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Torralba B, Blanc S, Michalakis Y. Reassortments in single-stranded DNA multipartite viruses: Confronting expectations based on molecular constraints with field observations. Virus Evol 2024; 10:veae010. [PMID: 38384786 PMCID: PMC10880892 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veae010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Single-stranded DNA multipartite viruses, which mostly consist of members of the genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae, and all members of the family Nanoviridae, partly resolve the cost of genomic integrity maintenance through two remarkable capacities. They are able to systemically infect a host even when their genomic segments are not together in the same host cell, and these segments can be separately transmitted by insect vectors from host to host. These capacities potentially allow such viruses to reassort at a much larger spatial scale, since reassortants could arise from parental genotypes that do not co-infect the same cell or even the same host. To assess the limitations affecting reassortment and their implications in genome integrity maintenance, the objective of this review is to identify putative molecular constraints influencing reassorted segments throughout the infection cycle and to confront expectations based on these constraints with empirical observations. Trans-replication of the reassorted segments emerges as the major constraint, while encapsidation, viral movement, and transmission compatibilities appear more permissive. Confronting the available molecular data and the resulting predictions on reassortments to field population surveys reveals notable discrepancies, particularly a surprising rarity of interspecific natural reassortments within the Nanoviridae family. These apparent discrepancies unveil important knowledge gaps in the biology of ssDNA multipartite viruses and call for further investigation on the role of reassortment in their biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babil Torralba
- PHIM, Université Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Avenue du Campus d’Agropolis - ZAC de Baillarguet, Montpellier 34980, France
| | - Stéphane Blanc
- PHIM, Université Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Avenue du Campus d’Agropolis - ZAC de Baillarguet, Montpellier 34980, France
| | - Yannis Michalakis
- MIVEGEC, Université Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 911, Avenue Agropolis, Montpellier 34394, France
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Pagliarani C, Moine A, Chitarra W, Nerva L, Catoni M, Tavazza R, Matić S, Vallino M, Secchi F, Noris E. The C4 protein of tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus primes drought tolerance in tomato through morphological adjustments. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac164. [PMID: 36324645 PMCID: PMC9613725 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Viruses can interfere with the ability of plants to overcome abiotic stresses, indicating the existence of common molecular networks that regulate stress responses. A begomovirus causing the tomato yellow leaf curl disease was recently shown to enhance heat tolerance in tomato and drought tolerance in tomato and Nicotiana benthamiana and experimental evidence suggested that the virus-encoded protein C4 is the main trigger of drought responses. However, the physiological and molecular events underlying C4-induced drought tolerance need further elucidation. In this study, transgenic tomato plants expressing the tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus (TYLCSV) C4 protein were subjected to severe drought stress, followed by recovery. Morphometric parameters, water potential, gas exchanges, and hormone contents in leaves were measured, in combination with molecular analysis of candidate genes involved in stress response and hormone metabolism. Collected data proved that the expression of TYLCSV C4 positively affected the ability of transgenic plants to tolerate water stress, by delaying the onset of stress-related features, improving the plant water use efficiency and facilitating a rapid post-rehydration recovery. In addition, we demonstrated that specific anatomical and hydraulic traits, rather than biochemical signals, are the keynote of the C4-associated stress resilience. Our results provide novel insights into the biology underpinning drought tolerance in TYLCSV C4-expressing tomato plants, paving the way for further deepening the mechanism through which such proteins tune the plant-virus interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Pagliarani
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Amedeo Moine
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Walter Chitarra
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics Centre of Viticultural and Enology Research (CREA-VE). Viale XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015 Conegliano (TV), Italy
| | - Luca Nerva
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics Centre of Viticultural and Enology Research (CREA-VE). Viale XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015 Conegliano (TV), Italy
| | - Marco Catoni
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Raffaela Tavazza
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), C.R. Casaccia, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marta Vallino
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Francesca Secchi
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
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Sarkar M, Aggarwal S, Mukherjee SK, Mandal B, Roy A. Sub-cellular localization of suppressor proteins of tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus. Virusdisease 2021; 32:298-304. [PMID: 34350318 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-021-00651-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV), a bipartite begomovirus, is the most important among the 14 species of begomoviruses infecting tomato in Indian subcontinent. Begomovirus is known to evade RNA silencing of host plants through suppressor proteins. However, in case of ToLCNDV, the suppressor proteins have not been studied well. The objective of the study is to know the sub-cellular localization of three suppressor proteins encoded by AV2, AC2 and AC4 ORFs of ToLCNDV in Nicotiana benthamiana. AV2, AC2 and AC4 ORFs of ToLCNDV were cloned and sequenced (accession numbers MW423574, MW423576, MW423575, respectively) from a ToLCNDV isolate characterized earlier (accession number MW429271) and GFP tagged constructs were prepared in a plant expressing binary vector pEarleygate103. Bioinformatics analysis using Peptide 2.0 server predicted that all these proteins have more basic amino acid residues then acidic amino acid and AV2 protein has more hydrophobic amino acid residues. ScanProsite server predicted presence of different fuctional motifs in these proteins amongst which presence of kinase motif was observed in all of them. Virus mPLoc server predicted their subcellular localization. The suppressor gene constructs were agroinfiltrated on to leaves of one month old N. benthamiana plants and their subcellular localization has been studied through confocal microscopy. Results have shown that AV2 localizes in the host cell membrane and nucleus, AC2 in the nucleus and AC4 in the host cell membrane. Earlier reports with other begomoviruses also showed similar localization behaviour of these suppressor protein except AV2, where it was shown to be present in cytoplasm. Such localization study will help understand the mechanism of their suppression activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehulee Sarkar
- Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Shilpi Aggarwal
- Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Sunil Kumar Mukherjee
- Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Bikash Mandal
- Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Anirban Roy
- Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
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An JW, Lee JH, Choi S, Venkatesh J, Kim JM, Kwon JK, Kang BC. Identification of the determinant of tomato yellow leaf curl Kanchanaburi virus infectivity in tomato. Virus Res 2021; 291:198192. [PMID: 33058965 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Geminiviruses cause devastating diseases in solanaceous crops, with the bipartite begomoviruses tomato yellow leaf curl Kanchanaburi virus (TYLCKaV) and pepper yellow leaf curl Thailand virus (PYLCThV) major threats in Southeast Asia. To determine the molecular mechanism of geminivirus infection, we constructed infectious clones of TYLCKaV and PYLCThV. Both constructs infected Nicotiana benthamiana, but only TYLCKaV could infect Solanum lycopersicum 'A39'. A genome-swapping of TYLCKaV with PYLCThV revealed the TYLCKaV-B genome segment as the determinant of TYLCKaV infectivity in tomato. We constructed five geminivirus clones with chimeric TYLCKaV-B and PYLCThV-B genome segments to narrow down the region determining TYLCKaV infectivity in tomato. Only chimeric clones carrying the TYLCKaV intergenic region (IR) showed infectivity in S. lycopersicum 'A39', indicating that the IR of TYLCKaV-B is essential for TYLCKaV infectivity in tomato. Our results provide a foundation for elucidating the molecular mechanism of geminivirus infection in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Wook An
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Joung-Ho Lee
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seula Choi
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jelli Venkatesh
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Min Kim
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Kyung Kwon
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Cheorl Kang
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Grapevine-Downy Mildew Rendezvous: Proteome Analysis of the First Hours of an Incompatible Interaction. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9111498. [PMID: 33167573 PMCID: PMC7694532 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Grapevine is one of the most relevant crops in the world being used for economically important products such as wine. However, relevant grapevine cultivars are heavily affected by diseases such as the downy mildew disease caused by Plasmopara viticola. Improvements on grapevine resistance are made mainly by breeding techniques where resistance traits are introgressed into cultivars with desired grape characteristics. However, there is still a lack of knowledge on how resistant or tolerant cultivars tackle the P. viticola pathogen. In this study, using a shotgun proteomics LC-MS/MS approach, we unravel the protein modulation of a highly tolerant grapevine cultivar, Vitis vinifera “Regent”, in the first hours post inoculation (hpi) with P. viticola. At 6 hpi, proteins related to defense and to response to stimuli are negatively modulated while at 12 hpi there is an accumulation of proteins belonging to both categories. The co-occurrence of indicators of effector-triggered susceptibility (ETS) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) is detected at both time-points, showing that these defense processes present high plasticity. The results obtained in this study unravel the tolerant grapevine defense strategy towards P. viticola and may provide valuable insights on resistance associated candidates and mechanisms, which may play an important role in the definition of new strategies for breeding approaches.
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Roshan P, Kulshreshtha A, Kumar S, Purohit R, Hallan V. AV2 protein of tomato leaf curl Palampur virus promotes systemic necrosis in Nicotiana benthamiana and interacts with host Catalase2. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1273. [PMID: 29352245 PMCID: PMC5775426 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19292-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato leaf curl Palampur virus (ToLCPalV) is a whitefly-transmitted, bipartite begomovirus. Here, we demonstrated that ectopic expression of AV2 from a Potato virus X (PVX)-based vector accelerated systemic necrosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in Nicotiana benthamiana. Furthermore, 10 amino acids from N-terminal region of AV2 were found to be associated with the systemic necrosis symptom/phenotype. Mutational studies of ToLCPalV infectious clones lacking the AV2 revealed that AV2 is essential for the systemic movement of DNA-A, symptom severity and viral DNA accumulation. In a yeast two-hybrid assay, Catalase2 (Cat2) was found to associate with AV2 protein. Further, silencing of Cat2 resulted in appearance of necrotic lesions on N. benthamiana and these plants were highly susceptible to ToLCPalV infection in comparison to control plants. Infection ToLCPalV on Solanum lycopersicum resulted in downregulation of Cat2 transcripts, followed by accumulation of ROS and stress marker transcripts. The AV2 protein also suppressed virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of the Phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene. Our results show that AV2 is essential for the pathogenicity, systemic movement and suppression of gene silencing in the host. Altogether, our findings suggest that interactions between AV2 and Cat2 might play a crucial role in the establishment of ToLCPalV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Roshan
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT) Campus, Palampur, HP, 176061, India
- Plant Virology Lab, CSIR-IHBT, Palampur, HP, 176061, India
| | - Aditya Kulshreshtha
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT) Campus, Palampur, HP, 176061, India
- Plant Virology Lab, CSIR-IHBT, Palampur, HP, 176061, India
| | - Surender Kumar
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT) Campus, Palampur, HP, 176061, India
- Plant Virology Lab, CSIR-IHBT, Palampur, HP, 176061, India
| | - Rituraj Purohit
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT) Campus, Palampur, HP, 176061, India
- Biotechnology division, CSIR-IHBT, Palampur, HP, 176061, India
| | - Vipin Hallan
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT) Campus, Palampur, HP, 176061, India.
- Plant Virology Lab, CSIR-IHBT, Palampur, HP, 176061, India.
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