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Liu S, Zhou M, Daigger GT, Huang J, Song G. Granule formation mechanism, key influencing factors, and resource recycling in aerobic granular sludge (AGS) wastewater treatment: A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 338:117771. [PMID: 37004484 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The high-efficiency and additionally economic benefits generated from aerobic granular sludge (AGS) wastewater treatment have led to its increasing popularity among academics and industrial players. The AGS process can recycle high value-added biomaterials including extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), sodium alginate-like external polymer (ALE), polyhydroxyfatty acid (PHA), and phosphorus (P), etc., which can serve various fields including agriculture, construction, and chemical while removing pollutants from wastewaters. The effects of various key operation parameters on formation and structural stability of AGS are comprehensively summarized. The degradable metabolism of typical pollutants and corresponding microbial diversity and succession in the AGS wastewater treatment system are also discussed, especially with a focus on emerging contaminants removal. In addition, recent attempts for potentially effective production of high value-added biomaterials from AGS are proposed, particularly concerning improving the yield, quality, and application of these biomaterials. This review aims to provide a reference for in-depth research on the AGS process, suggesting a new alternative for wastewater treatment recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuli Liu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, 450000, China; Zhongzhou Water Holding Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, 450046, China; Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, 2350 Hayward St, G.G. Brown Building, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Miao Zhou
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
| | - Glen T Daigger
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, 2350 Hayward St, G.G. Brown Building, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Jianping Huang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
| | - Gangfu Song
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, 450000, China; Zhongzhou Water Holding Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
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2
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Qiao X, Zhang L, Qiu Z, Wang L, Wu Y, Deng C, Su J, Zhang X, Wang Y, Li B, Zhou L, Ma AYW, Zhuang WQ, Yu K. Specific Denitrifying and Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium Bacteria Assisted the Recovery of Anammox Community From Nitrite Inhibition. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:781156. [PMID: 35126327 PMCID: PMC8811301 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.781156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) by autotrophic anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AnAOB) is a biological process used to remove reactive nitrogen from wastewater. It has been repeatedly reported that elevated nitrite concentrations can severely inhibit the growth of AnAOB, which renders the anammox process challenging for industrial-scale applications. Both denitrifying (DN) and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) bacteria can potentially consume excess nitrite in an anammox system to prevent its inhibitory effect on AnAOB. However, metabolic interactions among DN, DNRA, and AnAOB bacteria under elevated nitrite conditions remain to be elucidated at metabolic resolutions. In this study, a laboratory-scale anammox bioreactor was used to conduct an investigation of the microbial shift and functional interactions of AnAOB, DN, and DNRA bacteria during a long-term nitrite inhibition to eventual self-recovery episode. The relative abundance of AnAOB first decreased due to high nitrite concentration, which lowered the system’s nitrogen removal efficiency, but then recovered automatically without any external interference. Based on the relative abundance variations of genomes in the inhibition, adaptation, and recovery periods, we found that DN and DNRA bacteria could be divided into three niche groups: type I (types Ia and Ib) that includes mainly DN bacteria and type II and type III that include primarily DNRA bacteria. Type Ia and type II bacteria outcompeted other bacteria in the inhibition and adaptation periods, respectively. They were recognized as potential nitrite scavengers at high nitrite concentrations, contributing to stabilizing the nitrite concentration and the eventual recovery of the anammox system. These findings shed light on the potential engineering solutions to maintain a robust and efficient industrial-scale anammox process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Qiao
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liyu Zhang
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhiguang Qiu
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li Wang
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yang Wu
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chunfang Deng
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jia Su
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuexing Wang
- Laboratory of Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reutilization Engineering, Shenzhen Water Group, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bing Li
- Shenzhen Engineering Research Laboratory for Sludge and Food Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lijie Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Anthony Y. W. Ma
- Green Living and Innovation Division, Hong Kong Productivity Council, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wei-Qin Zhuang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ke Yu
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Ke Yu, ; orcid.org/0000-0001-5039-6056
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Al-Hazmi HE, Lu X, Majtacz J, Kowal P, Xie L, Makinia J. Optimization of the Aeration Strategies in a Deammonification Sequencing Batch Reactor for Efficient Nitrogen Removal and Mitigation of N 2O Production. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:1218-1230. [PMID: 33378162 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In deammonification systems, nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) suppression and nitrous oxide (N2O) mitigation are two important operational objectives. To carry out this multivariable analysis of response, a comprehensive model for the N cycle was developed and evaluated against experimental data from a laboratory-scale deammonification granular sludge sequencing batch reactor. Different aeration strategies were tested, and the manipulated variables comprised the dissolved oxygen (DO) set point in the aerated phase, aeration on/off frequency (F), and the ratio (R) between the non-aerated and aerated phase durations. Experimental results showed that a high ammonium utilization rate (AUR) in relation to the low nitrate production rate (NPR) (NPR/AUR = 0.07-0.08) and limited N2O emissions (EN2O < 2%) could be achieved at the DO set point = 0.7 mg O2/L, R ratio = 2, and F frequency = 6-7 h-1. Under specific operational conditions (biomass concentration, NH4+-N loading rate, and temperature), simulation results confirmed the feasible aeration strategies for the trade-offs between the NOB suppression and N2O emission. The intermittent aeration regimes led to frequent shifts in the predominating N2O production pathways, that is, hydroxylamine (NH2OH) oxidation (aerated phase) versus autotrophic denitrification (non-aerated phase). The inclusion of the extracellular polymeric substance mechanism in the model explained the observed activity of heterotrophs, especially Anaerolineae, and granule formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein E Al-Hazmi
