1
|
G Popova P, Chen SP, Liao S, Sadarangani M, Blakney AK. Clinical perspective on topical vaccination strategies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 208:115292. [PMID: 38522725 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Vaccination is one of the most successful measures in modern medicine to combat diseases, especially infectious diseases, and saves millions of lives every year. Vaccine design and development remains critical and involves many aspects, including the choice of platform, antigen, adjuvant, and route of administration. Topical vaccination, defined herein as the introduction of a vaccine to any of the three layers of the human skin, has attracted interest in recent years as an alternative vaccination approach to the conventional intramuscular administration because of its potential to be needle-free and induce a superior immune response against pathogens. In this review, we describe recent progress in developing topical vaccines, highlight progress in the development of delivery technologies for topical vaccines, discuss potential factors that might impact the topical vaccine efficacy, and provide an overview of the current clinical landscape of topical vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petya G Popova
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B9, Canada; Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Sunny P Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B9, Canada; Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Suiyang Liao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B9, Canada; Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada; Life Science Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Manish Sadarangani
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 950 West 28th Ave, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, 4480 Oak St, Vancouver, BC V6H 0B3, Canada
| | - Anna K Blakney
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B9, Canada; Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Song H, Cai Y, Nan L, Liu J, Wang J, Wang X, Liu C, Guo J, Fang L. A Rhamnose-PEG-Modified Dendritic Polymer for Long-Term Efficient Transdermal Drug Delivery. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:9799-9815. [PMID: 38380628 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c17363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
This study introduces a dendronized pressure-sensitive adhesive, TMPE@Rha, addressing Food and Drug Administration (FDA) concerns about traditional pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) in transdermal drug delivery systems. The unique formulation, composed of rhamnose, trihydroxypropane, and poly(ethylene glycol), significantly enhances cohesion and tissue adhesion. Leveraging rhamnose improves intermolecular interactions and surface chain mobility, boosting tissue adhesion. Compared to acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesive 87-DT-4098, TMPE@Rha shows substantial advantages, with up to 5 to 6 times higher peel strength on porcine and wood substrates. Importantly, it maintains strong human skin adhesion beyond 7 days without the typical "dark ring" phenomenon. When loaded with diclofenac, the adhesive exhibits 3.12 times greater peeling strength than commercial alternatives, sustaining human adhesion for up to 6 days. Rigorous analyses confirm rhamnose's role in increasing interaction strength. In vitro studies and microscopy demonstrate the polymer's ability to enhance drug loading and distribution on the skin, improving permeability. Biocompatibility tests affirm TMPE@Rha as nonirritating. In summary, TMPE@Rha establishes a new standard for PSAs in transdermal drug delivery systems, offering exceptional adhesion, robustness, and biocompatibility. This pioneering work provides a blueprint for next-generation, highly adhesive, drug-loaded PSAs that meet and exceed FDA criteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoyuan Song
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yu Cai
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, 977 Gongyuan Road, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Longyi Nan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, 977 Gongyuan Road, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiaoxu Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jianpeng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, 977 Gongyuan Road, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Liang Fang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lei Y, Yang Y, Yang G, Li A, Yang Y, Wang Y, Gao C. Delivery Strategies for Colchicine as a Critical Dose Drug: Reducing Toxicity and Enhancing Efficacy. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:222. [PMID: 38399276 PMCID: PMC10891573 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Colchicine (COL), a widely used natural drug, has potent anti-inflammatory effects; however, as a narrow therapeutic index drug, its clinical application is limited by its serious gastrointestinal adverse effects, and only oral formulations are currently marketed worldwide. Recent studies have shown that transdermal, injection, and oral drug delivery are the three main delivery strategies for COL. This article elaborates on the research progress of different delivery strategies in terms of toxicity reduction and efficacy enhancement, depicting that the transdermal drug delivery route can avoid the first-pass effect and the traumatic pain associated with the oral and injection routes, respectively. Therefore, such a dosage form holds a significant promise that requires the development of further research to investigate effective COL delivery formulations. In addition, the permeation-promoting technologies utilized for transdermal drug delivery systems are briefly discussed. This article is expected to provide scientific ideas and theoretical guidance for future research and the exploration of COL delivery strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaran Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Y.); (G.Y.); (A.L.); (Y.Y.)
