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Tirrell AJ, Putnam AE, Cianchette MIJ, Gill JL. Using photogrammetry to create virtual permanent plots in rare and threatened plant communities. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2023; 11:e11534. [PMID: 37915437 PMCID: PMC10617319 DOI: 10.1002/aps3.11534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Premise Many plant communities across the world are undergoing changes due to climate change, human disturbance, and other threats. These community-level changes are often tracked with the use of permanent vegetative plots, but this approach is not always feasible. As an alternative, we propose using photogrammetry, specifically photograph-based digital surface models (DSMs) developed using structure-from-motion, to establish virtual permanent plots in plant communities where the use of permanent structures may not be possible. Methods In 2021 and 2022, we took iPhone photographs to record species presence in 1-m2 plots distributed across alpine communities in the northeastern United States. We then compared field estimates of percent coverage with coverage estimated using DSMs. Results Digital surface models can provide effective, minimally invasive, and permanent records of plant species presence and percent coverage, while also allowing managers to mark survey locations virtually for long-term monitoring. We found that percent coverage estimated from DSMs did not differ from field estimates for most species and substrates. Discussion In order to continue surveying efforts in areas where permanent structures or other surveying methods are not feasible, photogrammetry and structure-from-motion methods can provide a low-cost approach that allows agencies to accurately survey and record sensitive plant communities through time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J. Tirrell
- School of Biology and EcologyUniversity of MaineOronoMaine04469USA
- Climate Change InstituteUniversity of MaineOronoMaine04469USA
| | - Aaron E. Putnam
- Climate Change InstituteUniversity of MaineOronoMaine04469USA
- School of Earth and Climate SciencesUniversity of MaineOronoMaine04469USA
| | | | - Jacquelyn L. Gill
- School of Biology and EcologyUniversity of MaineOronoMaine04469USA
- Climate Change InstituteUniversity of MaineOronoMaine04469USA
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Distribution and Structure Analysis of Mountain Permafrost Landscape in Orulgan Ridge (Northeast Siberia) Using Google Earth Engine. LAND 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/land11081187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
An analysis of the landscape spatial structure and diversity in the mountain ranges of Northeast Siberia is essential to assess how tundra and boreal landscapes may respond to climate change and anthropogenic impacts in the vast mountainous permafrost of the Arctic regions. In addition, a precise landscape map is required for knowledge-based territorial planning and management. In this article, we aimed to explore and enhanced methods to analyse and map the permafrost landscape in Orulgan Ridge. The Google Earth Engine cloud platform was used to generate vegetation cover maps based on multi-fusion classification of Sentinel 2 MSI and Landsat 8 OLI time series data. Phenological features based on the monthly median values of time series Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (GNDVI), and Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI) were used to recognize geobotanical units according to the hierarchical concept of permafrost landscapes by the Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier. In addition, geomorphological variables of megarelief (mountains and river valleys) were identified using the GIS-based terrain analysis and landform classification of the ASTER GDEM scenes mosaic. The resulting environmental variables made it possible to categorize nine classes of mountain permafrost landscapes. The result obtained was compared with previous permafrost landscape maps, which revealed a significant difference in distribution and spatial structure of intrazonal valleys and mountain tundra landscapes. Analysis of the landscape structure revealed a significant distribution of classes of mountain Larix-sparse forests and tundra. Landscape diversity was described by six longitudinal and latitudinal landscape hypsometric profiles. River valleys allow boreal–taiga landscapes to move up to high-mountainous regions. The features of the landscape structure and diversity of the ridge are noted, which, along with the specific spatial organization of vegetation and relief, can be of key importance for environmental monitoring and the study of regional variability of climatic changes.
