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Naplekov D, Jadeja S, Fučíková AM, Švec F, Sklenářová H, Lenčo J. Easy, Robust, and Repeatable Online Acid Cleavage of Proteins in Mobile Phase for Fast Quantitative LC-MS Bottom-Up Protein Analysis─Application for Ricin Detection. Anal Chem 2023; 95:12339-12348. [PMID: 37565982 PMCID: PMC10448442 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Sample preparation involving the cleavage of proteins into peptides is the first critical step for successful bottom-up proteomics and protein analyses. Time- and labor-intensiveness are among the bottlenecks of the commonly used methods for protein sample preparation. Here, we report a fast online method for postinjection acid cleavage of proteins directly in the mobile phase typically used for LC-MS analyses in proteomics. The chemical cleavage is achieved in 0.1% formic acid within 35 s in a capillary heated to 195 °C installed upstream of the analytical column, enabling the generated peptides to be separated. The peptides generated by the optimized method covered the entire sequence except for one amino acid of trastuzumab used for the method development. The qualitative results are extraordinarily stable, even over a long period of time. Moreover, the method is also suitable for accurate and repeatable quantification. The procedure requires only one manual step, significantly decreasing sample transfer losses. To demonstrate its practical utility, we tested the method for the fast detection of ricin. Ricin can be unambiguously identified from an injection of 10 ng, and the results can be obtained within 7-8 min after receiving a suspicious sample. Because no sophisticated accessories and no additional reagents are needed, the method can be seamlessly transferred to any laboratory for high-throughput proteomic workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis
K. Naplekov
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Siddharth Jadeja
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Myslivcová Fučíková
- Department
of Biology, Faculty of Science, University
of Hradec Králové, Hradecká 1285, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - František Švec
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Sklenářová
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Juraj Lenčo
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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2
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Alexander Harrison J, Pruška A, Oganesyan I, Bittner P, Zenobi R. Temperature-Controlled Electrospray Ionization: Recent Progress and Applications. Chemistry 2021; 27:18015-18028. [PMID: 34632657 PMCID: PMC9298390 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Native electrospray ionization (ESI) and nanoelectrospray ionization (nESI) allow researchers to analyze intact biomolecules and their complexes by mass spectrometry (MS). The data acquired using these soft ionization techniques provide a snapshot of a given biomolecules structure in solution. Over the last thirty years, several nESI and ESI sources capable of controlling spray solution temperature have been developed. These sources can be used to elucidate the thermodynamics of a given analyte, as well as provide structural information that cannot be readily obtained by other, more commonly used techniques. This review highlights how the field of temperature-controlled mass spectrometry has developed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam Pruška
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH ZurichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 38093ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Irina Oganesyan
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH ZurichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 38093ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Philipp Bittner
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH ZurichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 38093ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH ZurichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 38093ZurichSwitzerland
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3
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Han Z, Chen LC. Electrospray Ionization Inside the Ion Inlet Tube: Multijet Mode Operation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:1821-1828. [PMID: 34167294 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the electrospray ionization inside the narrow channel of the ion inlet tube. An insulating emitter capillary made of fused silica with a 0.2 mm outer diameter was inserted into the ion inlet tubes with a 0.5 and 0.6 mm inner diameter to aspirate all the charged droplets. A custom-made ion inlet tube with two side holes near its entrance is used to observe the spraying condition. The spray current is measured and monitored during the MS acquisition using isolation amplifiers. Because the emitter is cylindrically surrounded in close proximity by the metallic inner wall, it is difficult to obtain a stable and symmetric Taylor cone with its apex at the center of the emitter. Instead, a stable operation under a flow rate of 1-4 μL/min is found to be in the form of a multicone-jet mode with two or more Taylor cones anchoring around the rim of the emitter. The emitted charged droplet jets are dragged from hitting the wall by the fast-flowing air inside the inlet tube. Comparison with the typical cone-jet and multijet mode operated several millimeters outside the inlet capillary shows signal enhancements for protein standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbao Han
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11, Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
| | - Lee Chuin Chen
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11, Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
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4
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Wang Y, Zhang W, Ouyang Z. Fast protein analysis enabled by high-temperature hydrolysis. Chem Sci 2020; 11:10506-10516. [PMID: 34094309 PMCID: PMC8162451 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03237a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