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Benxi 117004, China
| | - Yulu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Y.); (G.Y.); (A.L.); (Y.Y.)
- School of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Guobao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Y.); (G.Y.); (A.L.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Ao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Y.); (G.Y.); (A.L.); (Y.Y.)
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Y.); (G.Y.); (A.L.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yuli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Y.); (G.Y.); (A.L.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Chunsheng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Y.); (G.Y.); (A.L.); (Y.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang N, Ai X, Cheng K, Wu Y, Lu Z, Liu Z, Guo T, Feng N. A Compound Essential Oil Alters Stratum Corneum Structure, Potentially Promoting the Transdermal Permeation of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Ingredients. Curr Drug Deliv 2024; 21:744-752. [PMID: 36683374 DOI: 10.2174/1567201820666230120122206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The stratum corneum (SC) is the main barrier of the skin, and cosmeceuticals are different from ordinary cosmetics in that they need to deliver active ingredients targeting specific skin problems through the SC into the deeper layers of the skin. Thus, we designed a compound essential oil (CEO) extracted from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge and Cinnamomum cassia Presl, supplemented with borneol to deliver active ingredients through the SC. METHODS The CEO was prepared by flash extraction combined with the microwave method. Moreover, the main components of the CEO were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS). Visualization techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), haematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), were used to study the permeationpromoting mechanism of the CEO on the skin. Furthermore, the permeation-promoting effects of the CEO on both hydrophobic and hydrophilic ingredients were tested via in vitro skin penetration experiments and in vivo microdialysis experiments. RESULTS The results indicated the ability of the CEO to alter the structure of the SC, leading to enhanced transdermal permeation of hydrophobic and hydrophilic ingredients. The 1.5% CEO group demonstrated the best permeation-promoting effect compared to the other CEO groups and blank groups (P<0.05). Furthermore, the CEO displayed an expedited permeability-promoting effect on hydrophobic ingredients compared to hydrophilic ingredients. CONCLUSION It is concluded that the prepared CEO can promote the transdermal permeation of hydrophobic and hydrophilic ingredients. This study will provide a reference for the application of the prepared CEO in the development of cosmeceuticals with natural efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Inoherb Cosmetics Co. LTD, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xinyi Ai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kang Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Inoherb Cosmetics Co. LTD, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yihan Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhi Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Inoherb Cosmetics Co. LTD, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Zhenda Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Teng Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Nianping Feng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xu Y, Zhao M, Cao J, Fang T, Zhang J, Zhen Y, Wu F, Yu X, Liu Y, Li J, Wang D. Applications and recent advances in transdermal drug delivery systems for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:4417-4441. [PMID: 37969725 PMCID: PMC10638506 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic, systemic autoimmune disease predominantly based on joint lesions with an extremely high disability and deformity rate. Several drugs have been used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, but their use is limited by suboptimal bioavailability, serious adverse effects, and nonnegligible first-pass effects. In contrast, transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDSs) can avoid these drawbacks and improve patient compliance, making them a promising option for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Of course, TDDSs also face unique challenges, as the physiological barrier of the skin makes drug delivery somewhat limited. To overcome this barrier and maximize drug delivery efficiency, TDDSs have evolved in terms of the principle of transdermal facilitation and transdermal facilitation technology, and different generations of TDDSs have been derived, which have significantly improved transdermal efficiency and even achieved individualized controlled drug delivery. In this review, we summarize the different generations of transdermal drug delivery systems, the corresponding transdermal strategies, and their applications in the treatment of RA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jinxue Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Ting Fang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yanli Zhen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Fangling Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiaohui Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yaming Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Dongkai Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Han W, Liu F, Li Y, Liu G, Li H, Xu Y, Sun S. Advances in Natural Polymer-Based Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems for Tumor Therapy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2301670. [PMID: 37098629 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