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Juselius T, Ravolainen V, Zhang H, Piilo S, Müller M, Gallego-Sala A, Väliranta M. Newly initiated carbon stock, organic soil accumulation patterns and main driving factors in the High Arctic Svalbard, Norway. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4679. [PMID: 35304558 PMCID: PMC8933566 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08652-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
High latitude organic soils form a significant carbon storage and deposition of these soils is largely driven by climate. Svalbard, Norway, has experienced millennial-scale climate variations and in general organic soil processes have benefitted from warm and humid climate phases while cool late Holocene has been unfavourable. In addition to direct effect of cool climate, the advancing glaciers have restricted the vegetation growth, thus soil accumulation. Since the early 1900's climate has been warming at unprecedented rate, assumingly promoting organic soil establishment. Here we present results of multiple organic soil profiles collected from Svalbard. The profiles have robust chronologies accompanied by soil property analyses, carbon stock estimations and testate amoeba data as a proxy for soil moisture. Our results reveal relatively recent initiation of organic soils across the Isfjorden area. The initiation processes could be linked to glacier retreat, and improvement of growing conditions and soil stabilization. Carbon stock analyses suggested that our sites are hot spots for organic matter accumulation. Testate amoebae data suggested drying of soil surfaces, but the reason remained unresolved. If continued, such a process may lead to carbon release. Our data suggest that detailed palaeoecological data from the Arctic is needed to depict the on-going processes and to estimate future trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Juselius
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Environmental Change Research Unit (ECRU), Ecosystems, Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, P.O. Box 65, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - V. Ravolainen
- grid.418676.a0000 0001 2194 7912Fram Centre, Norwegian Polar Institute (NPI), 9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - H. Zhang
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Environmental Change Research Unit (ECRU), Ecosystems, Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, P.O. Box 65, 00014 Helsinki, Finland ,grid.9227.e0000000119573309Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - S. Piilo
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Environmental Change Research Unit (ECRU), Ecosystems, Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, P.O. Box 65, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - M. Müller
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Geosciences and Geography, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Yliopistonkatu 3, P.O. Box 4, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - A. Gallego-Sala
- grid.8391.30000 0004 1936 8024Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - M. Väliranta
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Environmental Change Research Unit (ECRU), Ecosystems, Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, P.O. Box 65, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Desjardins É, Lai S, Payette S, Vézina F, Tam A, Berteaux D. Vascular plant communities in the polar desert of Alert (Ellesmere Island, Canada): Establishment of a baseline reference for the 21st century. ECOSCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/11956860.2021.1907974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Émilie Desjardins
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Quebec, Canada
- Canada Research Chair on Northern Biodiversity, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Quebec, Canada
- Centre for Northern Studies, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Quebec, Canada
- Quebec Centre for Biodiversity Science, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sandra Lai
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Quebec, Canada
- Canada Research Chair on Northern Biodiversity, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Quebec, Canada
- Centre for Northern Studies, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Quebec, Canada
- Quebec Centre for Biodiversity Science, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Quebec, Canada
| | - Serge Payette
- Département de Biologie, Centre for Northern Studies, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - François Vézina
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Quebec, Canada
- Centre for Northern Studies, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Quebec, Canada
- Quebec Centre for Biodiversity Science, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andrew Tam
- Department of National Defence, 8 Wing Canadian Forces Base Trenton, Astra, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dominique Berteaux
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Quebec, Canada
- Canada Research Chair on Northern Biodiversity, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Quebec, Canada
- Centre for Northern Studies, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Quebec, Canada
- Quebec Centre for Biodiversity Science, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Quebec, Canada
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Sato CF, Lindenmayer DB. The use of state‐and‐transition models in assessing management success. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chloe F. Sato
- Fenner School of Environment and Society The Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
- Centre for Integrative Ecology Deakin University Burwood Victoria Australia
| | - David B. Lindenmayer
- Fenner School of Environment and Society The Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
- National Environmental Science Program Threatened Species Recovery Hub The Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
- Sustainable Farms, Fenner School of Environment and Society The Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
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6
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Petit Bon M, Böhner H, BrÅthen KA, Ravolainen VT, Jónsdóttir IS. Variable responses of carbon and nitrogen contents in vegetation and soil to herbivory and warming in high‐Arctic tundra. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Petit Bon
- Department of Arctic Biology University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS) PO Box 156 N‐9171 Longyearbyen Norway
