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Sherif M, Kirsch N, Splivallo R, Pfohl K, Karlovsky P. The Role of Mycotoxins in Interactions between Fusarium graminearum and F. verticillioides Growing in Saprophytic Cultures and Co-Infecting Maize Plants. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:575. [PMID: 37756001 PMCID: PMC10538043 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum (FG) and Fusarium verticillioides (FV) co-occur in infected plants and plant residues. In maize ears, the growth of FV is stimulated while FG is suppressed. To elucidate the role of mycotoxins in these effects, we used FG mutants with disrupted synthesis of nivalenol (NIV) and deoxynivalenol (DON) and a FV mutant with disrupted synthesis of fumonisins to monitor fungal growth in mixed cultures in vitro and in co-infected plants by real-time PCR. In autoclaved grains as well as in maize ears, the growth of FV was stimulated by FG regardless of the production of DON or NIV by the latter, whereas the growth of FG was suppressed. In autoclaved grains, fumonisin-producing FV suppressed FG more strongly than a fumonisin-nonproducing strain, indicating that fumonisins act as interference competition agents. In co-infected maize ears, FG suppression was independent of fumonisin production by FV, likely due to heterogeneous infection and a lower level of fumonisins in planta. We conclude that (i) fumonisins are agents of interference competition of FV, and (ii) trichothecenes play no role in the interaction between FG and FV. We hypothesize the following: (i) In vitro, FG stimulates the FV growth by secreting hydrolases that mobilize nutrients. In planta, suppression of plant defense by FG may additionally play a role. (ii) The biological function of fumonisin production in planta is to protect kernels shed on the ground by accumulating protective metabolites before competitors become established. Therefore, to decipher the biological function of mycotoxins, the entire life history of mycotoxin producers must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Sherif
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Phytopathology Unit, Plant Protection Department, Desert Research Center, Cairo 11753, Egypt
| | - Nadine Kirsch
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Institute for National and International Plant Health, Julius Kühn-Institut, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Richard Splivallo
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Nectariss Grasse SAS, 06130 Grasse, France
| | - Katharina Pfohl
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Institute for National and International Plant Health, Julius Kühn-Institut, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Petr Karlovsky
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Chen Y, Yang X, Zhang L, Wu Q, Li S, Gou J, He J, Zhang K, Li S, Niu X. Tryptophan-centered metabolic alterations coincides with lipid-mediated fungal response to cold stress. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13066. [PMID: 36747564 PMCID: PMC9898655 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan and its derived metabolites have been assumed to play important roles in the development and survival of organisms. However, the links of tryptophan and its derived metabolites to temperature change remained largely cryptic. Here we presented that a class of prenyl indole alkaloids biosynthesized from tryptophan dramatically accumulated in thermophilic fungus Thermomyces dupontii under cold stress, in which lipid droplets were also highly accumulated and whose conidiophores were highly build-up. Concurrently, disruption of the key NRPS gene involved in the biosynthesis of prenyl indole alkaloids, resulted in decreased lipid and shrunken mitochondria but enlarged vacuoles. Moreover, the Fe3+ and superoxide levels in ΔNRPS were significantly increased but the reactive oxygen species lipid peroxidation and autophagy levels decreased. Metabolomics study revealed that most enriched metabolites in ΔNRPS were mainly composed of tryptophan degraded metabolites including well known ROS scavenger kynurenamines, and lipid-inhibitors, anthranilic acid and indoleacetic acid, and free radical reaction suppressor free fatty acids. Transcriptomic analysis suggested that the key gene involved in tryptophan metabolism, coinciding with the lipid metabolic processes and ion transports were most up-regulated in ΔNRPS under stress. Our results confirmed a lipid-mediated fungal response to cold stress and unveiled a link of tryptophan-based metabolic reprogramming to the fungal cold adaption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Key Laboratory for Southwest Microbial Diversity of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Key Laboratory for Southwest Microbial Diversity of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Longlong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Key Laboratory for Southwest Microbial Diversity of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Qunfu Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Key Laboratory for Southwest Microbial Diversity of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Shuhong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Key Laboratory for Southwest Microbial Diversity of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Jianghui Gou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Key Laboratory for Southwest Microbial Diversity of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Jiangbo He
- Kunming Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China
| | - Keqin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Key Laboratory for Southwest Microbial Diversity of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Shenghong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Xuemei Niu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Key Laboratory for Southwest Microbial Diversity of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China
- Corresponding author.
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Bissell AU, Rautschek J, Hoefgen S, Raguž L, Mattern DJ, Saeed N, Janevska S, Jojić K, Huang Y, Kufs JE, Herboeck B, Guo H, Hillmann F, Beemelmanns C, Valiante V. Biosynthesis of the Sphingolipid Inhibitors Sphingofungins in Filamentous Fungi Requires Aminomalonate as a Metabolic Precursor. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:386-394. [PMID: 35023724 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Sphingofungins belong to a group of structurally related sphingolipid inhibitors produced by fungi, which specifically inhibit serine palmitoyl transferases, enzymes catalyzing the initial step during sphingolipid biosynthesis. Sphingolipids are integral parts of the eukaryotic cell membrane, and disturbances in their homeostasis have been linked to various human diseases. It has been suggested that external interventions, via sphingolipid inhibitors, may represent a promising approach for alternative therapies. Here, we identified and elucidated the biosynthetic gene cluster responsible for the biosynthesis of sphingofungins B, C, and D in Aspergillus fumigatus. Moreover, in vitro analyses have shown that sphingofungin biosynthesis starts with the condensation of a C18 polyketide with the uncommon substrate aminomalonate. Furthermore, the investigations on sphingofungin E and F produced by Paecilomyces variotii pointed out that different aminomalonate derivatives are used as substrates for those chemical variants. This research boosts knowledge on the general biosynthesis of sphingolipid inhibitors in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander U. Bissell
- Biobricks of Microbial Natural Product Syntheses, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Julia Rautschek
- Biobricks of Microbial Natural Product Syntheses, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sandra Hoefgen
- Biobricks of Microbial Natural Product Syntheses, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Luka Raguž
- Chemical Biology of Microbe−Host Interactions, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Derek J. Mattern
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Nauman Saeed
- Evolution of Microbial Interactions, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Slavica Janevska
- Biobricks of Microbial Natural Product Syntheses, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Katarina Jojić
- Biobricks of Microbial Natural Product Syntheses, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ying Huang
- Biobricks of Microbial Natural Product Syntheses, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Johann E. Kufs
- Biobricks of Microbial Natural Product Syntheses, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Bio Pilot Plant, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Barbara Herboeck
- Biobricks of Microbial Natural Product Syntheses, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Huijuan Guo
- Chemical Biology of Microbe−Host Interactions, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Falk Hillmann
- Evolution of Microbial Interactions, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Christine Beemelmanns
- Chemical Biology of Microbe−Host Interactions, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Vito Valiante
- Biobricks of Microbial Natural Product Syntheses, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
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