK1 delta (CSNK1D). Gene 2019; 715:144005. [PMID: 31376410 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.144005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Members of the highly conserved pleiotropic CK1 family of serine/threonine-specific kinases are tightly regulated in the cell and play crucial regulatory roles in multiple cellular processes from protozoa to human. Since their dysregulation as well as mutations within their coding regions contribute to the development of various different pathologies, including cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, they have become interesting new drug targets within the last decade. However, to develop optimized CK1 isoform-specific therapeutics in personalized therapy concepts, a detailed knowledge of the regulation and functions of the different CK1 isoforms, their various splice variants and orthologs is mandatory. In this review we will focus on the stress-induced CK1 isoform delta (CK1δ), thereby addressing its regulation, physiological functions, the consequences of its deregulation for the development and progression of diseases, and its potential as therapeutic drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Xu
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Chiara Ianes
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Fabian Gärtner
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Congxing Liu
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Timo Burster
- Department of Biology, School of Science and Technology, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Ave, Nur-Sultan 020000, Kazakhstan.
| | - Vasiliy Bakulev
- Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B. N. Eltsin, Technology for Organic Synthesis Laboratory, 19 Mirastr., 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia.
| | - Najma Rachidi
- Unité de Parasitologie Moléculaire et Signalisation, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur and INSERM U1201, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Uwe Knippschild
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Joachim Bischof
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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Luxenburger A, Schmidt D, Ianes C, Pichlo C, Krüger M, von Drathen T, Brunstein E, Gainsford GJ, Baumann U, Knippschild U, Peifer C. Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Isoxazole-Based CK1 Inhibitors Modified with Chiral Pyrrolidine Scaffolds. Molecules 2019; 24:E873. [PMID: 30832206 PMCID: PMC6429214 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24050873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report on the modification of a 3,4-diaryl-isoxazole-based CK1 inhibitor with chiral pyrrolidine scaffolds to develop potent and selective CK1 inhibitors. The pharmacophore of the lead structure was extended towards the ribose pocket of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding site driven by structure-based drug design. For an upscale compatible multigram synthesis of the functionalized pyrrolidine scaffolds, we used a chiral pool synthetic route starting from methionine. Biological evaluation of key compounds in kinase and cellular assays revealed significant effects of the scaffolds towards activity and selectivity, however, the absolute configuration of the chiral moieties only exhibited a limited effect on inhibitory activity. X-ray crystallographic analysis of ligand-CK1δ complexes confirmed the expected binding mode of the 3,4-diaryl-isoxazole inhibitors. Surprisingly, the original compounds underwent spontaneous Pictet-Spengler cyclization with traces of formaldehyde during the co-crystallization process to form highly potent new ligands. Our data suggests chiral "ribose-like" pyrrolidine scaffolds have interesting potential for modifications of pharmacologically active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Luxenburger
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Rd, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand.
| | - Dorian Schmidt
- Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, D-24116 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Chiara Ianes
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Christian Pichlo
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Str. 47, D-50674 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Marc Krüger
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Thorsten von Drathen
- Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, D-24116 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Elena Brunstein
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Str. 47, D-50674 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Graeme J Gainsford
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Rd, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand.
| | - Ulrich Baumann
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Str. 47, D-50674 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Uwe Knippschild
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Christian Peifer
- Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, D-24116 Kiel, Germany.
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Silencing of casein kinase 1 delta reduces migration and metastasis of triple negative breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:30821-30836. [PMID: 30112110 PMCID: PMC6089398 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The casein kinase 1 delta (CSNK1D) is a conserved serine/threonine protein kinase that regulates diverse cellular processes including cell cycle progression, circadian rhythm, and neurite outgrowth. Aberrant expression of CSNK1D is described in several cancer types including breast cancer, where it is amplified in about 30% of triple negative breast (TNBC). Here, we have investigated the function of CSNK1D in triple negative cancer cell migration and metastasis. By using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, we found that CNSK1D is highly expressed in primary tumor cells and in tumor cells invading lymphatic nodes compared to non-metastatic tumors. In vitro, knock-down of CSNK1D expression with specific shRNAs in the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 markedly inhibited cancer cell proliferation, invasion and migration and affected the expression of the tight junction proteins claudin 1, occludin and the junction adhesion molecule A. In vivo, the inactivation of CSNK1D reduced lung metastasis in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer xenografts. Altogether, our results indicate that the downregulation of CSNK1D expression inhibits the proliferation and reduces the migration and the metastasis of breast cancer cells. As numerous inhibitors of CSNK1D are currently under development, this might represent an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of TNBC.