While the bottom-up protein analysis serves as a mainstream method for biological studies, its efficiency is limited by the time-consuming process for enzymatic digestion or hydrolysis as well as the post-digestion treatment prior to mass spectrometry analysis. In this work, we developed an enzyme-free microreaction system for fast and selective hydrolysis of proteins, and a direct analysis of the protein digests was achieved by nanoESI (electrospray ionization) mass spectrometry. Using the microreactor, proteins in aqueous solution could be selectively hydrolyzed at the aspartyl sites within 2 min at high temperatures (∼150 °C). Being free of salts, the protein digest solution could be directly analyzed using a mass spectrometer with nanoESI without further purification or post-digestion treatment. This method has been validated for the analysis of a variety of proteins with molecular weights ranging from 8.5 to 67 kDa. With introduction of a reducing agent into the protein solutions, fast cleavage of disulfide bonds was also achieved along with high-temperature hydrolysis, allowing for fast analysis of large proteins such as bovine serum albumin. The high-temperature microreaction system was also used with a miniature mass spectrometer for the determination of highly specific peptides from Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens, showing its potential for point-of-care analysis of protein biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Wenpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Zheng Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
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5
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Chen LC. A Plug-and-Play High-Pressure ESI Source with an Emitter at Ground Potential and Its Application to High-Temperature Capillary LC-MS. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:1015-1018. [PMID: 32239928 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A new high-pressure ESI source that can be readily used for commercial API mass spectrometers in a plug-and-play manner without any modification on the ion sampling interface is introduced. The emitter can be operated at ground potential, and the positive mode electrospray is generated by applying a negative high potential to the counter electrode. A shielding electrode effectively shields the opposing electric field and improves the ion transmission. This feature facilitates the direct connection of the ESI emitter to the electrically grounded components. The application of the present ion source to the high-temperature (>100 °C) capillary liquid chromatography for high-speed separation of peptide and proteins is demonstrated using a monolithic polymeric column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Chuin Chen
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
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6
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Lv Y, Fu J, Jia Q, Dong H, Han S, Li L, He L. Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry Based Label-Free Quantification Method for Assessment of Allergen-Induced Anaphylactoid Reactions. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:856-863. [PMID: 32125841 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.9b00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells are essential in mediating inflammatory processes. When activated, mast cells can rapidly release characteristic granules and various mediators into the interstitium. Tryptase (TPS) and β-hexosaminidase (HEXB) are typical protease mediators stored in granules and released upon activation. They have been recognized as important biomarkers of anaphylaxis, and the released level is associated with the severity of allergic reactions. In this study, a sensitive, accurate, and selective liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for simultaneously quantifying the two biomarkers was developed and validated in LAD2 cell culture supernatant, and P14R was used as internal standard. Good linearity was observed in the range of 50-2500 ng/mL for TPS and 10-2000 ng/mL for HEXB both with R2 > 0.99. The matrix effect and recovery were both within acceptable limits. We quantified TPS and HEXB released from Laboratory of Allergic Disease 2 (LAD2) mast cells treated with several potential allergens, and the results demonstrate that the method can be used to investigate TPS and HEXB levels in LAD2 mast cell model during allergy research. We anticipate our approach to be a robust and sensitive assessment method for more biomarkers with similar kinetics characteristics and to be a major tool of allergic drug assessment or antiallergic drug development in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanni Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 76# Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Jia Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 76# Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Qianqian Jia
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 76# Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Hengtao Dong
- Shimadzu (China) Co., Ltd., 56# Jinye First Road, Xi'an 710000, China
| | - Shengli Han
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 76# Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Lingjun Li
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Langchong He
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 76# Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, China
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7
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Rahman MM, Wu D, Chingin K, Xu W, Chen H. High ohmic resistor hyphenated gel loading tip nano-electrospray ionization source for mini mass spectrometer. Talanta 2019; 202:59-66. [PMID: 31171225 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The deployment of mini mass spectrometers on the field strongly demands efficient ionization sources that are easy-to-operate. Nano-electrospray (nESI) ion source has been widely used in the field of chemistry, biology, medicine, pharmaceutical industry, clinical assessment and forensic science. In this study, a high ohmic resistor hyphenated gel loading tip nESI source was coupled with our home developed mini mass spectrometer. This ionization source has the advantages of simple-in-design, disposable and low-in-cost, therefore it could be frequently used for analysis of aqueous samples without leading to cross contamination. Performances of the gel loading tip nESI emitter were similar to pulled glass capillary, and highly compatible for the analysis of biomolecule in aqueous solution. Different peptide and small molecules have been confirmed with a continuous atmospheric pressure-interfaced (CAPI) mini mass spectrometer. The corona discharge, which was usually observed at nESI emitter tip under high aqueous solvent conditions, resulting in low ion intensity, has been successfully quenched using a 10 GΩ resistor in both a pulled glass capillary and a gel loading tip as nESI emitter in this study. Compared with conventional ESI, the metal wire assisted gel loading tip facilitated loading and direct analysis of biological samples without sample pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Matiur Rahman
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China.