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Xi Lu
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Joanna Majtacz
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Przemyslaw Kowal
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Li Xie
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jacek Makinia
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
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Vijayan A, Vattiringal Jayadradhan RK, Pillai D, Prasannan Geetha P, Joseph V, Isaac Sarojini BS. Nitrospira as versatile nitrifiers: Taxonomy, ecophysiology, genome characteristics, growth, and metabolic diversity. J Basic Microbiol 2021; 61:88-109. [PMID: 33448079 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202000485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The global nitrogen cycle is of paramount significance as it affects important processes like primary productivity and decomposition. Nitrification, the oxidation of ammonia to nitrate via nitrite, is a key process in the nitrogen cycle. The knowledge about nitrification has been challenged during the last few decades with inventions like anaerobic ammonia oxidation, ammonia-oxidizing archaea, and recently the complete ammonia oxidation (comammox). The discovery of comammox Nitrospira has made a paradigm shift in nitrification, before which it was considered as a two-step process, mediated by chemolithoautotrophic ammonia oxidizers and nitrite oxidizers. The genome of comammox Nitrospira equipped with molecular machineries for both ammonia and nitrite oxidation. The genus Nitrospira is ubiquitous, comes under phylum Nitrospirae, which comprises six sublineages consisting of canonical nitrite oxidizers and comammox. The single-step nitrification is energetically more feasible; furthermore, the existence of diverse metabolic pathways in Nitrospira is critical for its establishment in various habitats. The present review discusses the taxonomy, ecophysiology, isolation, identification, growth, and metabolic diversity of the genus Nitrospira; compares the genomes of canonical nitrite-oxidizing Nitrospira and comammox Nitrospira, and analyses the differences of Nitrospira with other nitrifying bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardhra Vijayan
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Rejish Kumar Vattiringal Jayadradhan
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kochi, Kerala, India.,Department of Aquaculture, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Devika Pillai
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Preena Prasannan Geetha
- National Centre for Aquatic Animal Health, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Valsamma Joseph
- National Centre for Aquatic Animal Health, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Bright Singh Isaac Sarojini
- National Centre for Aquatic Animal Health, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, Kerala, India
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Wu G, Zhang T, Gu M, Chen Z, Yin Q. Review of characteristics of anammox bacteria and strategies for anammox start-up for sustainable wastewater resource management. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2020; 82:1742-1757. [PMID: 33201840 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2020.443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater management has experienced different stages, including pollutant removal, resource recovery, and water nexus. Within these stages, anaerobic ammonia oxidation-based biotechnology can be incorporated for nitrogen removal, which can help achieve sustainable wastewater management, such as reclamation and ecologization of wastewater. Here, the physiology, metabolism, reaction kinetics and microbial interactions of anammox bacteria are discussed, and strategies to start-up the anammox system are presented. Anammox bacteria are slow growers with a high doubling time and a low reaction rate. Although most anammox bacteria grow autotrophically, some types can grow mixotrophically. The reaction stoichiometric coefficients can be affected by loading rates and other biological reactions. Microbial interactions also contribute to enhanced biological nitrogen removal and promote activities of anammox bacteria. The start-up of the anammox process is the key aspect for its practical application, which can be realized through seed selection, system stimulation, and biomass concentration enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxue Wu
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China E-mail:
| | - Tianqi Zhang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China E-mail:
| | - Mengqi Gu
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China E-mail:
| | - Zhuo Chen
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qidong Yin
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China E-mail:
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Joseph SMR, Wijekoon P, Dilsharan B, Punchihewa ND, Athapattu BCL, Vithanage M. Anammox, biochar column and subsurface constructed wetland as an integrated system for treating municipal solid waste derived landfill leachate from an open dumpsite. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 189:109880. [PMID: 32979992 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to treat nitrogen-rich landfill leachate from Karadiyana open dumpsite, Sri Lanka, through an integrated treatment train consists of an anammox process, Municipal Solid Waste derived biochar column followed by a biochar embedded subsurface constructed wetland. Characterization of leachate was done and the leachate pollution index (LPI) was estimated. Meanwhile, leachate was treated through a treatment system comprising an anammox reactor having 140 mm diameter and 250 mm height, a biochar reactor having the same dimensions with 1.3 kg of MSW biochar, and a laboratory-scale constructed wetland of 1 × 0.3 × 0.45 m. The influent and effluent quality was assessed for the samples taken in 24 h intervals. The analysis indicated that the leachate was high in COD (4000-14,000 mg/L), ammonia (760-900 mg/L), nitrate (60-126 mg/L), and phosphorus (33-66 mg/L). Ammonia and nitrite were removed 94 and 99% by anammox unit, respectively. Nitrate, phosphate, COD and conductivity were significantly removed by the constructed wetland system in 78, 70, 65 and 61%, respectively, whereas biochar barricades extended support for removal of the contaminants and color. The combined treatment system demonstrated treatment efficiencies as 100% of ammonia, 98.7% of nitrite, 98.2% of nitrate, 80.9% of phosphate, 79.7% of COD, and 69.9% of conductivity. Thus, it can be concluded that the anammox, combined with biochar embedded treatment train is promising to treat landfill leachate, having a high pollutant index.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M R Joseph
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, The Open University of Sri Lanka, Nawala, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Prabuddhi Wijekoon
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - B Dilsharan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, The Open University of Sri Lanka, Nawala, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - N D Punchihewa
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, The Open University of Sri Lanka, Nawala, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - B C L Athapattu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, The Open University of Sri Lanka, Nawala, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Meththika Vithanage
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka.