As an alternative to traditional oral and intravenous injections with limited efficacy, transdermal drug delivery (TDD) has shown great promise in tumor treatment. Over the past decade, natural polymers have been designed into various nanocarriers due to their excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, and easy availability, providing more options for TDD. In addition, surface functionalization modification of the rich functional groups of natural polymers, which in turn are developed into targeted and stimulus-responsive functional materials, allows precise delivery of drugs to tumor sites and release of drugs in response to specific stimuli. It not only improves the treatment efficiency of tumor but also reduces the toxic and side effects to normal tissues. Therefore, the development of natural polymer-based TDD (NPTDD) systems has great potential in tumor therapy. In this review, the mechanism of NPTDD systems such as penetration enhancers, nanoparticles, microneedles, hydrogels and nanofibers prepared from hyaluronic acid, chitosan, sodium alginate, cellulose, heparin and protein, and their applications in tumor therapy are overviewed. This review also outlines the future prospects and current challenges of NPTDD systems for local treatment tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Han
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Fengyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Ganjingzi District, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Yuyao Li
- Nursing College of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Guoxin Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Hongjuan Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yongqian Xu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Shiguo Sun
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, 26 Yuxiang Street, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gong L, Bonmarin M, Spano F, Shen Y, Shen L, Han G, Wei S, Zhang Q, Chen Z, Zhao F. Integrated Device Based on a Sudomotor Nanomaterial for Sweat Detection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37318096 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c03401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The compositions of sweat and blood are related. Therefore, sweat is an ideal noninvasive test body fluid that could replace blood for linear detection of many biomarkers, especially blood glucose. However, access to sweat samples remains limited to physical exercise, thermal stimulation, or electrical stimulation. Despite intensive research, a continuous, innocuous, and stable method for sweat stimulation and detection has not yet been developed. In this study, a nanomaterial for a sweat-stimulating gel based on the transdermal drug delivery system is presented, which transports acetylcholine chloride into the receptors of sweat glands to achieve the function of biological stimulation of skin sweating. The nanomaterial was applied to a suitable integrated sweat glucose detection device for noninvasive blood glucose monitoring. The total amount of evaporated sweat enabled by the nanomaterial is up to 35 μL·cm-2 for 24 h, and the device detects up to 17.65 μM glucose under optimal conditions, showing stable performance regardless of the user's activity level. In addition, the in vivo test was performed and compared with several studies and products, which showed excellent detection performance and osmotic relationship. The nanomaterial and associated integrated device represent a significant advance in continuous passive sweat stimulation and noninvasive sweat glucose measurement for point-of-care applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liuyu Gong
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China
| | - Mathias Bonmarin
- School of Engineering, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Technikumstrasse 9, Winterthur, Zurich 8400, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Spano
- School of Engineering, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Technikumstrasse 9, Winterthur, Zurich 8400, Switzerland
| | - Ya Shen
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China
| | - Lin Shen
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China
| | - Guocheng Han
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China
| | - Shanshan Wei
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China
| | - Qihan Zhang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhencheng Chen
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China
| | - Feijun Zhao
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Suzuki T, Seki T, Seki T. Study on a Novel Transdermal Therapeutic System that Combines the Achievement of Supersaturation by pH-shift Method and User–Activated System. J Pharm Innov 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-022-09702-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
9
|
Formulation and Evaluation of a Drug-in-Adhesive Patch for Transdermal Delivery of Colchicine. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14102245. [PMID: 36297680 PMCID: PMC9611814 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Gout is one of the most prevalent rheumatic diseases, globally. Colchicine (COL) is the first-line drug used for the treatment of acute gout. However, the oral administration of COL is restricted, owing to serious adverse reactions. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a drug-in-adhesive (DIA) patch to achieve transdermal delivery of COL. We investigated the solubility of COL in different pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) using slide crystallization studies. The COL-DIA patches were optimized based on in vitro skin penetration studies and evaluated by in vivo pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. The results showed that the optimized COL-DIA patch contained 10% COL, Duro-Tak 87-2516 as PSA, 5% oleic acid (OA) and 5% propylene glycol (PG) as permeation enhancer, exhibiting the highest in vitro cumulative penetration amount of COL (235.14 ± 14.47 μg∙cm-2 over 48 h). Pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated that the maximum plasma drug concentration (Cmax) was 2.65 ± 0.26 ng/L and the mean retention time (MRT) was 37.47 ± 7.64 h of the COL-DIA patch, effectively reducing the drug side effects and prolonging drug activity. In addition, pharmacodynamic studies showed the patch significantly decreased the expression levels of inflammatory factors of gouty rats and reduced pathological damage in the ankle joint of rats, making it an attractive alternative to the administration of COL for the treatment of gout.
Collapse
|