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Zhang P, Wang Y, Liu XR, Hong SR, Yao J. Downregulated Tim-3 expression is responsible for the incidence and development of colorectal cancer. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:1059-1066. [PMID: 29963183 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the role of T cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin-3 (Tim-3) in its gene and protein forms in colorectal cancer (CRC), and to verify the significance of Tim-3 expression in patients with CRC. A prospective analysis of 258 patients with CRC and 246 normal controls was conducted between December 2012 and June 2015. Intestinal samples were collected, including of CRC tissues, paracancerous tissues and normal colon mucosa tissues. Peripheral venous blood samples were also collected. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and western blot analysis was performed for the detection and evaluation of Tim-3 gene and protein in various tissues. PCR analysis indicated that the T and G alleles of -882C/T and 4259T/G are associated with a significantly increased risk of CRC. Following the confirmation of Tim-3 expression in CRC tissues, RT-qPCR detection and western blot analysis revealed clear downregulation of Tim-3 mRNA and protein expression in the blood and tissue samples obtained from patients with CRC, as compared with in the corresponding control samples. Similar trends of decreased Tim-3 mRNA levels and protein expression were observed in CRC tissues compared with in the paracancerous and the normal colon mucosa tissues. In addition, the mRNA and protein expression levels in the paracancerous tissues were lower than those in the normal colon mucosa tissues. Furthermore, significantly lower Tim-3 mRNA levels were observed in patients with a tumor size >5 cm, a poor differentiation degree, higher tumor-node-metastasis stage (stage III-IV), and lymph node and distant metastasis. Collectively, genetic changes to Tim-3, expressed as polymorphisms in Tim-3, and decreased mRNA/protein expression may be partially responsible for the incidence and development of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Rong Liu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Ru Hong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Jian Yao
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
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11
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Tuppi M, Kehrloesser S, Coutandin DW, Rossi V, Luh LM, Strubel A, Hötte K, Hoffmeister M, Schäfer B, De Oliveira T, Greten F, Stelzer EHK, Knapp S, De Felici M, Behrends C, Klinger FG, Dötsch V. Oocyte DNA damage quality control requires consecutive interplay of CHK2 and CK1 to activate p63. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2018; 25:261-269. [PMID: 29483652 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-018-0035-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The survival rate of cancer patients is steadily increasing, owing to more efficient therapies. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of chemotherapy-induced premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) could identify targets for prevention of POI. Loss of the primordial follicle reserve is the most important cause of POI, with the p53 family member p63 being responsible for DNA-damage-induced apoptosis of resting oocytes. Here, we provide the first detailed mechanistic insight into the activation of p63, a process that requires phosphorylation by both the priming kinase CHK2 and the executioner kinase CK1 in mouse primordial follicles. We further describe the structural changes induced by phosphorylation that enable p63 to adopt its active tetrameric conformation and demonstrate that previously discussed phosphorylation by c-Abl is not involved in this process. Inhibition of CK1 rescues primary oocytes from doxorubicin and cisplatin-induced apoptosis, thus uncovering a new target for the development of fertoprotective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Tuppi
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance and Cluster of Excellence Macromolecular Complexes (CEF), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kehrloesser
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance and Cluster of Excellence Macromolecular Complexes (CEF), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Daniel W Coutandin
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance and Cluster of Excellence Macromolecular Complexes (CEF), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Valerio Rossi
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura M Luh
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance and Cluster of Excellence Macromolecular Complexes (CEF), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alexander Strubel
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance and Cluster of Excellence Macromolecular Complexes (CEF), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Katharina Hötte
- Physical Biology/Physikalische Biologie (IZN, FB 15), Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Meike Hoffmeister
- Institute of Biochemistry, Brandenburg Medical School (MHB) Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin and Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany
| | - Birgit Schäfer
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance and Cluster of Excellence Macromolecular Complexes (CEF), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Tiago De Oliveira
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Biomedical Research, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Florian Greten
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Biomedical Research, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Network (DKTK), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ernst H K Stelzer
- Physical Biology/Physikalische Biologie (IZN, FB 15), Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefan Knapp
- German Cancer Network (DKTK), Frankfurt, Germany.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Massimo De Felici
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Christian Behrends
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Volker Dötsch
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance and Cluster of Excellence Macromolecular Complexes (CEF), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.
