1
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Feng E, Fu Y, Ma X, Kotha RR, Ding D, Kenttämaa HI. A Portable Reagent Inlet System Designed to Diminish the Impact of Air and Water to Ion-Molecule Reactions Studied in a Linear Quadrupole Ion Trap. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:1794-1798. [PMID: 35925765 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A portable reagent inlet system for a linear quadrupole ion trap (LQIT) mass spectrometer was designed to diminish the impact of air and water on gas-phase ion-molecule reactions. Compared to the traditional reagent mixing manifolds that has been extensively used for decades, the portable system is much simpler and has fewer junctions and a smaller inner space. These changes reduce the amount of air and water introduced into the mass spectrometer with the reagent. Furthermore, unlike the traditional manifolds, the portable system can be easily attached to or detached from the LQIT mass spectrometer. Finally, the price of the portable system is only 1/10 of that of a traditional manifold as estimated in 2022. Therefore, the portable system has several advantages over the traditional reagent mixing manifolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erlu Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yue Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Xin Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Raghavendhar R Kotha
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Duanchen Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Hilkka I Kenttämaa
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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2
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Poad BLJ, Young RSE, Marshall DL, Trevitt AJ, Blanksby SJ. Accelerating Ozonolysis Reactions Using Supplemental RF-Activation of Ions in a Linear Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer. Anal Chem 2022; 94:3897-3903. [PMID: 35201768 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Gas-phase ion-molecule reactions provide structural insights across a range of analytical applications. A hindrance to the wider use of ion-molecule reactions is that they are relatively slow compared to other ion activation modalities and can thereby impose a bottleneck on the time required to analyze each sample. Here we describe a method for accelerating the rate of ion-molecule reactions involving ozone, implemented by supplementary RF-activation of mass-selected ions within a linear ion trap. Reaction rate accelerations between 15-fold (for ozonolysis of alkenes in ionised lipids) and 90-fold (for ozonation of halide anions) are observed compared to thermal conditions. These enhanced reaction rates with ozone increase sample throughput, aligning the reaction time with the overall duty cycle of the mass spectrometer. We demonstrate that the acceleration is due to the supplementary RF-activation surmounting the activation barrier energy of the entrance channel of the ion-molecule reaction. This rate acceleration is subsequently shown to aid identification of new, low abundance lipid isomers and enables an equivalent increase in the number of lipid species that can be analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berwyck L J Poad
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia.,Central Analytical Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Reuben S E Young
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - David L Marshall
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Adam J Trevitt
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2552, Australia
| | - Stephen J Blanksby
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia.,Central Analytical Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
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3
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Liu JKY, Niyonsaba E, Alzarieni KZ, Boulos VM, Yerabolu R, Kenttämaa HI. Determination of the compound class and functional groups in protonated analytes via diagnostic gas-phase ion-molecule reactions. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2021. [PMID: 34435381 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Diagnostic gas-phase ion-molecule reactions serve as a powerful alternative to collision-activated dissociation for the structural elucidation of analytes when using tandem mass spectrometry. The use of such ion-molecule reactions has been demonstrated to provide a robust tool for the identification of specific functional groups in unknown ionized analytes, differentiation of isomeric ions, and classification of unknown ions into different compound classes. During the past several years, considerable efforts have been dedicated to exploring various reagents and reagent inlet systems for functional-group selective ion-molecule reactions with protonated analytes. This review provides a comprehensive coverage of literature since 2006 on general and predictable functional-group selective ion-molecule reactions of protonated analytes, including simple monofunctional and complex polyfunctional analytes, whose mechanisms have been explored computationally. Detection limits for experiments involving high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry based on ion-molecule reactions and the application of machine learning to predict diagnostic ion-molecule reactions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Kuan-Yu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Edouard Niyonsaba
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Victoria M Boulos
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Ravikiran Yerabolu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Hilkka I Kenttämaa
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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4
