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Alhudiri I, Nolan C, Ellis I, Elzagheid A, Green A, Chapman C. Expression of Cathepsin D in early-stage breast cancer and its prognostic and predictive value. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2024; 206:143-153. [PMID: 38578521 PMCID: PMC11182851 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-024-07293-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cathepsin D is a proteolytic enzyme that is normally localized in the lysosomes and is involved in the malignant progression of breast cancer. There are conflicting results regarding Cathepsin D significance as prognostic and predictor marker in breast cancer. This study aimed to evaluate the expression and prognostic significance of Cathepsin D in early-stage breast cancer. METHODS Expression of Cathepsin D was assessed by immunohistochemical staining of tissue microarrays, in a large well-characterized series of early-stage operable breast cancer (n = 954) from Nottingham Primary Breast Carcinoma Series between the period of 1988 and 1998 who underwent primary surgery. Correlation of Cathepsin D expression with clinicopathological parameters and prognosis was evaluated. RESULTS Cathepsin D expression was positive in 71.2% (679/954) of breast cancer tumours. Positive expression of Cathepsin D was significantly associated with high histological grade (p = 0.007), pleomorphism (p = 0.002), poor Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI) score (p < 0.002), recurrence (p = 0.005) and distant metastasis (p < 0.0001). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that Cathepsin D expression was significantly associated with shorter breast cancer-specific survival (p = 0.001), higher risk of recurrence (p = 0.001) and distant metastasis (p < 0.0001). ER-positive tumours expressing Cathepsin D and treated with tamoxifen demonstrated a significantly higher risk of distant metastasis. CONCLUSION Cathepsin D expression significantly predicts poor prognosis in breast cancer and is associated with variables of poor prognosis and shorter outcome. The strong association of Cathepsin D with aggressive tumour characteristics and poor outcomes warrants further research of its potential as a therapeutic target The results also suggest a possible interaction between Cathepsin D and tamoxifen therapy in ER-positive breast cancer which needs further investigation to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inas Alhudiri
- Breast Pathology Research Group, Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Genetic Engineering Department, Libyan Biotechnology Research Centre, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Christopher Nolan
- Breast Pathology Research Group, Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ian Ellis
- Breast Pathology Research Group, Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Adam Elzagheid
- Genetic Engineering Department, Libyan Biotechnology Research Centre, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Andrew Green
- Breast Pathology Research Group, Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Caroline Chapman
- Eastern Bowel Cancer Screening Hub, Nottingham University Hospitals, NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
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Seo SU, Woo SM, Im SS, Jang Y, Han E, Kim SH, Lee H, Lee HS, Nam JO, Gabrielson E, Min KJ, Kwon TK. Cathepsin D as a potential therapeutic target to enhance anticancer drug-induced apoptosis via RNF183-mediated destabilization of Bcl-xL in cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:115. [PMID: 35121737 PMCID: PMC8816936 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04581-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin D (Cat D) is well known for its roles in metastasis, angiogenesis, proliferation, and carcinogenesis in cancer. Despite Cat D being a promising target in cancer cells, effects and underlying mechanism of its inhibition remain unclear. Here, we investigated the plausibility of using Cat D inhibition as an adjuvant or sensitizer for enhancing anticancer drug-induced apoptosis. Inhibition of Cat D markedly enhanced anticancer drug-induced apoptosis in human carcinoma cell lines and xenograft models. The inhibition destabilized Bcl-xL through upregulation of the expression of RNF183, an E3 ligase of Bcl-xL, via NF-κB activation. Furthermore, Cat D inhibition increased the proteasome activity, which is another important factor in the degradation of proteins. Cat D inhibition resulted in p62-dependent activation of Nrf2, which increased the expression of proteasome subunits (PSMA5 and PSMB5), and thereby, the proteasome activity. Overall, Cat D inhibition sensitized cancer cells to anticancer drugs through the destabilization of Bcl-xL. Furthermore, human renal clear carcinoma (RCC) tissues revealed a positive correlation between Cat D and Bcl-xL expression, whereas RNF183 and Bcl-xL expression indicated inverse correlation. Our results suggest that inhibition of Cat D is promising as an adjuvant or sensitizer for enhancing anticancer drug-induced apoptosis in cancer cells.