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries, and Economics Arctic University of Norway (UiT) N‐9037 Tromsø Norway
| | - Hanna Böhner
- Department of Arctic Biology University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS) PO Box 156 N‐9171 Longyearbyen Norway
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries, and Economics Arctic University of Norway (UiT) N‐9037 Tromsø Norway
| | - Kari Anne BrÅthen
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries, and Economics Arctic University of Norway (UiT) N‐9037 Tromsø Norway
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Loe LE, Liston GE, Pigeon G, Barker K, Horvitz N, Stien A, Forchhammer M, Getz WM, Irvine RJ, Lee A, Movik LK, Mysterud A, Pedersen ÅØ, Reinking AK, Ropstad E, Trondrud LM, Tveraa T, Veiberg V, Hansen BB, Albon SD. The neglected season: Warmer autumns counteract harsher winters and promote population growth in Arctic reindeer. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 27:993-1002. [PMID: 33231361 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Arctic ungulates are experiencing the most rapid climate warming on Earth. While concerns have been raised that more frequent icing events may cause die-offs, and earlier springs may generate a trophic mismatch in phenology, the effects of warming autumns have been largely neglected. We used 25 years of individual-based data from a growing population of wild Svalbard reindeer, to test how warmer autumns enhance population growth. Delayed plant senescence had no effect, but a six-week delay in snow-onset (the observed data range) was estimated to increase late winter body mass by 10%. Because average late winter body mass explains 90% of the variation in population growth rates, such a delay in winter-onset would enable a population growth of r = 0.20, sufficient to counteract all but the most extreme icing events. This study provides novel mechanistic insights into the consequences of climate change for Arctic herbivores, highlighting the positive impact of warming autumns on population viability, offsetting the impacts of harsher winters. Thus, the future for Arctic herbivores facing climate change may be brighter than the prevailing view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Egil Loe
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Glen E Liston
- Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Gabriel Pigeon
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Kristin Barker
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Nir Horvitz
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Audun Stien
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Wayne Marcus Getz
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Robert Justin Irvine
- Frankfurt Zoological Society, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- The James Hutton Institute, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Aline Lee
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lars K Movik
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Atle Mysterud
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Adele K Reinking
- Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Erik Ropstad
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Liv Monica Trondrud
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Torkild Tveraa
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Brage B Hansen
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Jin X, Jin H, Wu X, Luo D, Yu S, Li X, He R, Wang Q, Knops JMH. Permafrost Degradation Leads to Biomass and Species Richness Decreases on the Northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9111453. [PMID: 33126554 PMCID: PMC7692190 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Degradation of permafrost with a thin overlying active layer can greatly affect vegetation via changes in the soil water and nutrient regimes within the active layer, while little is known about the presence or absence of such effects in areas with a deep active layer. Here, we selected the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as the study area. We examined the vegetation communities and biomass along an active layer thickness (ALT) gradient from 0.6 to 3.5 m. Our results showed that plant cover, below-ground biomass, species richness, and relative sedge cover declined with the deepening active layer, while the evenness, and relative forb cover showed a contrary trend. The vegetation indices and the dissimilarity of vegetation composition exhibited significant changes when the ALT was greater than 2.0 m. The vegetation indices (plant cover, below-ground biomass, evenness index, relative forb cover and relative sedge cover) were closely associated with soil water content, soil pH, texture and nutrient content. Soil water content played a key role in the ALT–vegetation relationship, especially at depths of 30–40 cm. Our results suggest that when the ALT is greater than 2.0 m, the presence of underlying permafrost still benefits vegetation growth via maintaining adequate soil water contents at 30–40 cm depth. Furthermore, the degradation of permafrost may lead to declines of vegetation cover and below-ground biomass with a shift in vegetation species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Jin
- Northeast-China Observatory and Research-Station of Permafrost Geo-Environment-Ministry of Education, Institute of Cold-Regions Science and Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (X.J.); (D.L.); (S.Y.); (X.L.); (R.H.); (Q.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soils Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Huijun Jin
- Northeast-China Observatory and Research-Station of Permafrost Geo-Environment-Ministry of Education, Institute of Cold-Regions Science and Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (X.J.); (D.L.); (S.Y.); (X.L.); (R.H.); (Q.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soils Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Xiaodong Wu
- Cryosphere Research Station on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China;
| | - Dongliang Luo
- Northeast-China Observatory and Research-Station of Permafrost Geo-Environment-Ministry of Education, Institute of Cold-Regions Science and Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (X.J.); (D.L.); (S.Y.); (X.L.); (R.H.); (Q.W.)
| | - Sheng Yu
- Northeast-China Observatory and Research-Station of Permafrost Geo-Environment-Ministry of Education, Institute of Cold-Regions Science and Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (X.J.); (D.L.); (S.Y.); (X.L.); (R.H.); (Q.W.)