| | - Debo Wu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Konstantin Chingin
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Wei Xu
- College of Information of Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China; School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Huanwen Chen
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China
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8
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Chen LC. High-Temperature Liquid Chromatography and the Hyphenation with Mass Spectrometry Using High-Pressure Electrospray Ionization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 8:S0079. [PMID: 32010544 PMCID: PMC6920344 DOI: 10.5702/massspectrometry.s0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Increasing the operating temperature of the liquid chromatography (LC) column has the same effect as reducing the diameter of the packing particles on minimizing the contribution of C-term in the van Deemter equation, flattening the curve of plate height vs. linear velocity in the high-speed region, thus allowing a fast LC analysis without the loss of plate count. While the use of smaller particles requires a higher pumping pressure, operating the column at higher temperature reduces the pressure due to lower liquid viscosity. At present, the adoption of high-temperature LC lags behind the ultra-high-pressure LC. Nevertheless, the availability of thermally stable columns has steadily improved and new innovations in this area have continued to emerge. This paper gives a brief review and updates on the recent advances in high-temperature liquid chromatography (HTLC). Recent efforts of hyphenating the capillary HTLC with mass spectrometry via a super-atmospheric pressure electrospray ionization is also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Chuin Chen
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
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9
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Chen LC, Naito T, Ninomiya S, Hiraoka K. Hyphenation of high-temperature liquid chromatography with high-pressure electrospray ionization for subcritical water LC-ESI-MS. Analyst 2018; 143:5552-5558. [PMID: 30303205 DOI: 10.1039/c8an01113c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
High-pressure electrospray ionization (HP-ESI) performed under super-atmospheric pressure allows a stable and efficient electrospray of pure aqueous and/or superheated solutions even under a μL min-1 flow rate regime. In this paper, we report the direct coupling of the HP-ESI source to high-temperature liquid chromatography (HT-LC) operated at ≤30 μL min-1 flow rates. In addition to ESI, the ion source functions as a back-pressure regulator to keep the mobile phase in the liquid phase when the column is heated to >100 °C. Under an ion source pressure of 7 bar, the LC column can be operated up to 160 °C. LC is performed under isocratic elution, and besides the isothermal mode, the temperature of the column can also be programmed to increase the selectivity while keeping the ion source at a constant temperature. For a given solution flow rate, the analytical time can be shortened by increasing the column temperature. HT-LC-ESI-MS using pure water as the mobile phase with a capillary column is also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Chuin Chen
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11, Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan.
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10
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Accurate quantification of β-hexosaminidase released from laboratory of allergic diseases 2 cells via liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1578:106-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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11
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Kostyukevich Y, Shulga AA, Kononikhin A, Popov I, Nikolaev E, Deyev S. CID fragmentation, H/D exchange and supermetallization of Barnase-Barstar complex. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6176. [PMID: 28733680 PMCID: PMC5522418 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06507-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The barnase-barstar complex is one of the most stable protein-protein complexes and has a very wide range of possible applications. Here we report the use of top-down mass spectrometry for the investigation of the structure of this complex, its ionization via ESI, isolation and fragmentation. It was found that the asymmetry of the resulting charge state distributions of the protein monomer product ions increased as the charge state of the precursor ions increased. For the investigation of the 3D structure of the complex, the gas phase H/D exchange reaction was used. In addition, supermetallized ions of the complex with Zn were produced and investigated. It was observed that an increase in the number of metals bound to the complex results in a change in complex stability and the charge distribution between protein fragment. Analysis of the fragmentation pattern of the supermetallized complex [bn-b* + 5Zn]10+ indicated that this ion is present in different conformations with different charges and Zn distributions. Since Zn cannot migrate, such structures must be formed during ionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury Kostyukevich
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology Novaya St., 100, Skolkovo, 143025, Russian Federation.,Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskij pr. 38, k.2, 119334, Moscow, Russia.,Emanuel Institute for Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences Kosygina st. 4, 119334, Moscow, Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700, Dolgoprudnyi, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Aleksej A Shulga
- Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklaya str., Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey Kononikhin
- Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskij pr. 38, k.2, 119334, Moscow, Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700, Dolgoprudnyi, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Igor Popov
- Emanuel Institute for Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences Kosygina st. 4, 119334, Moscow, Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700, Dolgoprudnyi, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Eugene Nikolaev
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology Novaya St., 100, Skolkovo, 143025, Russian Federation. .,Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskij pr. 38, k.2, 119334, Moscow, Russia. .,Emanuel Institute for Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences Kosygina st. 4, 119334, Moscow, Russia. .,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700, Dolgoprudnyi, Moscow Region, Russia.