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Cathepsin D inhibitors based on tasiamide B derivatives with cell membrane permeability. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 57:116646. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Boutouja F, Stiehm CM, Mastalski T, Brinkmeier R, Reidick C, El Magraoui F, Platta HW. Vps10-mediated targeting of Pep4 determines the activity of the vacuole in a substrate-dependent manner. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10557. [PMID: 31332264 PMCID: PMC6646403 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47184-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The vacuole is the hydrolytic compartment of yeast cells and has a similar function as the lysosome of higher eukaryotes in detoxification and recycling of macromolecules. We analysed the contribution of single vacuolar enzymes to pexophagy and identified the phospholipase Atg15, the V-ATPase factor Vma2 and the serine-protease Prb1 along with the already known aspartyl-protease Pep4 (Proteinase A) to be required for this pathway. We also analysed the trafficking receptor Vps10, which is required for an efficient vacuolar targeting of the precursor form of Pep4. Here we demonstrate a novel context-dependent role of Vps10 in autophagy. We show that reduced maturation of Pep4 in a VPS10-deletion strain affects the proteolytic activity of the vacuole depending on the type and amount of substrate. The VPS10-deletion has no effect on the degradation of the cytosolic protein Pgk1 via bulk autophagy or on the degradation of ribosomes via ribophagy. In contrast, the degradation of an excess of peroxisomes via pexophagy as well as mitochondria via mitophagy was significantly hampered in a VPS10-deletion strain and correlated with a decreased maturation level of Pep4. The results show that Vps10-mediated targeting of Pep4 limits the proteolytic capacity of the vacuole in a substrate-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahd Boutouja
- Biochemie Intrazellulärer Transportprozesse, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christian M Stiehm
- Biochemie Intrazellulärer Transportprozesse, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Mastalski
- Biochemie Intrazellulärer Transportprozesse, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Rebecca Brinkmeier
- Biochemie Intrazellulärer Transportprozesse, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christina Reidick
- Biochemie Intrazellulärer Transportprozesse, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Fouzi El Magraoui
- Biomedizinische Forschung, Leibniz-Institute for Analytical Sciences (ISAS-e.V.), 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Harald W Platta
- Biochemie Intrazellulärer Transportprozesse, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany.
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Soond SM, Kozhevnikova MV, Zamyatnin AA. 'Patchiness' and basic cancer research: unravelling the proteases. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:1687-1701. [PMID: 31213124 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1632639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent developments in Cathepsin protease research have unveiled a number of key observations which are fundamental to further our understanding of normal cellular homeostasis and disease. By far, the most interesting and promising area of Cathepsin biology stems from how these proteins are linked to the fate of living cells through the phenomenon of Lysosomal Leakage and Lysosomal Membrane Permeabilisation. While extracellular Cathepsins are generally believed to be of central importance in tumour progression, through their ability to modulate the architecture of the Extracellular Matrix, intracellular Cathepsins have been established as being of extreme significance in mediating cell death through Apoptosis. With these two juxtaposed key research areas in mind, the focus of this review highlights recent advancements in how this fast-paced area of Cathepsin research has recently evolved in the context of their mechanistic regulation in cancer research. Abbreviations : ECM, Extracellular Matrix; MMP, Matrix Metalloproteases; LL, Lysosomal Leakage; LMP, Lysosomal Membrane Permeabilisation; LMA, Lysosomorphic Agents; BC, Breast Cancer; ASM, Acid Sphingomyelinase; TNF-α, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; LAMP, Lysosomal Associated membrane Protein; PCD, Programmed Cell Death; PDAC, Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma; ROS, Reactive Oxygen Species; aa, amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surinder M Soond
- a Institute of Molecular Medicine , Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University , Moscow , Russian Federation
| | - Maria V Kozhevnikova
- a Institute of Molecular Medicine , Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University , Moscow , Russian Federation
| | - Andrey A Zamyatnin
- a Institute of Molecular Medicine , Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University , Moscow , Russian Federation.,b Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Moscow , Russian Federation
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Differentially Expressed Mitochondrial Proteins in Human MCF7 Breast Cancer Cells Resistant to Paclitaxel. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20122986. [PMID: 31248089 PMCID: PMC6628585 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of novel proteins with changed expression in resistant cancer cells could be helpful in elucidation mechanisms involved in the development of acquired resistance to paclitaxel. In this study, we carried out a 2D-PAGE using the mitochondrial-enriched fraction from paclitaxel-resistant MCF7/PacR cells compared to original paclitaxel-sensitive MCF7 breast cancer cells. Differentially expressed proteins were identified employing mass spectrometry. We found that lysosomal cathepsin D and mitochondrial abhydrolase-domain containing protein 11 (ABHD11) had decreased expression in MCF7/PacR cells. On the other hand, mitochondrial carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 1 (CPS1) and ATPase family AAA-domain containing protein 3A and 3B (ATAD3A, ATAD3B) were overexpressed in MCF7/PacR cells. Further, we showed that there was no difference in localization of CPS1 in MCF7 and MCF7/PacR cells. We demonstrated a significant increase in the number of CPS1 positive MCF7/PacR cells, using FACS analysis, compared to the number of CPS1 positive MCF7 cells. Silencing of CPS1 expression by specific siRNA had no significant effect on the resistance of MCF7/PacR cells to paclitaxel. To summarize, we identified several novel proteins of a mitochondrial fraction whose role in acquired resistance to paclitaxel in breast cancer cells should be further assessed.
