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Xu Z, Yu K, Zhang M, Ju Y, He J, Jiang Y, Li Y, Jiang J. Accurate Clinical Detection of Vitamin D by Mass Spectrometry: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024:1-25. [PMID: 38376891 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2024.2316237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is thought to be associated with a wide range of diseases, including diabetes, cancer, depression, neurodegenerative diseases, and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. This vitamin D deficiency is a global epidemic affecting both developing and developed countries and therefore qualitative and quantitative analysis of vitamin D in a clinical context is essential. Mass spectrometry has played an increasingly important role in the clinical analysis of vitamin D because of its accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and the ability to detect multiple substances at the same time. Despite their many advantages, mass spectrometry-based methods are not without analytical challenges. Front-end and back-end challenges such as protein precipitation, analyte extraction, derivatization, mass spectrometer functionality, must be carefully considered to provide accurate and robust analysis of vitamin D through a well-designed approach with continuous control by internal and external quality control. Therefore, the aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the development of mass spectrometry methods for vitamin D accurate analysis, including emphasis on status markers, deleterious effects of biological matrices, derivatization reactions, effects of ionization sources, contribution of epimers, standardization of assays between laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilong Xu
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai), Weihai, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Kai Yu
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai), Weihai, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai), Weihai, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Yun Ju
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai), Weihai, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Jing He
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai), Weihai, China
| | - Yanxiao Jiang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai), Weihai, China
| | - Yunuo Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai), Weihai, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
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2
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Luo R, Schrader W. Physical removal of PAXHs from highly contaminated soil by density differentiation: studying the effectiveness on the molecular level. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2024; 26:136-145. [PMID: 37994147 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00379e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Contaminated soils from industrial sites, such as for coal mining or manufactured gas production, can contain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with a concentration higher than 10 000 mg kg-1, which require an integrated approach for remediation. A physical treatment by separating organic contaminants from soil materials using the density difference could lower the cost for the upcoming chemical and/or biological treatment. In our study, a highly PAH contaminated soil was separated in a 39% (w/w) calcium chloride solution (ρ = 1.4 g cm-3) via stirring, aeration or ultrasonication. Both first and second methods could separate soil materials from organic particles efficiently. The light fraction comprised around 10% of the total soil weight but 80% of solvent extractable organics (SEO). Optical and transmission electron microscopic analysis showed the light fraction, which consisted of mainly black solid aggregates (BSA), differed strongly from soil materials. Additionally, the original contaminated soil, its light and heavy fractions and the corresponding water phase together with the manually separated BSA were analyzed on the molecular level using ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) with different atmospheric pressure ionization (API) methods, such as electrospray (ESI) and atmospheric pressure photo ionization (APPI). Results showed that SEO, which were primarily associated with BSA and successfully separated through physical method, contained mainly condensed aromatic ring structures of pure hydrocarbons and nitrogen heterocycles with low oxygen content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoji Luo
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Schrader
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
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3
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Görs PE, Ayala-Cabrera JF, Meckelmann SW. Unraveling the Double Bond Position of Fatty Acids by GC-MS Using Electron Capture APCI and In-Source Fragmentation Patterns. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:2538-2546. [PMID: 37751542 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
The position of double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids is strongly connected to their biological effects, but their analytical characterization is still challenging. However, the ionization of unsaturated fatty acids by a GC-APCI leads to regiospecific in-source fragment ions, which can be used to identify the double bond position. The fragment ions are oxidized species that occur mostly at the double bond closest to the carboxylic acid group. This effect can be further promoted by using benzaldehyde as a gas-phase reactant. This allows the identification of the Δ-notation of the fatty acid, and based on additional information such as m/z and retention time, it is possible to annotate the corresponding fatty acid. The developed method also enables the quantification of fatty acids in one step with high selectivity and sensitivity. Moreover, rare fatty acids can be identified in suspected target approaches that are often not available as standards. This was demonstrated by analyzing fish oil samples that provide a complex mixture of highly unsaturated fatty acids and by identifying rare fatty acids such as hexadecatetraenoic acid (FA 16:4 Δ6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Görs
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Juan F Ayala-Cabrera
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, 48080 Leioa, Biscay, Basque Country, Spain
- Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PiE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48620 Plentzia, Biscay, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Sven W Meckelmann
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
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Mase C, Maillard JF, Piparo M, Friederici L, Rüger CP, Marceau S, Paupy B, Hubert-Roux M, Afonso C, Giusti P. GC-FTICR mass spectrometry with dopant assisted atmospheric pressure photoionization: application to the characterization of plastic pyrolysis oil. Analyst 2023; 148:5221-5232. [PMID: 37724415 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01246h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Pyrolysis is a promising way to convert plastic waste into valuable resources. However, for downstream upgrading processes, many undesirable species, such as conjugated diolefins or heteroatom-containing compounds, can be generated during this pyrolysis. In-depth chemical characterization is therefore required to improve conversion and valorization. Because of the high molecular diversity found in these samples, advanced analytical instrumentation is needed to provide accurate and complete characterization. Generally, direct infusion Fourier transform mass spectrometry is used to gather information at the molecular level, but it has the disadvantage of limited structural insights. To overcome this drawback, gas chromatography has been coupled to Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. By taking advantage of soft atmospheric pressure photoionization, which preserves molecular information, and the use of different dopants (pyrrole, toluene, and benzene), selective ionization of different chemical families was achieved. Differences in the ionization energy of the dopants will only allow the ionization of the molecules of the pyrolysis oil which have lower ionization energy, or which are accessible via specific chemical ionization pathways. With a selective focus on hydrocarbon species and especially hydrocarbon species having a double bond equivalent (DBE) value of 2, pyrrole is prone to better ionize low-mass molecules with lower retention times compared to the dopant benzene, which allowed better ionization of high-mass molecules with higher retention times. The toluene dopant presented the advantage of ionizing both low and high mass molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Mase
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA UMR 6014, INC3M FR 3038, F-76000 Rouen, France.
