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Bain RM, Stutzman JR, Pannuto J, Kane M. Characterization of 2-Butanone Peroxide Oligomeric Profiles and Their Associated Gas-Phase and Solution-Phase Rearrangement Products by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Forensic Applications. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:1470-1479. [PMID: 38669013 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.4c00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
2-Butanone peroxide (also known as methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, MEKP) has applications as a cross-linker in the chemical industry and is also encountered as a homemade primary high explosive; therefore, it is of interest to both process chemists and forensic examiners. Specifically for forensic applications, we demonstrate that when traditional synthetic procedures, available to any hobbyist, are utilized to generate MEKP, oligomeric peroxide units (n ≤ 12), along with several other oligomeric byproduct distributions, are readily observed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). These oligomeric byproducts correspond to the formation of methyl/ethyl ketone end group(s) at the oligomer end group (i.e., loss of ethanol(s) and/or methanol(s) from the oligomer termini). Based on the interpretation of the MS and MS/MS behavior along with the characterization of newly generated terminal alkyl ketone products, we propose that these byproducts are consistent with a Hock-like rearrangement of the primary MEKP distribution in the acidified reaction medium. Following a procedure for homemade preparation, triplicate lots were synthesized. Unique oligomeric and byproduct distributions provided discriminatory power between the synthetic lots. Furthermore, the distributions of MEKP oligomers and the various byproducts in the initiated MEKP match the intensity distributions observed in the intact material with remarkable accuracy. This observation suggests that the postinitiation residue of MEKP could be associated or dissociated from a separately collected intact material obtained during an investigation by examining these oligomeric and byproduct profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Bain
- The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Ammendale, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - John R Stutzman
- The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Julie Pannuto
- The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Ammendale, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Meghan Kane
- The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Ammendale, Maryland 20705, United States
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Abu Bakar NH, Chiu HY, Urban PL. Mass Specthoscope: A Hand-held Extendable Probe for Localized Noninvasive Sampling of Skin Volatome for Online Analysis. Anal Chem 2023; 95:17143-17150. [PMID: 37935619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Human skin emits a unique set of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). These VOCs can be probed in order to obtain physiological information about the individuals. However, extracting the VOCs that emanate from human skin for analysis is troublesome and time-consuming. Therefore, we have developed "Mass Specthoscope"─a convenient tool for rapid sampling and detecting VOCs emitted by human skin. The hand-held probe with a pressurized tip and wireless button enables sampling VOCs from surfaces and their transfer to the atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source of quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The system was characterized using chemical standards (acetone, benzaldehyde, sulcatone, α-pinene, and decanal). The limits of detection are in the range from 2.25 × 10-5 to 3.79 × 10-5 mol m-2. The system was initially tested by detecting VOCs emanating from porcine skin spiked with VOCs as well as unspiked fresh and spoiled ham. In the main test, the skin of nine healthy participants was probed with the Mass Specthoscope. The sampling regions included the armpit, forearm, and forehead. Numerous skin-related VOC signals were detected. In the final test, one participant ingested a fenugreek drink, and the participant's skin surface was probed using the Mass Specthoscope hourly during the 8 h period. The result revealed a gradual release of fenugreek-related VOCs from the skin. We believe that this analytical approach has the potential to be used in metabolomic studies and following further identification of disease biomarkers─also in noninvasive diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Hidayat Abu Bakar
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Yi Chiu
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, 25 Jingguo Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, 25 Jingguo Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital, 7 Chung Shan S. Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 1 Jen Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Pawel L Urban
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
- Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
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Li M, Zhang Y, Xi H, Fu Y, Wang H, Zhang Y, Sun S. Characterization of Rose Essential Oils by Double-Region Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry (DRAPCI-MS) with Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), and Heatmap Analysis. ANAL LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2022.2055563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minglei Li
- Key Laboratory in Flavor & Fragrance Basic Research, China National Tobacco, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yihan Zhang
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Hebei Tobacco Company, Shijiazhuang China
| | - Hui Xi
- Key Laboratory in Flavor & Fragrance Basic Research, China National Tobacco, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yingjie Fu