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7
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Zekker I, Bhowmick GD, Priks H, Nath D, Rikmann E, Jaagura M, Tenno T, Tämm K, Ghangrekar MM. ANAMMOX-denitrification biomass in microbial fuel cell to enhance the electricity generation and nitrogen removal efficiency. Biodegradation 2020; 31:249-264. [PMID: 32880776 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-020-09907-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivar Zekker
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila St., 50411, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Gourav Dhar Bhowmick
- Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Hans Priks
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila St., 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Dibyojyoty Nath
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Ergo Rikmann
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila St., 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Taavo Tenno
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila St., 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kaido Tämm
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila St., 50411, Tartu, Estonia
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Zhao Y, Jiang B, Tang X, Liu S. Metagenomic insights into functional traits variation and coupling effects on the anammox community during reactor start-up. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 687:50-60. [PMID: 31202013 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Anammox technology is an energy-efficient wastewater treatment process and anammox community structure has gained extensive attention. However, the dynamics of community functional traits are still elusive. Here, we combined the long-term reactor operation and metagenomic, multiple bioinformatic and network analyses to reveal the succession of anammox community and function traits during reactor start-up. We found the cooperation of denitrifiers that affiliated to the phylum Proteobacteria could reduce nitrite to dinitrogen gas. These organisms and genes had higher abundance after the inhibition phase, which could contribute to nitrite consuming and reactor performance recovery. Importantly, the Terrimonas and Anaerolinea organisms had ability of extracellular polymers secretion or aggregate formation. They had the highest abundance at the end of the lag phase, which could benefit for promoting the nitrogen removal rate (NRR). Meanwhile, Terrimonas and Anaerolinea bacteria could cooperate with methanogenic and nitrite-denitrifying methanotrophic organisms based on H2 and CH4, respectively. Since these organisms also had higher abundance after the inhibition phase, their cooperation could prevent anammox bacteria from nitrite inhibiting when the influent nitrite concentration was higher. The analysis of community and function shift is expected to emphasize the importance of functional bacteria in anammox process and provides a potential control strategy for nitrogen-containing wastewater treatment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Zhao
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xi Tang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Sitong Liu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, Qinghai, China.
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Tomaszewski M, Cema G, Ciesielski S, Łukowiec D, Ziembińska-Buczyńska A. Cold anammox process and reduced graphene oxide - Varieties of effects during long-term interaction. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 156:71-81. [PMID: 30904712 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Because of its energy efficiency, the anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process has been recognized as the most promising biological nitrogen removal process, but its implementation in mainstream wastewater treatment plants is limited by its relatively high optimal temperature (30 °C). Recently, it was shown that during short-term batch experiments, reduced graphene oxide (RGO) displayed accelerated reaction activity at low temperatures (10-15 °C). In this study, the long-term effects of RGO on the low-temperature anammox process in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR), are studied for the first time, including different methods of interaction. The results presented here show that RGO can stimulate anammox activity up to 17% through two factors: bacterial growth stimulation, which was especially significant at higher temperatures (>15 °C), and an increase of the anammox reaction rate, which occurred only below 15 °C. The bacterial community structure was not influenced by addition of RGO. Moreover, after incubation in an anammox bioreactor, RGO showed signs of degradation and chemical changes as evidenced by the presence of oxygen and calcium on its surface. According to the literature and the obtained results, it is proposed that RGO is oxidized and oxygen is reduced by the organic mediator that is involved in the enzymatic reactions. However, activated sludge is a very complex structure created by numerous, undefined microorganisms, which makes it difficult to determine the exact oxidation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Tomaszewski
- Silesian University of Technology, Environmental Biotechnology Department, Akademicka 2, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Cema
- Silesian University of Technology, Environmental Biotechnology Department, Akademicka 2, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Slawomir Ciesielski
- University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Słoneczna 45G, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Dariusz Łukowiec
- Silesian University of Technology, Institute of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Konarskiego 18a, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Wu Y, Wang Y, De Costa YG, Tong Z, Cheng JJ, Zhou L, Zhuang WQ, Yu K. The co-existence of anammox genera in an expanded granular sludge bed reactor with biomass carriers for nitrogen removal. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 103:1231-1242. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9494-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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