- TotalEnergies OneTech, Total Research and Technology Gonfreville TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
- International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
| | - Julien F Maillard
- TotalEnergies OneTech, Total Research and Technology Gonfreville TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
- International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
| | - Marco Piparo
- TotalEnergies OneTech, Total Research and Technology Gonfreville TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
- International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
| | - Lukas Friederici
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre/Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 27, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Christopher P Rüger
- International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre/Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 27, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Sabrina Marceau
- TotalEnergies OneTech, Total Research and Technology Gonfreville TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
- International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
| | - Benoit Paupy
- TotalEnergies OneTech, Total Research and Technology Gonfreville TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
- International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
| | - Marie Hubert-Roux
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA UMR 6014, INC3M FR 3038, F-76000 Rouen, France.
- International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
| | - Carlos Afonso
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA UMR 6014, INC3M FR 3038, F-76000 Rouen, France.
- International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
| | - Pierre Giusti
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA UMR 6014, INC3M FR 3038, F-76000 Rouen, France.
- TotalEnergies OneTech, Total Research and Technology Gonfreville TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
- International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
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Acter T, Lee S, Uddin N, Mow KM, Kim S. Characterization of petroleum‐related natural organic matter by ultrahigh‐resolution mass spectrometry. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thamina Acter
- Department of Mathematical and Physical Sciences East West University Dhaka Bangladesh
| | - Seulgidaun Lee
- Department of Chemistry Kyungpook National University Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Nizam Uddin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Engineering, Faculty of Allied Health Science Daffodil International University Dhaka Bangladesh
| | - Kamarum Monira Mow
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering East West University Dhaka Bangladesh
| | - Sunghwan Kim
- Department of Chemistry Kyungpook National University Daegu Republic of Korea
- Mass Spectrometry Based Convergence Research Institute Kyungpook National University Daegu Republic of Korea
- Green‐Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University Daegu Republic of Korea
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Bouza M, García-Martínez J, Gilbert-López B, Brandt S, García-Reyes JF, Molina-Díaz A, Franzke J. Dielectric Barrier Discharge Ionization Mechanisms: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons as a Case of Study. Anal Chem 2022; 95:854-861. [PMID: 36538370 PMCID: PMC9850405 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dielectric barrier discharge ionization (DBDI) is a versatile tool for small-molecule mass spectrometry applications, helping cover from polar to low polar molecules. However, the plasma gas-phase interactions are highly complex and have been scarcely investigated. The ionization mechanisms of plasmas have long been assumed to be somewhat similar to atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI). Here, we evaluated the ionization mechanisms of a two-ring DBDI ion source, using different discharge gases to analyze vaporized liquid samples. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were used as model analytes to assess the mechanisms' dominance: protonation, [M + H]+, or radical ion species formation, [M]·+. In the present work, two different ionization trends were observed for APCI and DBDI during the PAH analysis; the compounds with proton affinities (PA) over 856 kJ/mol were detected as [M + H]+ when APCI was used as ionization source. Meanwhile, independently of the PA, DBDI showed the prevalence of charge exchange reactions. The addition of dopants in the gas-phase region shifted the ionization mechanisms toward charge exchange reactions, facilitating the formation of [M]·+ ion species, showing anisole a significant boost of the PAH radical ion species signals, over nine times for Ar-Prop-DBDI analysis. The presence of high-energy metastable atoms (e.g., HeM) with high ionization potentials (IE = 19.80 eV) did not show boosted PAH abundances or extensive molecule fragmentation. Moreover, other species in the plasma jet region with closer and more appropriate IE, such as N2 B3Πg excited molecules, are likely responsible for PAH Penning ionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Bouza
- Analytical
Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071Jaén, Spain,. Phone: +34 953 212758
| | - Julio García-Martínez
- Analytical
Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071Jaén, Spain
| | - Bienvenida Gilbert-López
- Analytical
Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071Jaén, Spain
| | - Sebastian Brandt
- ISAS—Leibniz
Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, 44139Dortmund, Germany
| | - Juan F. García-Reyes
- Analytical
Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071Jaén, Spain
| | - Antonio Molina-Díaz
- Analytical
Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071Jaén, Spain
| | - Joachim Franzke
- ISAS—Leibniz
Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, 44139Dortmund, Germany,. Phone: +49 0231 1392-174
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7
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Owen RN, Bajic S, Kelly SL, Morris MR, Brenton AG. Glow flow ionization mass spectrometry of small molecules. A comparison of a glow flow ionization source ('GlowFlow') with electrospray ionization and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9327. [PMID: 35610187 PMCID: PMC9285393 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Ionization by atmospheric pressure gas discharge has been employed for a long time in mass spectrometry. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry is an exemplar, and widely used for elemental analysis. The technique has less uptake in organic mass spectrometry. We describe a simple source design that can be readily implemented in most atmospheric pressure ionization (API) systems and compare its performance with that of electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI). METHODS An in-house designed helium gas discharge source (referred to as 'GlowFlow') was used on a Xevo G2-S time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The GlowFlow source was transferred to a compatible Xevo TQ-S triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer using an ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatograph inlet. Its performance was compared to that of Waters ESI and APCI sources. RESULTS Preliminary results of GlowFlow on the Swansea instrument are presented to establish context and include analysis of low-molecular-mass polymers, benzoic acid and cinnamic acid. Comparison of performance on the Xevo TQ-S triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer involved three test mixtures. The method limits of detection (six-mix) for positive-ion GlowFlow source were between 0.03 and 10.00 pg with good linear response over two to four orders of magnitude and values of R2 > 0.98. The GlowFlow ionization source provided a signal intensity that was an order of magnitude greater than that of ESI for an atmospheric pressure gas chromatography standard mix and ionized several compounds that ESI could not. CONCLUSIONS The current GlowFlow design is relatively simple to retrofit to most API systems due to its small size. The sensitivity of the GlowFlow design is typically an order of magnitude less than that of ESI in positive-ion mode, but similar in sensitivity in negative-ion mode and comparable to that of APCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhodri N. Owen
- Institute of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life ScienceSwansea UniversitySwanseaUK
| | | | - Steven L. Kelly
- Institute of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life ScienceSwansea UniversitySwanseaUK
| | | | - A. Gareth Brenton
- Institute of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life ScienceSwansea UniversitySwanseaUK
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8