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Kumar R, Kenttämaa HI. Effects of Analyte Concentration on the Protonation Sites of 4-Aminobenzoic Acid upon Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization As Revealed by Gas-Phase Ion-Molecule Reactions. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:2210-2217. [PMID: 32852952 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The most basic site of 4-aminobenzoic acid in aqueous solution is the amino nitrogen, while the carbonyl oxygen is calculated to be the most basic site in the gas phase. However, the preferred protonation site of 4-aminobenzoic acid upon electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) depends upon the ionization solvent and ion source parameters. The influence of the concentration of the analyte on the manifested protonation sites upon APCI has not been investigated and is reported here. Gas-phase ion-molecule reactions of trimethoxymethylsilane were used to identify the protonation sites of 4-aminobenzoic acid ionized using APCI with methanol or acetonitrile-water as the solvent. The nitrogen-protomer was found to be about twice as abundant as the oxygen-protomer at low analyte concentrations (10-9-10-6 M) in methanol solvent. This finding was rationalized on the basis of a previous finding that when the O-protomer is surrounded by more than eight methanol molecules in the gas phase it starts behaving as if it were in an aqueous solution and converts to the N-protomer. At greater analyte concentrations (≥10-4 M), the amino group was predominantly protonated, which was rationalized based on the formation of a particularly stable proton-bound dimer of 4-aminobenzoic acid that preferentially dissociates to form the N-protomer. The above findings suggest that solution processes are much more important in APCI than commonly assumed, in agreement with recent literature. Indeed, when 1:1 (v/v) acetonitrile-water was used as the solvent system for 4-aminobenzoic acid, the N-protomer was predominantly generated at all analyte concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Kumar
- Chemistry Department, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Hilkka I Kenttämaa
- Chemistry Department, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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5
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Kumar R, Li G, Gallardo VA, Li A, Milton J, Nash JJ, Kenttämaa HI. Measurement of the Proton Affinities of a Series of Mono- and Biradicals of Pyridine. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:8679-8687. [PMID: 32315166 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The proton affinity (PA) of a neutral molecule is defined as the negative of the enthalpy change for the gas-phase reaction between a proton and the neutral molecule to produce the (charged) conjugate acid of the molecule. PA is a fundamental property that is related to the structure of a molecule and affects its reactivity. Very few PA values are available for basic organic monoradicals and none for biradicals. Here, the PA values for several σ-type carbon-centered pyridine-based monoradicals and biradicals have been experimentally determined by monitoring proton transfer from the protonated mono- and biradicals to reference bases with known proton affinities as a function of time in Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) and linear quadrupole ion trap (LQIT) mass spectrometers. A procedure was developed for both instruments that permits differentiation between exo- and endothermic proton transfer reactions. The PA values of all the (bi)radicals studied were found to be lower than that of pyridine. This is rationalized based on the electron-withdrawing nature of the radical site(s). Thus, the PA values decrease in the order: pyridine > monoradicals > biradicals. The PA values of the monoradicals were also found to increase (making the protonated radicals less acidic) as the distance between the basic nitrogen atom and the radical site increases. Similar behavior was found for the biradicals, with one exception: 3,5-didehydropyridine has a larger PA (215.3 ± 3.3 kcal mol-1) than 3,4-didehydropyridine (PA = 213.4 ± 3.3 kcal mol-1) even though the latter biradical has one radical site farther away from the basic nitrogen atom. Quantum chemical calculations of the PAs of the (bi)radicals are in reasonably good agreement with the experimentally determined values. At the DFT (B3LYP), CCSD(T), and CASPT2 levels of theory, the mean unsigned errors are 2.3, 1.7, and 2.1 kcal mol-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Guannan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Vanessa A Gallardo
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Anyin Li
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jacob Milton
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - John J Nash
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Hilkka I Kenttämaa
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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6
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Easterling LF, Yerabolu R, Kumar R, Alzarieni KZ, Kenttämaa HI. Factors Affecting the Limit of Detection for HPLC/Tandem Mass Spectrometry Experiments Based on Gas-Phase Ion–Molecule Reactions. Anal Chem 2020; 92:7471-7477. [PMID: 32352782 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leah F. Easterling
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ravikiran Yerabolu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Rashmi Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kawthar Z. Alzarieni
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Hilkka I. Kenttämaa
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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7
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Kong JY, Hilger RT, Jin C, Yerabolu R, Zimmerman JR, Replogle RW, Jarrell TM, Easterling L, Kumar R, Kenttämaa HI. Integration of a Multichannel Pulsed-Valve Inlet System to a Linear Quadrupole Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer for the Rapid Consecutive Introduction of Nine Reagents for Diagnostic Ion/Molecule Reactions. Anal Chem 2019; 91:15652-15660. [PMID: 31702133 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Gas-phase ion/molecule reactions have been used extensively for the structural elucidation of organic compounds in tandem mass spectrometry. Reagents for ion/molecule reactions can be introduced into a mass spectrometer via a continuous flow apparatus or through a pulsed inlet system. However, most of these approaches enable the use of only a single reagent at a time. In this work, a multichannel pulsed-valve inlet system was developed for the rapid consecutive introduction of up to nine different reagents or reagent systems into a linear quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer for diagnostic gas-phase ion/molecule reactions. Automated triggering of the pulsed valves enabled these experiments to be performed on the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) time scale. This enables high-throughput screening of several functionalities in analytes as they elute from an HPLC column.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Y Kong