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Northeast-China Observatory and Research-Station of Permafrost Geo-Environment-Ministry of Education, Institute of Cold-Regions Science and Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (X.J.); (D.L.); (S.Y.); (X.L.); (R.H.); (Q.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soils Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ruixia He
- Northeast-China Observatory and Research-Station of Permafrost Geo-Environment-Ministry of Education, Institute of Cold-Regions Science and Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (X.J.); (D.L.); (S.Y.); (X.L.); (R.H.); (Q.W.)
| | - Qingfeng Wang
- Northeast-China Observatory and Research-Station of Permafrost Geo-Environment-Ministry of Education, Institute of Cold-Regions Science and Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (X.J.); (D.L.); (S.Y.); (X.L.); (R.H.); (Q.W.)
| | - Johannes M. H. Knops
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China;
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Taylor JJ, Lawler JP, Aronsson M, Barry T, Bjorkman AD, Christensen T, Coulson SJ, Cuyler C, Ehrich D, Falk K, Franke A, Fuglei E, Gillespie MA, Heiðmarsson S, Høye T, Jenkins LK, Ravolainen V, Smith PA, Wasowicz P, Schmidt NM. Arctic terrestrial biodiversity status and trends: A synopsis of science supporting the CBMP State of Arctic Terrestrial Biodiversity Report. AMBIO 2020; 49:833-847. [PMID: 31955399 PMCID: PMC6989707 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-019-01303-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This review provides a synopsis of the main findings of individual papers in the special issue Terrestrial Biodiversity in a Rapidly Changing Arctic. The special issue was developed to inform the State of the Arctic Terrestrial Biodiversity Report developed by the Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Program (CBMP) of the Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF), Arctic Council working group. Salient points about the status and trends of Arctic biodiversity and biodiversity monitoring are organized by taxonomic groups: (1) vegetation, (2) invertebrates, (3) mammals, and (4) birds. This is followed by a discussion about commonalities across the collection of papers, for example, that heterogeneity was a predominant pattern of change particularly when assessing global trends for Arctic terrestrial biodiversity. Finally, the need for a comprehensive, integrated, ecosystem-based monitoring program, coupled with targeted research projects deciphering causal patterns, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J. Taylor
- U.S. National Park Service, PO Box 517, Skagway, AK 99840 USA
| | - James P. Lawler
- U.S. National Park Service, 240 West 5th Ave, Anchorage, AK 99501 USA
| | - Mora Aronsson
- Swedish Species Information Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7007, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tom Barry
- CAFF Secretariat Borgir, Nordurslod 600, Akureyri, Iceland
- Department of the Environment and Natural Resources, University of Iceland, Sæmundargata 2, 102 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Anne D. Bjorkman
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Carl Skottsbergs gata 22B, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Tom Christensen
- Arctic Research Centre, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Stephen J. Coulson
- Swedish Species Information Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7007, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christine Cuyler
- Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, P.O. Box 570, 3900 Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Dorothee Ehrich
- UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Framstredet 39, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Alastair Franke
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Biological Sciences Bldg., CW 405, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9 UK
- Arctic Raptor Project, P.O. Box 626, Rankin Inlet, NT X0C 0G0 Canada
| | - Eva Fuglei
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Postbox 6606, Langnes, 9296 Tromsø Norway
| | - Mark A. Gillespie
- Department of Engineering and Natural Science, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal Campus, 6851 Sogndal, Norway
| | - Starri Heiðmarsson
- Icelandic Institute of Natural History, Borgir Nordurslod, 600 Akureyri, Iceland
| | - Toke Høye
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Grenåvej 14, 8410 Rønde, Denmark
| | - Liza K. Jenkins
- Michigan Tech Research Institute (MTRI), Michigan Technological University, 3600 Green Court, Suite 100, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA
| | - Virve Ravolainen
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Postbox 6606, Langnes, 9296 Tromsø Norway
| | - Paul A. Smith
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3 Canada
| | - Pawel Wasowicz
- Icelandic Institute of Natural History, Borgir Nordurslod, 600 Akureyri, Iceland
| | - Niels Martin Schmidt
- Arctic Research Centre, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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