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Lau JKC, Romanov V, Lukow S, Hopkinson AC, Verkerk UH. Cations Derived from Fentanyls Generated by Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization in the Presence of Ammonia: An IMS-MS Study. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:1700-1706. [PMID: 34143623 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A set of fentanyl molecules when subjected to vacuum UV atmospheric pressure photoionization (VUV-APPI) in the presence of dopants (ammonia and anisole) shows two major bands in the ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IMS-MS) spectrum corresponding to (a) the protonated fentanyl, [M+H]+ and (b) a unique [M-74]+ ion. For the parent fentanyl, the [M-74]+ ion is at m/z 262 but, in the absence of ammonia, the product ion is shifted to m/z 245, corresponding to a difference of NH3. Collision-induced dissociations (CID) of the [M-74]+ ions for all the different fentanyls examined here show the same pattern of neutral losses, namely NH3 and HN=CH2, and the dominant product ion is at m/z 84 (shifted to m/z 98 for 3-methylfentanyl and m/z 142 and 231 for carfentanyl). Dissociation of the [M-74-NH3]+ ion derived from the fentanyls yields the same product ions as found in the electron impact (EI) ionization spectra of the fentanyls. The dissociation products of the [M-74-HN=CH2]+ ion are different, include the ion at m/z 84, and correspond to the fragmentation products of protonated norfentanyls. Theoretical modeling supports the opening of new fragmentation channels as a result of the reaction of the initially formed iminium cation with ammonia at atmospheric pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Kai-Chi Lau
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Vladimir Romanov
- Rapiscan Systems, 23 Frontage Road, Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
| | - Stefan Lukow
- Rapiscan Systems, 23 Frontage Road, Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
| | - Alan C Hopkinson
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Udo H Verkerk
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
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Rüger CP, Neumann A, Sklorz M, Zimmermann R. Atmospheric Pressure Single Photon Laser Ionization (APSPLI) Mass Spectrometry Using a 157 nm Fluorine Excimer Laser for Sensitive and Selective Detection of Non- to Semipolar Hydrocarbons. Anal Chem 2021; 93:3691-3697. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P. Rüger
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Department Life, Light & Matter (LLM), University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Anika Neumann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Department Life, Light & Matter (LLM), University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Martin Sklorz
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group “Comprehensive Molecular Analytics” (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München (HMGU), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Department Life, Light & Matter (LLM), University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group “Comprehensive Molecular Analytics” (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München (HMGU), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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10
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Mirabelli MF, Zenobi R. Rapid screening and quantitation of PAHs in water and complex sample matrices by solid-phase microextraction coupled to capillary atmospheric pressure photoionization-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2021; 56:e4656. [PMID: 32975320 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A capillary atmospheric pressure photoionization (cAPPI) source was used to analyze polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in complex matrices like grilled meat extract and urban dust reference material, as well as screening for PAHs in aqueous samples such as tap and lake water. A high-throughput workflow was developed that allowed rapid screening of unknown samples by direct solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with cAPPI-MS, with confirmatory gas chromatography performed only for samples containing trace amounts of PAHs. Extraction times were as low as 15 s, with a total analysis time of 2 min per sample for screening. Limits of detections were in the low pg/ml range and in the subpg/ml range for the direct and chromatographic approach, respectively, with a linear dynamic range between two and three orders of magnitude, as determined for 15 model PAHs. This rapid approach represents an attractive way to screen samples containing nonpolar compounds using an ambient ionization source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario F Mirabelli
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
- CTC Analytics AG, Industriestrasse 20, Zwingen, 4222, Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
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Ayala-Cabrera JF, Lipok C, Moyano E, Schmitz OJ, Santos FJ. Atmospheric pressure ionization for gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry determination of polychlorinated naphthalenes in marine sediments. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:127963. [PMID: 33297024 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the performance of the atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and photoionization (APPI) was assessed to develop a new selective and sensitive gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) method for the determination of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in sediment samples. The capability of both APCI and APPI sources for the ionization of PCNs was investigated, showing the formation of the molecular ion and the [M‒Cl+O]‒ ion in positive and negative ion modes, respectively. Positive ion APCI provided high responses using high corona ion current, while the use of high vapour pressure dopant-solvents, such as toluene in positive mode and diethyl ether in the negative mode, was required to achieve high ionization efficiencies in APPI. The performance of the two API sources in the PCN determination by GC-HRMS were compared and the best results were achieved using the GC-APPI(+)-HRMS (Orbitrap) system. The GC-APPI(+)-HRMS (Orbitrap) method was applied to the characterization of Halowax mixtures and the analysis of marine sediments collected near to the coastal area of Barcelona (NE, Spain), demonstrating a great detection capability with low method limits of detection (0.2-1.6 pg g-1 dry weight), good precision (RSD <15%) and trueness (relative error <13%). Total PCN concentrations ranged from 0.35 to 5.0 ng g-1 dry weight and the presence of related compounds, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), was also detected by combining positive and negative ion modes, providing complementary information to better monitor of all PCN congener groups. The results presented here show the feasibility of the GC-APPI-HRMS method for the suitable determination of PCNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Ayala-Cabrera
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona Av. Diagonal 645, E‒08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Lipok
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitatsstr. 5, D‒45141, Essen, Germany; Teaching and Research Center for Separation, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitatsstr. 5, D‒45141, Essen, Germany
| | - E Moyano
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona Av. Diagonal 645, E‒08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - O J Schmitz
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitatsstr. 5, D‒45141, Essen, Germany; Teaching and Research Center for Separation, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitatsstr. 5, D‒45141, Essen, Germany
| | - F J Santos
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona Av. Diagonal 645, E‒08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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Revelsky IA, Sysoev AA, Revelsky AI, Adamov AG, Poteshin SS, Samokhin AS, Chivarzin ME, Chepelyansky DA, Yashin YS. Investigation of Atmospheric Pressure Photochemical Ionization Mass Spectra of Binary Organic Solutions without Their Separation in Dependence on the Concentration of Solutions and Analyte Vapors in Nitrogen Using the Exponential Dilution Method and a Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer with an Atmospheric Pressure Photochemical Ionization Ion Source. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934820140117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Brecht D, Uteschil F, Schmitz OJ. Development of a fast-switching dual (ESI/APCI) ionization source for liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8845. [PMID: 32468622 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE High-throughput liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) is an increasing topic in analytical chemistry. Especially the idle time of a mass spectrometer should be reduced for an efficient and cost-saving use. Therefore, a fast-switching dual ion source was developed, which uses the most important ionization techniques at atmospheric pressure, electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), with one or more LC systems. METHODS The performance of the developed ion source is shown by infusion experiments and chromatographic analyses of different standard substances. A high-throughput method is demonstrated by coupling two UHPLC systems to the dual ion source with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. RESULTS No decrease in the ion abundance and a stable performance of the mass spectrometer are presented while using the dual ion source. Instrumental limits of detection are 30 ng L-1 for testosterone using ESI and 1 μg L-1 for vitamin D3 using APCI. A fast switching between two UHPLC systems and the dual ion source leads to a high sample throughput of 50 samples in 75 min with relative standard deviations for testosterone and vitamin D3 of 1.5% and 3.8%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This work presents the development of a dual ESI and APCI ion source operating simultaneously or in switched mode. The results show sensitive and reliable performance as well as the hyphenation to one or more HPLC systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Brecht