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12
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Richter J, Kretz AL, Lemke J, Fauler M, Werner JU, Paschke S, Leithäuser F, Henne-Bruns D, Hillenbrand A, Knippschild U. CK1α overexpression correlates with poor survival in colorectal cancer. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:140. [PMID: 29409464 PMCID: PMC5801892 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer related deaths worldwide and prognosis in advanced tumor stage still remains poor. Since CK1 isoforms have been reported to be deregulated in several tumor entities CK1 has emerged as a novel drug target in cancer therapy. In this study we set out to investigate whether CK1α might have the potential to serve as prognostic marker. Methods CK1α RNA and protein expression levels in healthy and tumor tissue of CRC patients were analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR and Western Blot analysis, respectively. Prognostic relevance was investigated by correlating obtained CK1α expression levels with patients’ survival rate generating Kaplan-Meier survival plots. Results It could be shown that CK1α is overexpressed in colorectal tumor tissue compared to normal tissue and CK1α overexpression in tumor tissue correlates with poor survival in CRC patients. Results become more significant when only considering patients with high-grade tumors, as well as patients assigned to UICC II and UICC III stage. Furthermore, Cox regression analysis revealed that CK1α is an independent prognostic factor. In addition, tumors expressing decreased levels of the kinase reveal positive effects on overall survival when localized in the right colon compared to those in the left side. Conclusion In summary, this study provides evidence for the first time that CK1α RNA levels might serve as prognostic marker for CRC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4019-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Richter
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anna-Laura Kretz
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Johannes Lemke
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Fauler
- Ulm University, Institute of General Physiology, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jens-Uwe Werner
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stephan Paschke
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Frank Leithäuser
- Department of Pathology, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Doris Henne-Bruns
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Andreas Hillenbrand
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Uwe Knippschild
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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Halekotte J, Witt L, Ianes C, Krüger M, Bührmann M, Rauh D, Pichlo C, Brunstein E, Luxenburger A, Baumann U, Knippschild U, Bischof J, Peifer C. Optimized 4,5-Diarylimidazoles as Potent/Selective Inhibitors of Protein Kinase CK1δ and Their Structural Relation to p38α MAPK. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22040522. [PMID: 28338621 PMCID: PMC6154583 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22040522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The involvement of protein kinase CK1δ in the pathogenesis of severe disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, familial advanced sleep phase syndrome, and cancer has dramatically increased interest in the development of effective small molecule inhibitors for both therapeutic application and basic research. Unfortunately, the design of CK1 isoform-specific compounds has proved to be highly complicated due to the existence of six evolutionarily conserved human CK1 members that possess similar, different, or even opposite physiological and pathophysiological implications. Consequently, only few potent and selective CK1δ inhibitors have been reported so far and structurally divergent approaches are urgently needed in order to establish SAR that might enable complete discrimination of CK1 isoforms and related p38α MAPK. In this study we report on design and characterization of optimized 4,5-diarylimidazoles as highly effective ATP-competitive inhibitors of CK1δ with compounds 11b (IC50 CK1δ = 4 nM, IC50 CK1ε = 25 nM), 12a (IC50 CK1δ = 19 nM, IC50 CK1ε = 227 nM), and 16b (IC50 CK1δ = 8 nM, IC50 CK1ε = 81 nM) being among the most potent CK1δ-targeting agents published to date. Inhibitor compound 11b, displaying potential as a pharmacological tool, has further been profiled over a panel of 321 protein kinases exhibiting high selectivity. Cellular efficacy has been evaluated in human pancreatic cancer cell lines Colo357 (EC50 = 3.5 µM) and Panc89 (EC50 = 1.5 µM). SAR is substantiated by X-ray crystallographic analysis of 16b in CK1δ and 11b in p38α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Halekotte
- Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Lydia Witt
- Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Chiara Ianes
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Marc Krüger
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Mike Bührmann
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Dortmund University of Technology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 4a, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Daniel Rauh
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Dortmund University of Technology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 4a, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Christian Pichlo
- Department for Chemistry, University of Cologne, Otto-Fischer-Straße 12-14, D-50674 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Elena Brunstein
- Department for Chemistry, University of Cologne, Otto-Fischer-Straße 12-14, D-50674 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Andreas Luxenburger
- The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Gracefield Research Centre, 69 Gracefield Road, Lower Hutt P.O. Box 33-436, New Zealand.
| | - Ulrich Baumann
- Department for Chemistry, University of Cologne, Otto-Fischer-Straße 12-14, D-50674 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Uwe Knippschild
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Joachim Bischof
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Christian Peifer
- Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
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