- Key Laboratory in Flavor & Fragrance Basic Research, China National Tobacco, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory in Flavor & Fragrance Basic Research, China National Tobacco, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yipeng Zhang
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Yunan Industrial Company, Kunming China
| | - Shihao Sun
- Key Laboratory in Flavor & Fragrance Basic Research, China National Tobacco, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, Zhengzhou, China
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Forbes TP, Lawrence J, Hao C, Gillen G. Open port sampling interface mass spectrometry of wipe-based explosives, oxidizers, and narcotics for trace contraband detection. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:3453-3460. [PMID: 34291248 PMCID: PMC9972214 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay01038g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rapid screening for chemical traces of explosives and narcotics is widely used to support homeland security and law enforcement. These target compounds span a range of physicochemical properties from organic to inorganic, with preferential ionization pathways in both negative and positive mode operation. Nonvolatile inorganic oxidizers present in homemade fuel-oxidizer mixtures, pyrotechnics, and propellants create a unique challenge to traditional thermal desorption-based technologies. Developments in solid-liquid extraction techniques, specifically, open port sampling interface mass spectrometry (OPSI-MS) provide compelling capabilities to address these hurdles. In this proof of concept study, we investigated the trace detection of wipe-based (i.e., common swipe sampling collection method) explosives, oxidizers, and narcotics using an OPSI source and compact single quadrupole mass analyzer. The liquid dissolution and extraction capabilities of OPSI enabled detection of both traditional military-grade explosives and homemade explosive oxidizers. OPSI-MS sensitivities to a series of seven target compounds from polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) coated fiberglass sampling wipes were on the order of several nanograms to sub-nanogram levels. Comparisons with direct solution-based sample analysis enabled quantification of wipe-based sample extraction effects. The system demonstrated quick temporal responses, polarity switching capabilities, and rapid signal decay with minimal carryover, all critical to high throughput screening applications. Coupling traditional swipe sampling with OPSI-MS offers a promising tool for contraband screening applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Forbes
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
| | - Jeffrey Lawrence
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
| | | | - Greg Gillen
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
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Pintabona L, Astefanei A, Corthals GL, van Asten AC. Utilizing Surface Acoustic Wave Nebulization (SAWN) for the Rapid and Sensitive Ambient Ionization Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Organic Explosives. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:2655-2669. [PMID: 31659718 PMCID: PMC6914713 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02335-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
When considering incident investigations and security checks focused on energetic materials, there is an ongoing need for rapid, on-scene chemical identification. Currently applied methods are not capable of meeting all requirements, and hence, portable mass spectrometry is an interesting alternative although many instrumental challenges still exist. To be able to analyze explosives with mass spectrometry outside the traditional laboratory, suitable ambient ionization methods need to be developed. Ideally such methods are also easily implemented in the field requiring limited to no power sources, gas supplies, flow controllers, and heating devices. For this reason, the potential of SAWN (surface acoustic wave nebulization) for the ambient ionization and subsequent mass spectrometric (MS) analysis of organic explosives was investigated in this study. Excellent sensitivity was observed for nitrate-based organic explosives when operating the MS in negative mode. No dominant adduct peaks were observed for the peroxides TATP and HMTD with SAWN-MS in positive mode. The MS spectra indicate extensive fragmentation of the peroxide explosives even under the mild ionization conditions provided by SAWN. The potential of SAWN-MS was demonstrated with the correct identification of nitrate-based organic explosives in pre- and post-explosion case samples in only a fraction of the time and effort required for the regular laboratory analysis. Results show that SAWN-MS can convincingly identify intact organic energetic compounds and mixtures but that sensitivity is not always sufficient to detect traces of explosives in post-explosion residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Pintabona
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alina Astefanei
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Garry L Corthals
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Arian C van Asten
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- CLHC, Amsterdam Center for Forensic Science and Medicine, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Black C, D'Souza T, Smith JC, Hearns NG. Identification of post-blast explosive residues using direct-analysis-in-real-time and mass spectrometry (DART-MS). Forensic Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2019.100185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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De Silva IW, Kretsch AR, Lewis HM, Bailey M, Verbeck GF. True one cell chemical analysis: a review. Analyst 2019; 144:4733-4749. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an00558g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The constantly growing field of True One Cell (TOC) analysis has provided important information on the direct chemical composition of various cells and cellular components.