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse 5, Essen, 45141, Germany
| | - Florian Uteschil
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse 5, Essen, 45141, Germany
| | - Oliver J Schmitz
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse 5, Essen, 45141, Germany
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14
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Kondyli A, Schrader W. Evaluation of the combination of different atmospheric pressure ionization sources for the analysis of extremely complex mixtures. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8676. [PMID: 31773793 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Characterization of complex samples remains a challenging task due to the high number of compounds present. Matrix effects, ion discrimination and suppression are limiting factors which force the use of different methods for the same sample to gain a broad understanding of complex mixtures. METHODS Various ionization techniques such as electrospray ionization (ESI), atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) have been used in various problems for complex mixture analysis. Especially demanding is the analysis of energy-related hydrocarbon mixtures, such as crude oil. Here, the different ionization sources alone and in combination with each other have been used on an ultrahigh resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometer to study a light crude oil. RESULTS Despite the great variety of the available ionization sources, there is no single technique which can fully characterize the crude oil. Each ionization technique shows a selectivity towards specific types of compounds. While ESI is the method of choice for the detection of polar compounds, APPI and APCI favor the detection of nonpolar and low-to-medium polar compounds, respectively. The combination of ESI/APPI favors hydrocarbons and oxygen-containing species. CONCLUSIONS Combining different ionization methods can be used as an alternative in order to gain more information about compounds present in a complex mixture although a combination of different ion sources could enhance suppression effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Kondyli
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schrader
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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15
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Tang C, Tan J, Fan Y, Peng X. Ascertaining Hydrogen-Abstraction Reaction Efficiencies of Halogenated Organic Compounds in Electron Impact Ionization Processes by Gas Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:8496-8507. [PMID: 32337410 PMCID: PMC7178364 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
H-Abstraction reactions occurring during electron impact ionization processes in electron ionization mass spectrometry (EI-MS) are a long-standing and crucial topic in MS research. Yet, some critical relevant mechanisms are controversial and ambiguous, and information about the EI-induced H-abstraction reactions of halogenated organic compounds (HOCs) is completely in the dark. This study provides a systematic investigation of H-abstraction reactions of HOCs taking place in the EI source using 13C6-hexachlorobenzene (13C6-HCB) and 13C6-hexabromobenzene (13C6-HBB) as exemplary compounds by gas chromatography (GC)-high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS). The H-abstraction efficiencies were evaluated with the MS signal intensity ratios of ions with H-abstraction relative to the corresponding original ions (without H-abstraction). Ion source temperatures, EI energies, and numbers of heavy isotope atoms (37Cl or 81Br) of isotopologues were investigated in terms of their effects on the H-abstraction efficiencies. The H-abstraction efficiencies of individual isotopologues generally decreased from the first to the last isotopologues of respective ions, and those of individual ions were different from each other, with the highest values of 0.017 and 0.444 for 13C6-HCB and 13C6-HBB, respectively. The overall H-abstraction efficiencies involving all measured ions of 13C6-HCB and 13C6-HBB were 0.004 and 0.128, respectively. With increasing ion source temperatures, the H-abstraction efficiencies first increased to a summit and then began to linearly decrease. EI energies and emission currents could impact the H-abstraction efficiencies but showed no certain tendency. The H-abstraction reactions were inferred to belong to ion-molecule reactions, and the siloxanes bleeding from the GC column might be a hydrogen source. Some strategies were proposed for eliminating or alleviating the interference triggered by the H-abstraction reactions in EI-MS in identification of halogenated organic pollutants (HOPs). Our findings provide a better understanding of the EI-induced H-abstraction reactions of HOCs and may benefit the identification of HOPs in environmental analysis, especially for novel HOPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiming Tang
- State
Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jianhua Tan
- Guangzhou
Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, Guangzhou 510110, China
| | - Yujuan Fan
- State
Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xianzhi Peng
- State
Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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16
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Kauppila TJ. Desorption Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization Coupled with Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2084:223-233. [PMID: 31729664 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0030-6_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Desorption atmospheric photoionization (DAPPI) is an ambient mass spectrometry (MS) technique that can be used to analyze both polar and nonpolar compounds. Here, the coupling of DAPPI with traveling wave ion mobility-mass spectrometry (TWIM-MS) and application to analysis of food, multivitamin, and pharmaceutical products is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina J Kauppila
- Finnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention (VERIFIN), Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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17
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Brecht D, Uteschil F, Schmitz OJ. Thermogravimetry coupled to an atmospheric pressure photo ionization quadrupole mass spectrometry for the product control of pharmaceutical formulations and the analysis of plasticizers in polymers. Talanta 2019; 198:440-446. [PMID: 30876584 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.01.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The development of a thermogravimetry coupled to an atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry (TG-APPI-MS) with a high temperature and flexible transfer line is presented. A method was developed to analyze plasticizers in solution which consist of a solvent evaporation step and subsequent evaporation of the analyte. These solutions of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) in hexane were used to investigate the repeatability (RSD: 3.6%) and linearity (R2: 0.9995) of the new developed system. With the new device the detection of different phthalates in a standardized PVC (polyvinyl chloride) polymer is shown. On the example of ASA, the degradation of a pharmaceutical drug is investigated. The dimerization and the possible trimerization of ASA during the thermal degradation is shown. Ten tablets of different ASA manufacturers were analyzed with the new developed analysis platform. The active substance was found in every tablet. Differences in mass spectral data as well as the studying of the pack insert were used to assign the tablets to companies and their subsidiaries. A unique formulation of ASA was found to have a different mass pattern when analyzed with TG-APPI-qMS. The developed device is a promising tool for the product control and the identification of falsified drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Brecht
- Department of Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Florian Uteschil
- Department of Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Oliver J Schmitz
- Department of Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse 5, 45141 Essen, Germany.