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Chiarante N, García Vior MC, Rey O, Marino J, Roguin LP. Lysosomal permeabilization and endoplasmic reticulum stress mediate the apoptotic response induced after photoactivation of a lipophilic zinc(II) phthalocyanine. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 103:89-98. [PMID: 30130653 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that the phototoxic action of the lipophilic phthalocyanine Pc9 (2,9(10),16(17),23(24) tetrakis[(2-dimethylamino)ethylsulfanyl]phthalocyaninatozinc(II)) encapsulated into poloxamine micelles is related to the induction of an apoptotic response in murine colon CT26 carcinoma cells. In the present study, we explored the intracellular signals contributing to the resulting apoptotic death. We found that Pc9-T1107 arrests cell cycle progression immediately after irradiation promoting then an apoptotic response. Thus, 3 h after irradiation the percentage of hypodiploid cells increased from 5.9 ± 0.6% to 23.1 ± 0.1%; activation of caspases 8 and 9 was evident; the population of cells with loss of mitochondrial membrane potential increased from 1.1 ± 0.4% to 44.0 ± 9.3%; the full-length forms of Bid and PARP-1 were cleaved; and a 50% decrease of the expression levels of the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL was detected. We also found that the photosensitizer, mainly retained in lysosomes and endoplasmic reticulum (ER), promotes the permeabilization of lysosomal membranes and induces ER stress. Lysosomal membrane permeabilization was demonstrated by the reduction of acridine orange lysosome fluorescence, the release of Cathepsin D into the cytosol and ∼50% decrease of Hsp70, a chaperone recognized as a lysosomal stabilizer. Cathepsin D also contributed to Bid cleavage and caspase 8 activation. The oxidative damage to the ER induced an unfolded protein response characterized, 3 h after irradiation, by a 3-fold increase in cytosolic Ca2+ levels and 3-4 times higher expression of ER chaperones GRP78/BIP, calnexin, Hsp90 and Hsp110. The cell death signaling promoted by cytosolic Ca2+, calpains and lysosomal proteases was partially abolished by the Ca2+ chelator BAPTA-AM, the calpain inhibitor PD 150606 and proteases inhibitors. Furthermore, Bax down-regulation observed in Pc9-treated cells was undetectable in the presence of PD 150606, indicating that calpains contribute to Bax proteolytic damage. In summary, our results indicate that photoactivation of Pc9-T1107 led to lysosomal membrane permeabilization, induction of ER stress and activation of a caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Chiarante
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Junín 956, C1113AAD Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María C García Vior
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Junín 956, C1113AAD Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Osvaldo Rey
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Córdoba 2351, C1120AAD Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julieta Marino
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Junín 956, C1113AAD Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leonor P Roguin
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Junín 956, C1113AAD Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Szczepanski A, Owczarek K, Milewska A, Baster Z, Rajfur Z, Mitchell JA, Pyrc K. Canine respiratory coronavirus employs caveolin-1-mediated pathway for internalization to HRT-18G cells. Vet Res 2018; 49:55. [PMID: 29970183 PMCID: PMC6029178 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0551-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV), identified in 2003, is a member of the Coronaviridae family. The virus is a betacoronavirus and a close relative of human coronavirus OC43 and bovine coronavirus. Here, we examined entry of CRCoV into human rectal tumor cells (HRT-18G cell line) by analyzing co-localization of single virus particles with cellular markers in the presence or absence of chemical inhibitors of pathways potentially involved in virus entry. We also targeted these pathways using siRNA. The results show that the virus hijacks caveolin-dependent endocytosis to enter cells via endocytic internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Szczepanski
- Virogenetics, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.,Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Owczarek
- Virogenetics, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.,Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Milewska
- Virogenetics, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.,Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Baster
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Krakow, Poland
| | - Zenon Rajfur
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Krakow, Poland
| | - Judy A Mitchell
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Krzysztof Pyrc
- Virogenetics, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland. .,Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
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Wedelolactone Acts as Proteasome Inhibitor in Breast Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040729. [PMID: 28353647 PMCID: PMC5412315 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Wedelolactone is a multi-target natural plant coumestan exhibiting cytotoxicity towards cancer cells. Although several molecular targets of wedelolactone have been recognized, the molecular mechanism of its cytotoxicity has not yet been elucidated. In this study, we show that wedelolactone acts as an inhibitor of chymotrypsin-like, trypsin-like, and caspase-like activities of proteasome in breast cancer cells. The proteasome inhibitory effect of wedelolactone was documented by (i) reduced cleavage of fluorogenic proteasome substrates; (ii) accumulation of polyubiquitinated proteins and proteins with rapid turnover in tumor cells; and (iii) molecular docking of wedelolactone into the active sites of proteasome catalytic subunits. Inhibition of proteasome by wedelolactone was independent on its ability to induce reactive oxygen species production by redox cycling with copper ions, suggesting that wedelolactone acts as copper-independent proteasome inhibitor. We conclude that the cytotoxicity of wedelolactone to breast cancer cells is partially mediated by targeting proteasomal protein degradation pathway. Understanding the structural basis for inhibitory mode of wedelolactone might help to open up new avenues for design of novel compounds efficiently inhibiting cancer cells.
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