Adverse Events of Oral GLP-1 Receptor Agonist (Semaglutide Tablets): A Real-World Study Based on FAERS from 2019 to 2023

β-Glucan-based superabsorbent hydrogel acts as a gastrointestinal exoskeleton enhancing satiety and interfering fat hydrolysis

Fat and its hydrolysis products, fatty acids, are indispensable nutritional components; however, prolonged excessive fat consumption, particularly in western diets, contributes to the onset of obesity and multiple metabolic disorders. In this study, we propose a daily-ingestible hydrogel (denoted as βC-MA hydrogel) composed of natural β-glucan and sodium carboxymethylcellulose crosslinked by malic acid at 120 °C. This hydrogel exhibits rapid swelling performance, up to 24-fold within 1 min and 176-fold after 1 h in deionized water. It also lengthens gastric retention and increases endogenous satiety signal levels, potentially controlling appetite and reducing food intake. Furthermore, βC-MA hydrogels that enter the small intestine can effectively inhibit fat hydrolysis and decrease triglyceride synthesis and transport. Specifically, the hydrogels inhibit the release of free fatty acids (FFAs) by approximately 50 % during digestion, influence the translocation of triglycerides and FFAs across the intestinal epithelium, and reduce the serum triglyceride levels by 22.2 %. These findings suggest that βC-MA hydrogels could serve as a noninvasive gastrointestinal device for weight control, with the advantage of reducing food intake and restoring lipid metabolism homeostasis.