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Ryan T Hilger
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Chunfen Jin
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Ravikiran Yerabolu
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - James R Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Randall W Replogle
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Tiffany M Jarrell
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Leah Easterling
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Rashmi Kumar
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Hilkka I Kenttämaa
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
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8
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Snyder DT, Szalwinski LJ, Pilo AL, Jarrah NK, Cooks RG. Selective Gas-Phase Mass Tagging via Ion/Molecule Reactions Combined with Single Analyzer Neutral Loss Scans to Probe Pharmaceutical Mixtures. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:1092-1101. [PMID: 30887460 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02149-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We have demonstrated the use of a simple single ion trap mass spectrometer to identify classes of compounds as well as individual components in complex mixtures. First, a neutral reagent was used to mass tag oxygen-containing analytes using a gas-phase ion/molecule reaction. Then, a neutral loss scan was used to indicate the carboxylic acids. The lack of unit mass selectivity in the neutral loss scan required subsequent product ion scans to confirm the presence and identity of the individual carboxylic acids. The neutral loss scan technique reduced the number of data-dependent MS/MS scans required to confirm identification of signals as protonated carboxylic acids. The method was demonstrated on neat mixtures of standard carboxylic acids as well as on solutions of relevant pharmaceutical tablets and may be generalizable to other ion/molecule reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalton T Snyder
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Lucas J Szalwinski
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Alice L Pilo
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Nina K Jarrah
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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9
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Schorr P, Volmer DA. Using differential ion mobility spectrometry to perform class-specific ion-molecule reactions of 4-quinolones with selected chemical reagents. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:6247-6253. [PMID: 30972473 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01789-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Gas phase ion/molecule reactions are often used in analytical applications to support the analysis of isomers or to identify specific functional groups of organic molecules. Until now, deliberate chemical reactions have not been performed in differential ion mobility spectrometry (DMS) devices except for hydrogen exchange and cluster formation. The present work extends that of Colorado and Brodbelt (Anal Chem 66:2330-5, 1994) on ion/molecule reactions in an ion trap mass spectrometer. In this study, class-specific chemical reactions of 4-quinolone antibiotics with various chemical reagents were used to demonstrate the analytical utility of ion/molecule reactions in a DMS drift cell. For these reactions, dehydrated reactive precursor ions were initially formed and made to undergo annulation reactions with selected reagents within the timescale of the DMS separation. Careful study of the energies required for dissociation of the adducts confirmed the covalent nature of the newly formed bond; thus demonstrating the analytical utility of this approach. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Schorr
- Bioanalytical Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dietrich A Volmer
- Bioanalytical Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
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10
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Kong JY, Yu Z, Easton MW, Niyonsaba E, Ma X, Yerabolu R, Sheng H, Jarrell TM, Zhang Z, Ghosh AK, Kenttämaa HI. Differentiating Isomeric Deprotonated Glucuronide Drug Metabolites via Ion/Molecule Reactions in Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2018; 90:9426-9433. [PMID: 29984992 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Isomeric O- and N-glucuronides are common drug metabolites produced in phase II of drug metabolism. Distinguishing these isomers by using common analytical techniques has proven challenging. A tandem mass spectrometric method based on gas-phase ion/molecule reactions of deprotonated glucuronide drug metabolites with trichlorosilane (HSiCl3) in a linear quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer is reported here to readily enable differentiation of the O- and N-isomers. The major product ion observed upon reactions of HSiCl3 with deprotonated N-glucuronides is a diagnostic HSiCl3 adduct that has lost two HCl molecules ([M - H + HSiCl3 - 2HCl]-). This product ion was not observed for deprotonated O-glucuronides. Reaction mechanisms were explored with quantum chemical calculations at the M06-2X/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Y Kong
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Zaikuan Yu
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Mckay W Easton
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Edouard Niyonsaba
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Xin Ma
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Ravikiran Yerabolu
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Huaming Sheng
- Department of Analytical Research & Development , Merck & Co., Inc. , Rahway , New Jersey 07065 , United States
| | - Tiffany M Jarrell
- Department of Animal Health , Merck Animal Health , Rahway , New Jersey 07065 , United States