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18
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Laaniste A, Leito I, Kruve A. ESI outcompetes other ion sources in LC/MS trace analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:3533-3542. [PMID: 31025182 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01832-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Choosing an appropriate ion source is a crucial step in liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS) method development. In this paper, we compare four ion sources for LC/MS analysis of 40 pesticides in tomato and garlic matrices. We compare electrospray ionisation (ESI) source, thermally focused/heated electrospray (HESI), atmospheric pressure photoionisation (APPI) source with and without dopant, and multimode source in ESI mode, atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (APCI) mode, and combined mode using both ESI and APCI, i.e. altogether seven different ionisation modes. The lowest limits of detection (LoDs) were obtained by ESI and HESI. Widest linear ranges were observed with the conventional ESI source without heated nebuliser gas. In comparison to HESI, ESI source was significantly less affected by matrix effect. APPI ranked second (after ESI) by not being influenced by matrix effect; therefore, it would be a good alternative to ESI if low LoDs are not required. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asko Laaniste
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Ivo Leito
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anneli Kruve
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
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19
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Bierstedt A, You Y, van Wasen S, Bosc-Bierne G, Weller M, Riedel J. Laser-Induced Microplasma as an Ambient Ionization Approach for the Mass-Spectrometric Analysis of Liquid Samples. Anal Chem 2019; 91:5922-5928. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bierstedt
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yi You
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian van Wasen
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gaby Bosc-Bierne
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Weller
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Riedel
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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20
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Gunzer F, Krüger S, Grotemeyer J. Photoionization and photofragmentation in mass spectrometry with visible and UV lasers. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2019; 38:202-217. [PMID: 30300954 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ever since the introduction of laser technology to the field of mass spectrometry, several disciplines evolved providing solutions to challenging scientific and analytical tasks in research and industry. Among these are techniques involving multiphoton ionization such as Resonance-Enhanced Multiphoton Ionization (REMPI, R2PI) and Mass-Analyzed Threshold Ionization (MATI) spectroscopy, a variant of Zero Kinetic Energy (ZEKE) spectroscopy, that possess the ability to selectively ionize certain preselected compounds out of complex mixtures, for example, environmental matrices, with a high level of efficiency. Another key feature of multiphoton ionization techniques is the ability to control the degree of fragmentation, whereas soft ionization is most highly appreciated in most applications. In cases where rich fragmentation patterns are desired for diagnostic purposes, Photodissociation mass spectrometry (PD-MS) is applied successfully. PD-MS allows for the cleavage of selected chemical bonds. With the introduction of chromophoric labels in PD-MS, it became possible to target certain molecules or groups within a molecule. In this review article, an overview of the basic principles and experimental requirements of REMPI and MATI spectroscopy and PD mass spectrometry are given. By means of selected examples, the latest developments and application possibilities in this field over the past decade with special focus on the German research landscape are pointed out. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 38: 202-217, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Gunzer
- Physics Department, German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sascha Krüger
- Department for Laser Mass Spectrometry, Institute for Physical Chemistry, Christian-Albrecht-University Kiel, Max-Eyth-Strasse 1, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jürgen Grotemeyer
- Department for Laser Mass Spectrometry, Institute for Physical Chemistry, Christian-Albrecht-University Kiel, Max-Eyth-Strasse 1, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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21
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Wang S, Wang W, Li H, Xing Y, Hou K, Li H. Rapid On-Site Detection of Illegal Drugs in Complex Matrix by Thermal Desorption Acetone-Assisted Photoionization Miniature Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer. Anal Chem 2019; 91:3845-3851. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weimin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong Li
- Yunnan Police Officer Academy, 249 Jiaochang North Road, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Yuming Xing
- Yunnan Police Officer Academy, 249 Jiaochang North Road, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Keyong Hou
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Haiyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
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22
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Di Lorenzo RA, Lobodin VV, Cochran J, Kolic T, Besevic S, Sled JG, Reiner EJ, Jobst KJ. Fast gas chromatography-atmospheric pressure (photo)ionization mass spectrometry of polybrominated diphenylether flame retardants. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1056:70-78. [PMID: 30797463 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry (MS) are powerful, complementary techniques for the analysis of environmental toxicants. Currently, most GC-MS instruments employ electron ionization under vacuum, but the concept of coupling GC to atmospheric pressure ionization (API) is attracting revitalized interest. API conditions are inherently compatible with a wide range of ionization techniques as well high carrier gas flows that enable fast GC separations. This study reports on the application of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and a custom-built photoionization (APPI) source for the GC-MS analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a ubiquitous class of flame retardants. Photoionization of PBDEs resulted in the abundant formation of molecular ions M•+ with very little fragmentation. Some photo-oxidation was observed, which differentiated critical BDE isomers. Formation of protonated molecules [M+H]+ did not occur in GC-APPI because the ionization energy of H2O (clusters) exceeds the energy of the ionizing photons. Avoiding mixed-mode ionization is a major advantage of APPI over APCI, which requires careful control of the source conditions. A fast GC-API-MS method was developed using helium and nitrogen carrier gases that provides good separation of critical isomers (BDE-49/71) and elution of BDE 209 in less than 7 min (with He) and 15 min (with N2). It will be shown that the GC-APPI and GC-APCI methods match the sensitivity and improve upon the selectivity and throughput of established methods for the analysis of PBDEs using standard reference materials (NIST SRM 1944 and SRM 2585) and selected environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Di Lorenzo
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 3H7, Canada
| | - Vladislav V Lobodin
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, 1800 E Paul Dirac Dr., Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA.
| | - Jack Cochran
- VUV Analytics, 715 Discovery Blvd. Suite 502, Cedar Park, TX, 78613, USA
| | - Terry Kolic
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario, M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Sladjana Besevic
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario, M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - John G Sled
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 3H7, Canada
| | - Eric J Reiner
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario, M9P 3V6, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Karl J Jobst
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario, M9P 3V6, Canada; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, L8S 4M1, Canada.