| | - Sergey Deyev
- Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklaya str., Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation.,National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30, av. Lenina, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
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12
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Kostyukevich Y, Kononikhin A, Popov I, Nikolaev E. Thermal dissociation of ions limits the degree of the gas-phase H/D exchange at the atmospheric pressure. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2017; 52:204-209. [PMID: 28152260 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We present the application of the extended desolvating capillaries for increasing the degree of the gas-phase hydrogen/deuterium exchange reaction at atmospheric pressure. The use of the extended capillaries results in the increase of the time that ions spend in the high pressure region, what leads to the significant improvement of the efficiency of the reaction. For the small protein ubiquitin, it was observed that for the same temperature, the number of exchanges increases with the decrease of the charge state so that the lowest charge state can exchange twice the number of hydrogen than the highest one. With the increase of the temperature, the difference decreases, and eventually, the number of exchanges equalizes for all charge states. The value of this temperature and the corresponding number of exchanges depend on the geometric parameters of the capillary. Further increase of the temperature leads to the thermal dissociation of the protein ion. The observed b/y fragments are identical to those produced by collision-induced dissociation performed in the ion trap. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kostyukevich
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Novaya St., 100, Skolkovo, 143025, Russia
- Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskij pr. 38 k.2, 119334, Moscow, Russia
- Emanuel Institute for Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygina st. 4, 119334, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudnyi, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - A Kononikhin
- Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskij pr. 38 k.2, 119334, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudnyi, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - I Popov
- Emanuel Institute for Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygina st. 4, 119334, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudnyi, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - E Nikolaev
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Novaya St., 100, Skolkovo, 143025, Russia
- Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskij pr. 38 k.2, 119334, Moscow, Russia
- Emanuel Institute for Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygina st. 4, 119334, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudnyi, Moscow Region, Russia
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13
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Chen LC, Ninomiya S, Hiraoka K. Super-atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry and its application to ultrafast online protein digestion analysis. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2016; 51:396-411. [PMID: 27270863 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ion source pressure plays a significant role in the process of ionization and the subsequent ion transmission inside a mass spectrometer. Pressurizing the ion source to a gas pressure greater than atmospheric pressure is a relatively new approach that aims to further improve the performance of atmospheric pressure ionization sources. For example, under a super-atmospheric pressure environment, a stable electrospray can be sustained for liquid with high surface tension such as pure water, because of the suppression of electric discharge. Even for nano-electrospray ionization (nano-ESI), which is known to work with aqueous solution, its stability and sensitivity can also be enhanced, particularly in the negative mode when the ion source is pressurized. A brief review on the development of super-atmospheric pressure ion sources, including high-pressure electrospray, field desorption and superheated ESI, and the strategies to interface these ion sources to a mass spectrometer will be given. Using a recent ESI prototype with an operating temperature at 220 °C under 27 atm, we also demonstrate that it is possible to achieve an online Asp-specific protein digestion analysis in which the whole processes of digestion, ionization and MS acquisition could be completed on the order of a few seconds. This method is fast, and the reaction can even be monitored on a near-real-time basis. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Chuin Chen
- Graduate School, Department of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11, Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi, 400-8511, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ninomiya
- Graduate School, Department of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11, Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi, 400-8511, Japan
| | - Kenzo Hiraoka
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11, Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi, 400-8511, Japan
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14
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Powell T, Bowra S, Cooper HJ. Subcritical Water Processing of Proteins: An Alternative to Enzymatic Digestion? Anal Chem 2016; 88:6425-32. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Powell
- School
of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Bowra
- Phytatec (U.K.) Ltd., Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth SY23 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - Helen J. Cooper
- School
of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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15