| | - Zhoupeng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, & Drug Metabolism , Merck & Co., Inc. , West Point , Pennsylvania 19486 , United States
| | - Arun K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Hilkka I Kenttämaa
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
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11
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Yerabolu R, Kong J, Easton M, Kotha RR, Max J, Sheng H, Zhang M, Gu C, Kenttämaa HI. Identification of Protonated Sulfone and Aromatic Carboxylic Acid Functionalities in Organic Molecules by Using Ion-Molecule Reactions Followed by Collisionally Activated Dissociation in a Linear Quadrupole Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer. Anal Chem 2017. [PMID: 28621918 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gas-phase reactivity of protonated model compounds with different functional groups toward trimethoxymethylsilane (TMMS) was studied to explore the utility of this reagent in mass spectrometric identification of specific functionalities for potentially rapid characterization of drug metabolites. Only protonated analytes with a carboxylic acid, a sulfone, or a sulfonamide functionality formed diagnostic adducts that had lost a methanol molecule upon reactions with TMMS. Collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) of these methanol-eliminated adduct ions (MS3 experiments) produced characteristic fragment ions of m/z 75, 105, and 123 for sulfones, while an additional methanol elimination was observed for carboxylic acids and sulfonamides. CAD of latter products (MS4 experiments) resulted in elimination of diagnostic neutral molecules CO2 (44 Da) and C2H6O2Si (90 Da) for aromatic carboxylic acids. Both aliphatic carboxylic acids and sulfonamides yield several fragment ions in these MS4 experiments that are different from those observed for sulfones or aromatic carboxylic acids. Potential energy surfaces were calculated (at the M06-2X/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory) to explore the mechanisms of various reactions. In summary, sulfones and aromatic carboxylic acids can be differentiated from each other and also from sulfonamides and aliphatic carboxylic acids based on reactions with TMMS and one or two CAD experiments. Aliphatic carboxylic acids and sulfonamides could not be differentiated from each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravikiran Yerabolu
- Purdue University , Department of Chemistry, College of Science, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - John Kong
- Purdue University , Department of Chemistry, College of Science, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Mckay Easton
- Purdue University , Department of Chemistry, College of Science, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Raghavendhar R Kotha
- Purdue University , Department of Chemistry, College of Science, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Joann Max
- Purdue University , Department of Chemistry, College of Science, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | | | - Minli Zhang
- DuPont, Newark, Delaware 19711, United States
| | - Chungang Gu
- AstraZeneca, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Hilkka I Kenttämaa
- Purdue University , Department of Chemistry, College of Science, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
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12
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Multiple stage MS in analysis of plasma, serum, urine and in vitro samples relevant to clinical and forensic toxicology. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:457-81. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.16.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews MS approaches applied to metabolism studies, structure elucidation and qualitative or quantitative screening of drugs (of abuse) and/or their metabolites. Applications in clinical and forensic toxicology were included using blood plasma or serum, urine, in vitro samples, liquids, solids or plant material. Techniques covered are liquid chromatography coupled to low-resolution and high-resolution multiple stage mass analyzers. Only PubMed listed studies published in English between January 2008 and January 2015 were considered. Approaches are discussed focusing on sample preparation and mass spectral settings. Comments on advantages and limitations of these techniques complete the review.
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13
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Sheng H, Tang W, Yerabolu R, Max J, Kotha RR, Riedeman JS, Nash JJ, Zhang M, Kenttämaa HI. Identification of N-Oxide and Sulfoxide Functionalities in Protonated Drug Metabolites by Using Ion–Molecule Reactions Followed by Collisionally Activated Dissociation in a Linear Quadrupole Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer. J Org Chem 2015; 81:575-86. [PMID: 26651970 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huaming Sheng
- Purdue University, Department of Chemistry, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Weijuan Tang
- Purdue University, Department of Chemistry, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ravikiran Yerabolu
- Purdue University, Department of Chemistry, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Joann Max
- Purdue University, Department of Chemistry, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Raghavendhar R. Kotha
- Purdue University, Department of Chemistry, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - James S. Riedeman
- Purdue University, Department of Chemistry, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - John J. Nash
- Purdue University, Department of Chemistry, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Minli Zhang
- AstraZeneca, Boston, Massachusetts 02130, United States
| | - Hilkka. I. Kenttämaa
- Purdue University, Department of Chemistry, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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14