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23
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Kondyli A, Schrader W. High-resolution GC/MS studies of a light crude oil fraction. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2019; 54:47-54. [PMID: 30378212 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The continuous development in analytical instrumentation has brought the newly developed Orbitrap-based gas chromatography / mass spectrometry (GC/MS) instrument into the forefront for the analysis of complex mixtures such as crude oil. Traditional instrumentation usually requires a choice to be made between mass resolving power or an efficient chromatographic separation, which ideally enables the distinction of structural isomers that is not possible by mass spectrometry alone. Now, these features can be combined, thus enabling a deeper understanding of the constituents of volatile samples on a molecular level. Although electron ionization is the most popular ionization method employed in GC/MS analysis, the need for softer ionization methods has led to the utilization of atmospheric pressure ionization sources. The last arrival to this family is the atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI), which was originally developed for liquid chromatography / mass spectrometry (LC/MS). With a newly developed commercial GC-APPI interface, it is possible to extend the characterization of unknown compounds. Here, first results about the capabilities of the GC/MS instrument under high or low energy EI or APPI are reported on a volatile gas condensate. The use of different ionization energies helps matching the low abundant molecular ions to the structurally important fragment ions. A broad range of compounds from polar to medium polar were successfully detected and complementary information regarding the analyte was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Kondyli
- Max-Planck Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mass Spectrometry Group, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schrader
- Max-Planck Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mass Spectrometry Group, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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24
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Oya N, Yatsuhashi T. Eluent-assisted Nonresonant Multiphoton Ionization of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in a Liquid Chromatograph-mass Spectrometer. CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.180379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Oya
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yatsuhashi
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
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25
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Lee S, Ahmed A, Kim S. Solvent composition dependent signal reduction of molecular ions generated from aromatic compounds in (+) atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:973-980. [PMID: 29600539 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The ionization process is essential for successful mass spectrometric (MS) analysis because of its influence on selectivity and sensitivity. In particular, certain solvents reduce the ionization of the analyte, thereby reducing the overall sensitivity in atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI). Since the sensitivity varies greatly depending on the solvents, a fundamental understanding of the mechanism is required. METHODS Standard solutions were analyzed using a (+)-APPI Q Exactive ion trap mass spectrometer (Thermo Scientific). Each solution was infused directly into the APPI source at a flow rate of 100 μL/min and the APPI source temperature was 300°C. Other operating mass spectrometric parameters were maintained under the same conditions. Quantum mechanical calculations were carried out using the Gaussian 09 suite program. RESULTS Density functional theory was used to calculate the reaction enthalpies (∆H) of the reactions between toluene and other solvents. The experimental and theoretical results showed good agreement. The abundances of analyte ions were well correlated with the calculated ∆H values. Therefore, the results strongly support the suggested signal reduction mechanism. In addition, linear correlations between the abundance of toluene and analyte molecular ions were observed, which also supports the suggested mechanism. CONCLUSIONS A solvent composition dependent signal reduction mechanism was suggested and evaluated for the (+)-APPI-MS analysis of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) generating mainly molecular ions. Overall, the evidence provided in this work suggests that reactions between solvent cluster(s) and toluene molecular ions are responsible for the observed reductions in signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seulgidaun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Arif Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghwan Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Green Nano Center, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea
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26
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27
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Yan B, Pitiranggon M, Ross J, Arthen-Engeland T, Stelter A, Chillrud SN. Validation of Miniaturized Particulate-Matter Real-Time Samplers for Characterizing Personal Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Exposure. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL & BIOANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES 2018; 9:403. [PMID: 30002947 PMCID: PMC6039126 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9872.1000403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study validates the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in microgram levels of particulate matter (PM) collected on filters by two low-flow rate, real-time monitors, microPEM™ and microAeth®. Particle-associated PAHs were analyzed by a coupling of a gas chromatograph to a sensitive, atmospheric-pressure laser ionization-mass spectrometer. Air particulate samples were collected over the course of one or two days in the living room of a fourth-floor apartment in New York City. Three types of samplers, the two aforementioned personal samplers and a high-flow rate pump (4 liters per minute), were operated side by side, and three samples of each type were collected during each sampling period. Intrasampler agreement as measured by relative standard deviation (RSD) was within 1% to 18%. After background subtraction, total PAH measured by all three sampler types had good agreement (R=0.99). This ability to accurately characterize personal PAH exposure in archived filters collected by these real-time samplers could provide additional important PAH exposure information that can benefit many environmental health studies using these monitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beizhan Yan
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - Masha Pitiranggon
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - James Ross
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Steven N. Chillrud
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
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28
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Mirabelli MF, Zenobi R. Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled to Capillary Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization-Mass Spectrometry for Direct Analysis of Polar and Nonpolar Compounds. Anal Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario F. Mirabelli
- ETH Zurich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- ETH Zurich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Kruth C, Czech H, Sklorz M, Passig J, Ehlert S, Cappiello A, Zimmermann R. Direct Infusion Resonance-Enhanced Multiphoton Ionization Mass Spectrometry of Liquid Samples under Vacuum Conditions. Anal Chem 2017; 89:10917-10923. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Kruth
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute
of Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Hendryk Czech
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute
of Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Martin Sklorz
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute
of Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group “Comprehensive
Molecular Analytics” (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München−German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Passig
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute
of Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group “Comprehensive
Molecular Analytics” (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München−German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sven Ehlert
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute
of Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Photonion GmbH, Hagenower Strasse
73, 19061 Schwerin, Germany
| | - Achille Cappiello
- DiSPA,
LC-MS Laboratory, University of Urbino, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute
of Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group “Comprehensive
Molecular Analytics” (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München−German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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30
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Quantitative Analysis of Bisphenol A in Recycled Paper with a Novel Direct Inlet Probe-Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization–IonTrap-MS. JOURNAL OF ANALYSIS AND TESTING 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s41664-017-0034-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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31
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Ahmed A, Lim D, Choi CH, Kim S. Correlation between experimental data of protonation of aromatic compounds at (+) atmospheric pressure photoionization and theoretically calculated enthalpies. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:1023-1030. [PMID: 28401729 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The theoretical enthalpy calculated from the overall protonation reaction (electron transfer plus hydrogen transfer) in positive-mode (+) atmospheric-pressure photoionization (APPI) was compared with experimental results for 49 aromatic compounds. A linear relationship was observed between the calculated ΔH and the relative abundance of the protonated peak. The parameter gives reasonable predictions for all the aromatic hydrocarbon compounds used in this study. METHODS A parameter is devised by combining experimental MS data and high-level theoretical calculations. A (+) APPI Q Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometer was used to obtain MS data for each solution. B3LYP exchange-correlation functions with the standard 6-311+G(df,2p) basis set was used to perform density functional theory (DFT) calculations. RESULTS All the molecules with ΔH <0 kcal/mol for the overall protonation reaction with toluene clusters produced protonated ions, regardless of the desolvation temperature. For molecules with ΔH >0, molecular ions were more abundant at typical APPI desolvation temperatures (300°C), while the protonated ions became comparable or dominant at higher temperatures (400°C). The toluene cluster size was an important factor when predicting the ionization behavior of aromatic hydrocarbon ions in (+) APPI. CONCLUSIONS The data used in this study clearly show that the theoretically calculated reaction enthalpy (ΔH) of protonation with toluene dimers can be used to predict the protonation behavior of aromatic compounds. When compounds have a negative ΔH value, the types of ions generated for aromatic compounds could be very well predicted based on the ΔH value. The ΔH can explain overall protonation behavior of compounds with ΔH values >0. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwon Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Ho Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Green Nano Center, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghwan Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Green Nano Center, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea
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32
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Kauppila TJ, Syage JA, Benter T. Recent developments in atmospheric pressure photoionization-mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:423-449. [PMID: 25988849 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI), which is one of the three most important ionization techniques in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, are reviewed. The emphasis is on the practical aspects of APPI analysis, its combination with different separation techniques, novel instrumental developments - especially in gas chromatography and ambient mass spectrometry - and the applications that have appeared in 2009-2014. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 36:423-449, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina J Kauppila
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Finland
| | - Jack A Syage
- Morpho Detection, 1251 E. Dyer Rd., Santa Ana, CA 92705, USA
| | - Thorsten Benter
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
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33
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Chemical Ionization. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-54398-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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34
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Heptner A, Angerstein N, Reinecke T, Bunert E, Kirk AT, Niedzwiecki I, Zimmermann S. Improving the analytical performance of ion mobility spectrometer using a non-radioactive electron source. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12127-016-0205-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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35
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Cody RB, Dane AJ. Dopant-assisted direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry with argon gas. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:1181-1189. [PMID: 28328019 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Dopants used with Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization (APPI) were examined with the Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART® ) ion source operated with argon gas. Charge-exchange and proton transfer reactions were observed by adding toluene, anisole, chlorobenzene and acetone to the DART gas stream, complementing the information obtained by helium DART. METHODS Mass spectra were acquired with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer equipped with a DART ion source operated with argon gas. A syringe pump was used to introduce dopants directly into the DART gas stream through deactivated fused-silica capillary tubing. Samples including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), diesel fuel, trinitrotoluene and cannabinoids were deposited onto the sealed end of melting tube, allowed to dry, and the tube was then suspended in the dopant-enhanced DART gas stream. RESULTS PAHs could be detected as molecular ions at concentrations in the low parts-per-billion range by using a solution of 0.5% anisole in toluene as a dopant. Argon DART analysis of a diesel fuel sample with the same dopant mixture showed a simpler mass spectrum than obtained by using helium DART. The argon DART mass spectrum was dominated by molecular ions for aromatic compounds, whereas the helium DART mass spectrum showed both molecular ions and protonated molecules. In contrast O2- attachment DART showed saturated hydrocarbons and oxygen-containing species. Mass spectra for trinitrotoluene with argon DART in negative-ion mode showed a prominent [M - H]- peak, whereas conventional helium DART showed both M- and [M - H]- . Lastly, in analogy to a report in the literature using APPI, positive ions produced by argon DART ionization for delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol showed distinctive product-ion mass spectra. CONCLUSIONS Dopant-assisted argon DART operates by a mechanism that is analogous to those proposed for dopant-assisted atmospheric-pressure photoionization. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Cody
- JEOL USA, Inc., 11 Dearborn Rd, Peabody, MA, 01960, USA
| | - A John Dane
- JEOL USA, Inc., 11 Dearborn Rd, Peabody, MA, 01960, USA
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36
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Kersten H, Kroll K, Haberer K, Brockmann KJ, Benter T, Peterson A, Makarov A. Design Study of an Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization Interface for GC-MS. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:607-614. [PMID: 26729450 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1320-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This contribution reports on the development of an atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) source interfacing a gas chromatograph (GC) with a bench-top Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometer (MS). We present efforts on method development aiming at high temperature stability (325°C), constant low impurity levels upon prolonged source operation, and efficient reaction volume irradiation combined with minimum peak broadening. The performance throughout each iterative development step was carefully assessed. The final GC-APPI-MS setup demonstrated femtogram-on-column sensitivity and chromatographic peaks of Gaussian shape with base peak widths <2 s for even the highest boiling compounds present in different EPA standard mixtures. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Kersten
