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Sultana R, Parveen A, Kang MC, Hong SM, Kim SY. Glyoxal-derived advanced glycation end products (GO-AGEs) with UVB critically induce skin inflammaging: in vitro and in silico approaches. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1843. [PMID: 38246969 PMCID: PMC10800344 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52037-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) have potential implications on several diseases including skin inflammation and aging. AGEs formation can be triggered by several factors such as UVB, glyoxal and methylglyoxal etc. However, little attention has been paid to glyoxal-derived AGEs (GO-AGEs) and UVB-induced skin inflammaging, with none have investigated together. This study aimed to investigate the possible role of GO-AGEs and UVB in skin inflammaging focusing on revealing its molecular mechanisms. The effects of GO-AGEs in the presence or absence of UVB were studied by using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, western blotting, qPCR, flow cytometry and in silico approaches. In HaCaT cells, GO-AGEs in the presence of UVB irradiation (125 mJ/cm2) dramatically enhanced the release of different pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) with further activation of RAGE signaling pathways (NF-κB, COX 2, and IL- 1β) and increased oxidative stress also noticed in NHEK cells. In NHDF cells, extracellular matrix disruption noted via increasing matrix metalloproteinase release and decreasing collagen type 1 and SIRT1 expression. Besides that, the docking scores obtained from the molecular docking study support the above-mentioned results. This study strongly suggests the pivotal role of GO-AGEs in skin inflammaging and illuminates novel molecular pathways for searching most effective and updated anti-aging therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razia Sultana
- Department of Pharmacy, Jagannath University, Dhaka, 1100, Bangladesh
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Korea
| | - Amna Parveen
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, #191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21936, Korea
| | - Min-Cheol Kang
- MetaCen Therapeutics Company, # Changnyong-daero 256 beon-gil, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Min Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, #191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21936, Korea
| | - Sun Yeou Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, #191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21936, Korea.
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, #191, Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21936, Republic of Korea.
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Liu JJ, Wang ZY, Jiang BB, Gao SQ, Lin YW. Protective effect of thymoquinone on glycation of human myoglobin induced by d-ribose. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127016. [PMID: 37741485 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Nonenzymatic glycation and the subsequent accumulation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) in proteins are factors underlying long-term pathogenesis in diabetes. The study of protein glycation is crucial for elucidating their relationship with diabetes mellitus and related disorders. This study explores the interaction between d-ribose and human myoglobin (HMb), as well as the protective effect of thymoquinone (TQ) on glycation. A time-dependent in-vitro glycation study was performed to investigate the mechanism of d-ribose-induced structural interference of HMb in the absence and presence of TQ. Spectroscopic and proteomic analysis indicated that the presence of TQ significantly reduced the total amount of AGEs while maintaining structural characteristics of HMb. 14 glycated sites on HMb were further identified via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) after incubation with d-ribose for 12 h, predominantly interacting with lysine residues. TQ was found to disrupt this interaction, reducing the glycated sites from 14 to 12 sites and the percentage of glycated peptides from 26.50 % to 12.97 %. Additionally, there was a significant decrease in the degree of glycation at the same sites. In summary, our findings suggest that TQ has the potential to act as an anti-glycation agent and provide a comprehensive understanding underlying the inhibition mechanism of glycation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Hunan Normal University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China.