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Sheng H, Williams PE, Tang W, Zhang M, Kenttämaa HI. Identification of the sulfoxide functionality in protonated analytes via ion/molecule reactions in linear quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry. Analyst 2015; 139:4296-302. [PMID: 24968187 DOI: 10.1039/c4an00677a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A mass spectrometric method utilizing gas-phase ion/molecule reactions of 2-methoxypropene (MOP) has been developed for the identification of the sulfoxide functionality in protonated analytes in a LQIT mass spectrometer. Protonated sulfoxide analytes react with MOP to yield an abundant addition product (corresponding to 37-99% of the product ions), which is accompanied by a much slower proton transfer. The total efficiency (percent of gas-phase collisions leading to products) of the reaction is moderate (3-14%). A variety of compounds with different functional groups, including sulfone, hydroxylamino, N-oxide, aniline, phenol, keto, ester, amino and hydroxy, were examined to probe the selectivity of this reaction. Most of the protonated compounds with proton affinities lower than that of MOP react mainly via proton transfer to MOP. The formation of adduct-MeOH ions was found to be characteristic for secondary N-hydroxylamines. N-Oxides formed abundant MOP adducts just like sulfoxides, but sulfoxides can be differentiated from N-oxides based on their high reaction efficiencies. The reaction was tested by using the anti-inflammatory drug sulindac (a sulfoxide) and its metabolite sulindac sulfone. The presence of a sulfoxide functionality in the drug but a sulfone functionality in the metabolite was readily demonstrated. The presence of other functionalities in addition to sulfoxide in the analytes was found not to influence the diagnostic reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaming Sheng
- Purdue University, Department of Chemistry, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Jarrell T, Riedeman J, Carlsen M, Replogle R, Selby T, Kenttämaa H. Multiported pulsed valve interface for a linear quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer to enable rapid screening of multiple functional-group selective ion-molecule reactions. Anal Chem 2014; 86:6533-9. [PMID: 24897424 DOI: 10.1021/ac501034v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ion-molecule reactions provide a powerful tool for structural elucidation of ionized pharmaceutical analytes in tandem mass spectrometry. However, all previous interfaces for the introduction of reagents for ion-molecule reactions have utilized a single reagent approach. In this study, a multiported pulsed valve system was designed and characterized for rapid introduction of three neutral reagents into a linear quadrupole ion trap. Additionally, automatic triggering was used to allow for the introduction of the reagents on a chromatographic time scale. This system enables automatic, high throughput screening of complex mixtures by using at least three different ion-molecule reactions. Further, rapid testing of new neutral reagents is also possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Jarrell
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Sheng H, Williams PE, Tang W, Riedeman JS, Zhang M, Kenttämaa HI. Identification of the Sulfone Functionality in Protonated Analytes via Ion/Molecule Reactions in a Linear Quadrupole Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer. J Org Chem 2014; 79:2883-9. [PMID: 24571420 DOI: 10.1021/jo402645a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huaming Sheng
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Peggy E. Williams
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Weijuan Tang
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - James S. Riedeman
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Minli Zhang
- AstraZeneca, Boston, Massachusetts 02130, United States
| | - Hilkka I. Kenttämaa
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Osburn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Biochemical and Biophysical Studies, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, USA
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18
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Eismin RJ, Fu M, Yem S, Widjaja F, Kenttämaa HI. Identification of epoxide functionalities in protonated monofunctional analytes by using ion/molecule reactions and collision-activated dissociation in different ion trap tandem mass spectrometers. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2012; 23:12-22. [PMID: 22002227 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-011-0249-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A mass spectrometric method has been delineated for the identification of the epoxide functionalities in unknown monofunctional analytes. This method utilizes gas-phase ion/molecule reactions of protonated analytes with neutral trimethyl borate (TMB) followed by collision-activated dissociation (CAD) in an ion trapping mass spectrometer (tested for a Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance and a linear quadrupole ion trap). The ion/molecule reaction involves proton transfer from the protonated analyte to TMB, followed by addition of the analyte to TMB and elimination of methanol. Based on literature, this reaction allows the general identification of oxygen-containing analytes. Vinyl and phenyl epoxides can be differentiated from other oxygen-containing analytes, including other epoxides, based on the loss of a second methanol molecule upon CAD of the addition/methanol elimination product. The only other analytes found to undergo this elimination are some amides but they also lose O = B-R (R = group bound to carbonyl), which allows their identification. On the other hand, other epoxides can be differentiated from vinyl and phenyl epoxides and from other monofunctional analytes based on the loss of (CH(3)O)(2)BOH or formation of protonated (CH(3)O)(2)BOH upon CAD of the addition/methanol elimination product. For propylene oxide and 2,3-dimethyloxirane, the (CH(3)O)(2)BOH fragment is more basic than the hydrocarbon fragment, and the diagnostic ion (CH(3)O)(2)BOH (2) (+) is formed. These reactions involve opening of the epoxide ring. The only other analytes found to undergo (CH(3)O)(2)BOH elimination are carboxylic acids, but they can be differentiated from the rest based on several published ion/molecule reaction methods. Similar results were obtained in the Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance and linear quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Eismin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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