Cost-Effectiveness Evaluation of a Remote Monitoring Programme Including Lifestyle Education Software in Type 2 Diabetes: Results of the Educ@dom Study

Digital health technologies and innovation patterns in diabetes ecosystems

Background

The global rise in type-2 diabetes (T2D) has prompted the development of new digital technologies for diabetes management. However, despite the proliferation of digital health companies for T2D care, scaling their solutions remains a critical challenge. This study investigates the digital transformation of T2D ecosystems and seeks to identify key innovation patterns. We examine: (1) What are emerging organizations in digital diabetes ecosystems? (2) What are the value streams in digital T2D ecosystems? (3) Which innovation patterns are present in digital T2D ecosystems?

Methods

We conducted a literature review and market analysis to characterize organizations and value streams in T2D ecosystems, pre- and post-digital transformation. We used the e3-value methodology to visualize T2D ecosystems (RQ1 and RQ2) and conducted expert interviews to identify emerging innovation patterns in digital diabetes ecosystems (RQ3).

Results

Our analyses revealed the emergence of eight organization segments in digital diabetes ecosystems: real-world evidence analytics, healthcare management platforms, clinical decision support, diagnostic and monitoring, digital therapeutics, wellness, online community, and online pharmacy (RQ1). Visualizing the value streams among these organizations highlights the crucial importance of individual health data (RQ2). Furthermore, our analysis revealed four major innovation patterns within the digital diabetes ecosystem: open ecosystem strategies, outcome-based payment models, platformization, and user-centric software (RQ3).

Conclusions

Our findings illustrate the transition from traditional value chains in T2D care to platform-based and outcome-oriented models. These innovation patterns can inform strategic decisions for companies and healthcare providers, potentially helping anticipate new digital trends in diabetes care and across other chronic disease ecosystems.

Cost-Effectiveness of a Home Telemonitoring System for Asian Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Background: Telemonitoring programs have been found to be effective in improving diabetic control by promoting patients' self-management of diabetes through medication adherence, dietary modifications, and exercise. Nonetheless, few studies have assessed the cost-effectiveness of telemonitoring for the self-management of diabetes based on real-world data. Methods: A randomized controlled trial entitled Optimizing care of Patients via Telehealth In Monitoring and Augmenting their control of Diabetes Mellitus was conducted among adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Singapore. Individuals in the intervention group (n = 159) underwent a telemonitoring program comprising of remote patient monitoring, education, individualized health coaching, and teleconsultations, whereas individuals in the control group (n = 160) received regular care. Economic evaluation was conducted from health care system and societal perspectives in 2020 in Singapore dollars, using health outcomes and costs documented at baseline and at 6 month follow-up. One-way sensitivity analyses and bootstrapping to generate scatter plot on cost-effectiveness planes were done. Results: The adjusted reduction in HbA1c scores was greater in the intervention group by -0.41 (95% confidence interval [CI], -0.65 to -0.17), while the change in utility scores was higher in the intervention group by 0.011 (95% CI, -0.016 to 0.0378). From a health care perspective, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of the telemonitoring program per unit improvement in HbA1c, per additional case of well-controlled diabetes, and per unit improvement in quality adjusted life years was SGD 580.44, SGD 9100.15, and SGD 21,476.36, respectively. From a societal perspective, the ICERs were SGD 817.20, SGD 12,812.02, and SGD 30,236.36, respectively. Conclusions: The Optimizing care of Patients via Telehealth In Monitoring and Augmenting their control of Diabetes Mellitus telemonitoring program was effective and potentially cost-effective for the management and control of diabetes among patients in primary care.

Could Online Education Replace Face-to-Face Education in Diabetes? A Systematic Review

OBJECTIVE

Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) is a critical component of diabetes care. This study aims to examine the effect of online-based educational interventions on diabetes management compared to face-to-face interventions.

METHODS

A systematic review was conducted by searching three databases for studies in English or Spanish between December 2023 and March 2024. The inclusion criteria were studies that compared face-to-face DSMES with online interventions.

RESULTS

The follow-up duration of the trials ranged from 1 to 12 months. Multidisciplinary teams delivered online DSMES through various means, including Short Message Service (SMS), telephone calls, video calls, websites, and applications. Online DSMES was found to be comparable to face-to-face interventions in terms of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in people with type 1 diabetes (T1D). In contrast, online interventions that focus on weight management in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) have shown a significant reduction in HbA1c compared to face-to-face interventions. Online DSMES was found to be superior in terms of quality of life and cost-effectiveness in both T1D and T2D. None of the analyzed studies explored the differences between individual and group methodologies.

CONCLUSIONS

The current evidence indicates that online DSMES services provide at least comparable biomedical benefits to face-to-face interventions, suggesting that online interventions could be incorporated into clinical practice as a complement or reinforcement. However, further research is needed to explore the potential benefits and effectiveness of online group sessions in DSMES.

Teleguidance for Patient Self-Imaging of Hemophilic Joints Using Mobile Ultrasound Devices: A Pilot Study

BACKGROUND

Teleguidance on portable devices opens the possibility of joint self-imaging in persons with hemophilia (PWH).

AIMS

Determine the feasibility of patient self-imaging with/without teleguidance.

METHODS

Adult PWH received ultrasound teaching including 11 views for hemarthrosis detection in ankles, elbows, and knees. The patients acquired five randomly selected views with the Butterfly/IQ probe without assistance at 2, 6-8 weeks, and 3-4 months later, followed by teleguidance. Image acquisition was timed, patients identified anatomic landmarks, and image quality was graded. Questionnaires assessed the imaging experience. Hemophilia Joint Health Score (HJHS) indicated arthropathy status.

RESULTS

Of 132 PWH, 10 (median age 52 years) opted for study inclusion. Most had severe Hemophilia A, were white/non-Hispanic, with at least a high school degree and, overall, similar to the other 122 PWH. At 2 and 6 weeks after training, ~80% images were acquired correctly compared with 53% at 12 weeks. Accuracy of landmark recognition was ~55%. With teleguidance, all images were acquired correctly, with near-perfect image quality (P ≤ .01 compared with the 3-4 month time point). Median HJHS of scanned joints was 11.5 at each time point, demonstrating a similar spectrum of arthropathic changes. Median time of image acquisition was fast, and similar with or without teleguidance (median 01:04 [mm:ss] vs median 01:02), but differed slightly between arthropathic and non-arthropathic joints. Study participants and the imaging facilitator rated that it was easy to navigate mobile technology and acquire images with teleguidance.

CONCLUSION

Mobile ultrasound with teleguidance for joint self-imaging is feasible and warrants further exploration.