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Abstract
Ambient mass spectrometry has evolved rapidly over the past decade, yielding a plethora of platforms and demonstrating scientific advancements across a range of fields from biological imaging to rapid quality control. These techniques have enabled real-time detection of target analytes in an open environment with no sample preparation and can be coupled to any mass analyzer with an atmospheric pressure interface; capabilities of clear interest to the defense, customs and border control, transportation security, and forensic science communities. This review aims to showcase and critically discuss advances in ambient mass spectrometry for the trace detection of explosives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Forbes
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Materials Measurement Science Division, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
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Hamilton JS, Aguilar R, Petros RA, Verbeck GF. DAPNe with micro-capillary separatory chemistry-coupled to MALDI-MS for the analysis of polar and non-polar lipid metabolism in one cell. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:918-928. [PMID: 28251574 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1623-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The cellular metabolome is considered to be a representation of cellular phenotype and cellular response to changes to internal or external events. Methods to expand the coverage of the expansive physiochemical properties that makeup the metabolome currently utilize multi-step extractions and chromatographic separations prior to chemical detection, leading to lengthy analysis times. In this study, a single-step procedure for the extraction and separation of a sample using a micro-capillary as a separatory funnel to achieve analyte partitioning within an organic/aqueous immiscible solvent system is described. The separated analytes are then spotted for MALDI-MS imaging and distribution ratios are calculated. Initially, the method is applied to standard mixtures for proof of partitioning. The extraction of an individual cell is non-reproducible; therefore, a broad chemical analysis of metabolites is necessary and will be illustrated with the one-cell analysis of a single Snu-5 gastric cancer cell taken from a cellular suspension. The method presented here shows a broad partitioning dynamic range as a single-step method for lipid analysis demonstrating a decrease in ion suppression often present in MALDI analysis of lipids. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Hamilton
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Roberto Aguilar
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Robby A Petros
- Department of Chemistry, Texas Women's Univeristy, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Guido F Verbeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA.
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Phelps MS, Sturtevant D, Chapman KD, Verbeck GF. Nanomanipulation-Coupled Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/ Ionization-Direct Organelle Mass Spectrometry: A Technique for the Detailed Analysis of Single Organelles. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:187-193. [PMID: 26238327 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1232-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We describe a novel technique combining precise organelle microextraction with deposition and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) for a rapid, minimally invasive mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of single organelles from living cells. A dual-positioner nanomanipulator workstation was utilized for both extraction of organelle content and precise co-deposition of analyte and matrix solution for MALDI-direct organelle mass spectrometry (DOMS) analysis. Here, the triacylglycerol (TAG) profiles of single lipid droplets from 3T3-L1 adipocytes were acquired and results validated with nanoelectrospray ionization (NSI) MS. The results demonstrate the utility of the MALDI-DOMS technique as it enabled longer mass analysis time, higher ionization efficiency, MS imaging of the co-deposited spot, and subsequent MS/MS capabilities of localized lipid content in comparison to NSI-DOMS. This method provides selective organellar resolution, which complements current biochemical analyses and prompts for subsequent subcellular studies to be performed where limited samples and analyte volume are of concern. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Phelps M, Hamilton J, Verbeck GF. Nanomanipulation-coupled nanospray mass spectrometry as an approach for single cell analysis. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:124101. [PMID: 25554307 DOI: 10.1063/1.4902322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray mass spectrometry is now a widely used technique for observing cell content of various biological tissues. However, electrospray techniques (liquid chromatography and direct infusion) often involve lysing a group of cells and extracting the biomolecules of interest, rather than a sensitive, individual cell method to observe local chemistry. Presented here is an approach of combining a nanomanipulator workstation with nanospray mass spectrometry, which allows for extraction of a single cell, followed by rapid mass analysis that can provide a detailed metabolic profile. Triacylglycerol content was profiled with this tool coupled to mass spectrometry to investigate heterogeneity between healthy and tumorous tissues as well as lipid droplet containing adipocytes in vitro as proof of concept. This selective approach provides cellular resolution and complements existing bioanalytical techniques with minimal invasion to samples. In addition, the coupling of nanomanipulation and mass spectrometry holds the potential to be used in a great number of applications for individual organelles, diseased tissues, and in vitro cell cultures for observing heterogeneity even amongst cells and organelles of the same tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Phelps
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, USA
| | - Jason Hamilton
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, USA
| | - Guido F Verbeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, USA
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