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Mortensen DN, Williams ER. Ultrafast (1 μs) Mixing and Fast Protein Folding in Nanodrops Monitored by Mass Spectrometry. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:3453-60. [PMID: 26902747 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b13081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The use of theta-glass emitters and mass spectrometry to monitor reactions that occur as fast as one μs is demonstrated. Acidified aqueous solutions containing unfolded proteins are mixed with aqueous ammonium acetate solutions to increase the solution pH and induce protein folding during nanoelectrospray ionization. Protein charge-state distributions show the extent to which folding occurs, and reaction times are obtained from known protein folding time constants. Shorter reaction times are obtained by decreasing the solution flow rate, and reaction times between 1.0 and 22 μs are obtained using flow rates between 48 and 2880 pL/s, respectively. Remarkably similar reaction times are obtained for three different proteins (Trp-cage, myoglobin, and cytochrome c) with folding time constants that differ by more than an order of magnitude (4.1, 7, and 57 μs, respectively), indicating that the reaction times obtained using rapid mixing from theta-glass emitters are independent of protein identity. A folding time constant of 2.2 μs is obtained for the formation of a β-hairpin structure of renin substrate tetradecapeptide, which is the fastest folding event measured using a rapid mixing technique. The 1.0 μs reaction time obtained here is about an order of magnitude lower than the shortest reaction time probed using a conventional mixer (8 μs). Moreover, this fast reaction time is obtained with a 48 pL/s flow rate, which is 2000-times less than the flow rate required to obtained the 8 μs reaction time using a conventional mixer. These results indicate that rapid mixing with theta-glass emitters can be used to access significantly faster reaction times while consuming substantially less sample than in conventional mixing apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N Mortensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
| | - Evan R Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
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Chen LC. When API Mass Spectrometry Meets Super Atmospheric Pressure Ion Sources. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 4:A0041. [PMID: 26819912 DOI: 10.5702/massspectrometry.a0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In a tutorial paper on the application of free-jet technique for API-MS, John Fenn mentioned that "…for a number of years and a number of reasons, it has been found advantageous in many situations to carry out the ionization process in gas at pressures up to 1000 Torr or more" (Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 200: 459-478, 2000). In fact, the first ESI mass spectrometer constructed by Yamashita and Fenn had a counter-flow curtain gas source at 1050 Torr (ca. 1.4 atm) to sweep away the neutral (J. Phys. Chem. 88: 4451-4459, 1984). For gaseous ionization using electrospray plume, theoretical analysis also shows that "super-atmospheric operation would be more preferable in space-charge-limited situations."(Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 300: 182-193, 2011). However, electrospray and the corona-based chemical ion source (APCI) in most commercial instrument are basically operated under an atmospheric pressure ambient, perhaps out of the concern of safety, convenience and simplicity in maintenance. Running the ion source at pressure much higher than 1 atm is not so common, but had been done by a number of groups as well as in our laboratory. A brief review on these ion sources will be given in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Chuin Chen
- Graduate School, Department of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi
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Chen LC, Kinoshita M, Noda M, Ninomiya S, Hiraoka K. Rapid Online Non-Enzymatic Protein Digestion Analysis with High Pressure Superheated ESI-MS. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 26:1085-1091. [PMID: 25832029 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1111-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we reported a new ESI ion source that could electrospray the super-heated aqueous solution with liquid temperature much higher than the normal boiling point (J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 25, 1862-1869). The boiling of liquid was prevented by pressurizing the ion source to a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure. The maximum operating pressure in our previous prototype was 11 atm, and the highest achievable temperature was 180°C. In this paper, a more compact prototype that can operate up to 27 atm and 250°C liquid temperatures is constructed, and reproducible MS acquisition can be extended to electrospray temperatures that have never before been tested. Here, we apply this super-heated ESI source to the rapid online protein digestion MS. The sample solution is rapidly heated when flowing through a heated ESI capillary, and the digestion products are ionized by ESI in situ when the solution emerges from the tip of the heated capillary. With weak acid such as formic acid as solution, the thermally accelerated digestion (acid hydrolysis) has the selective cleavage at the aspartate (Asp, D) residue sites. The residence time of liquid within the active heating region is about 20 s. The online operation eliminates the need to transfer the sample from the digestion reactor, and the output of the digestive reaction can be monitored and manipulated by the solution flow rate and heater temperature in a near real-time basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Chuin Chen
- Graduate School, Department of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Yamanashi, 400-8511, Japan,
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