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gauß Str. 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Kai Kroll
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gauß Str. 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Kirsten Haberer
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gauß Str. 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Klaus J Brockmann
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gauß Str. 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Thorsten Benter
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gauß Str. 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Amelia Peterson
- ThermoFisher Scientific, Hanna-Kunath-Str. 11, 28199, Bremen, Germany
| | - Alexander Makarov
- ThermoFisher Scientific, Hanna-Kunath-Str. 11, 28199, Bremen, Germany
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Kauppila TJ, Haack A, Kroll K, Kersten H, Benter T. Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution Between Halogenated Benzene Dopants and Nucleophiles in Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:422-431. [PMID: 26637323 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1315-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In a preceding work with dopant assisted-atmospheric pressure photoionization (DA-APPI), an abundant ion at [M + 77](+) was observed in the spectra of pyridine and quinoline with chlorobenzene dopant. This contribution aims to reveal the identity and route of formation of this species, and to systematically investigate structurally related analytes and dopants. Compounds containing N-, O-, and S-lone pairs were investigated with APPI in the presence of fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, and iodobenzene dopants. Computational calculations on a density functional theory (DFT) level were carried out to study the reaction mechanism for pyridine and the different halobenzenes. The experimental and computational results indicated that the [M + 77](+) ion was formed by nucleophilic aromatic ipso-substitution between the halobenzene radical cation and nucleophilic analytes. The reaction was most efficient for N-heteroaromatic compounds, and it was weakened by sterical effects and enhanced by resonance stabilization. The reaction was most efficient with chloro-, bromo-, and iodobenzenes, whereas with fluorobenzene the reaction was scarcely observed. The calculated Gibbs free energies for the reaction between pyridine and the halobenzenes were shown to increase in the order I < Br < Cl < F. The reaction was found endergonic for fluorobenzene due to the strong C-F bonding, and exergonic for the other halobenzenes. For fluoro- and chlorobenzenes the reaction was shown to proceed through an intermediate state corresponding to [M + dopant](+), which was highly stable for fluorobenzene. For the bulkier bromine and iodine, this intermediate did not exist, but the halogens were shown to detach already during the approach by the nucleophile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina J Kauppila
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland.
| | - Alexander Haack
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, 42119, Germany
| | - Kai Kroll
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, 42119, Germany
| | - Hendrik Kersten
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, 42119, Germany
| | - Thorsten Benter
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, 42119, Germany
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Ahmed A, Choi CH, Kim S. Mechanistic study on lowering the sensitivity of positive atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometric analyses: size-dependent reactivity of solvent clusters. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:2095-2101. [PMID: 26443412 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Understanding the mechanism of atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) is important for studies employing APPI liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). In this study, the APPI mechanism for polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds dissolved in toluene and methanol or water mixture was investigated by use of MS analysis and quantum mechanical simulation. In particular, four different mechanisms that could contribute to the signal reduction were considered based on a combination of MS data and quantum mechanical calculations. METHODS The APPI mechanism is clarified by combining MS data and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. To obtain MS data, a positive-mode (+) APPI Q Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometer was used to analyze each solution. DFT calculations were performed using the general atomic and molecular electronic structure system (GAMESS). RESULTS The experimental results indicated that methanol significantly reduced the signal in (+) APPI, but no significative signal reduction was observed when water was used as a co-solvent with toluene. The signal reduction is more significant especially for molecular ions than for protonated ions. Therefore, important information about the mechanism of methanol-induced signal reduction in (+) APPI-MS can be gained due its negative impact on APPI efficiency. CONCLUSIONS The size-dependent reactivity of methanol clusters ((CH3 OH)n , n = 1-8) is an important factor in determining the sensitivity of (+) APPI-MS analyses. Clusters can compete with toluene radical ions for electrons. The reactivity increases as the sizes of the methanol clusters increase and this effect can be caused by the size-dependent ionization energy of the solvent clusters. The resulting increase in cluster reactivity explains the flow rate and temperature-dependent signal reduction observed in the analytes. Based on the results presented here, minimizing the sizes of methanol clusters can improve the sensitivity of LC/(+)-APPI-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Ahmed
- Kyungpook National University, Department of Chemistry, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Ho Choi
- Kyungpook National University, Department of Chemistry, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea
- Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghwan Kim
- Kyungpook National University, Department of Chemistry, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea
- Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea
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Li DX, Gan L, Bronja A, Schmitz OJ. Gas chromatography coupled to atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry (GC-API-MS): Review. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 891:43-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Kauppila TJ, Kersten H, Benter T. Ionization of EPA contaminants in direct and dopant-assisted atmospheric pressure photoionization and atmospheric pressure laser ionization. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 26:1036-1045. [PMID: 25828352 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1092-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Seventy-seven EPA priority environmental pollutants were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) equipped with an optimized atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) and an atmospheric pressure laser ionization (APLI) interface with and without dopants. The analyzed compounds included e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitro compounds, halogenated compounds, aromatic compounds with phenolic, acidic, alcohol, and amino groups, phthalate and adipatic esters, and aliphatic ethers. Toluene, anisole, chlorobenzene, and acetone were tested as dopants. The widest range of analytes was ionized using direct APPI (66/77 compounds). The introduction of dopants decreased the amount of compounds ionized in APPI (e.g., 54/77 with toluene), but in many cases the ionization efficiency increased. While in direct APPI the formation of molecular ions via photoionization was the main ionization reaction, dopant-assisted (DA) APPI promoted ionization reactions, such as charge exchange and proton transfer. Direct APLI ionized a much smaller amount of compounds than APPI (41/77 compounds), showing selectivity towards compounds with low ionization energies (IEs) and long-lived resonantly excited intermediate states. DA-APLI, however, was able to ionize a higher amount of compounds (e.g. 51/77 with toluene), as the ionization took place entirely through dopant-assisted ion/molecule reactions similar to those in DA-APPI. Best ionization efficiency in APPI and APLI (both direct and DA) was obtained for PAHs and aromatics with O- and N-functionalities, whereas nitro compounds and aliphatic ethers were the most difficult to ionize. Halogenated aromatics and esters were (mainly) ionized in APPI, but not in APLI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina J Kauppila
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland,
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