| | - Zhan-Yi Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Bin-Bin Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Shu-Qin Gao
- Laboratory of Protein Structure and Function, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Ying-Wu Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; Laboratory of Protein Structure and Function, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
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Nogueira Silva Lima MT, Howsam M, Delayre-Orthez C, Jacolot P, Jaisson S, Criquet J, Billamboz M, Ghinet A, Fradin C, Boulanger E, Bray F, Flament S, Rolando C, Gillery P, Niquet-Léridon C, Tessier FJ. Glycated bovine serum albumin for use in feeding trials with animal models - In vitro methodology and characterization of a glycated substrate for modifying feed pellets. Food Chem 2023; 428:136815. [PMID: 37450953 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated different methods to produce Nε-carboxymethyl-lysine (CML)-enriched bovine serum albumin (BSA) as alternatives to the classical approach using glyoxylic acid (GA) and sodium cyanoborohydride (NaBH3CN) which results in toxic hydrogen cyanide (HCN). The reaction of GA (6 mmol/L) and NaBH3CN (21 mmol/L) to produce CML remained the most effective with CML yields of 24-35%, followed by 13-24% using 300 mmol/L glyoxal (GO). GA promoted specific modification of lysine to CML, and fewer structural modifications of the BSA molecule compared with GO, as evidenced by fluorescence and proteomic analyses. GO promoted greater arginine modification compared with GA (76 vs 23%). Despite structural changes to BSA with GO, murine fecal clearance of CML was similar to literature values. Hence, BSA glycation with 300 mmol/L glyoxal is a suitable alternative to GA and NaBH3CN for generating CML-enriched protein free of HCN, but a CML-only fortification model remains to be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Nogueira Silva Lima
- U1167-RID-AGE-Facteurs de Risque et Déterminants Moléculaires des Maladies Liées au Vieillissement, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - M Howsam
- U1167-RID-AGE-Facteurs de Risque et Déterminants Moléculaires des Maladies Liées au Vieillissement, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - C Delayre-Orthez
- Institut Polytechnique UniLaSalle, Université d'Artois, ULR 7519, 60000 Beauvais, France
| | - P Jacolot
- Institut Polytechnique UniLaSalle, Université d'Artois, ULR 7519, 60000 Beauvais, France
| | - S Jaisson
- University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, CNRS/URCA UMR 7369 MEDyC, Faculté de Médecine, 51095 Reims, France, University Hospital of Reims, Laboratory of Biochemistry-Pharmacology-Toxicology, 51092 Reims, France
| | - J Criquet
- Univ. Lille, Laboratory of Advanced Spectroscopy for Interactions, Reactivity and Environment, CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIRE, Lille F-59000, France
| | - M Billamboz
- U1167-RID-AGE-Facteurs de Risque et Déterminants Moléculaires des Maladies Liées au Vieillissement, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; Junia, Health and Environment, Laboratory of Sustainable Chemistry and Health, 59000 Lille, France
| | - A Ghinet
- U1167-RID-AGE-Facteurs de Risque et Déterminants Moléculaires des Maladies Liées au Vieillissement, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; Junia, Health and Environment, Laboratory of Sustainable Chemistry and Health, 59000 Lille, France
| | - C Fradin
- U1167-RID-AGE-Facteurs de Risque et Déterminants Moléculaires des Maladies Liées au Vieillissement, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - E Boulanger
- U1167-RID-AGE-Facteurs de Risque et Déterminants Moléculaires des Maladies Liées au Vieillissement, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - F Bray
- Miniaturization for Synthesis, Analysis & Proteomics, UAR 3290, CNRS, University of Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - S Flament
- Miniaturization for Synthesis, Analysis & Proteomics, UAR 3290, CNRS, University of Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - C Rolando
- Miniaturization for Synthesis, Analysis & Proteomics, UAR 3290, CNRS, University of Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - P Gillery
- University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, CNRS/URCA UMR 7369 MEDyC, Faculté de Médecine, 51095 Reims, France, University Hospital of Reims, Laboratory of Biochemistry-Pharmacology-Toxicology, 51092 Reims, France
| | - C Niquet-Léridon
- Institut Polytechnique UniLaSalle, Université d'Artois, ULR 7519, 60000 Beauvais, France
| | - F J Tessier
- U1167-RID-AGE-Facteurs de Risque et Déterminants Moléculaires des Maladies Liées au Vieillissement, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.
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Kang J, Jeong YJ, Ha SK, Lee HH, Lee KW. Glyoxal-derived advanced glycation end-products, N ε-carboxymethyl-lysine, and glyoxal-derived lysine dimer induce apoptosis-related gene expression in hepatocytes. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:2511-2520. [PMID: 36609749 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08130-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are proteins or lipids that have been glycated nonenzymatically by reducing sugars and their derivatives such as methylglyoxal. AGEs are known to cause inflammation, oxidative stress, and diseases in the human body. The toxic effects of AGEs and their structures on the origin of the protein being modified have not been well studied. METHODS AND RESULTS Five different types of AGEs: AGE1 (glucose-derived), AGE2 (glyceraldehyde-derived), AGE3 (glycolaldehyde-derived), AGE4 (methylglyoxal-derived), and AGE5 (glyoxal-derived); were used to examine the effect of AGEs on HepG2 cells. AGE2 through 5 increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in liver cells, an initiating factor for apoptosis. At the mRNA and protein levels, AGE5 treatment showed the greatest increase in expression of apoptosis-related factors such as Bax, p53, and Caspase 3. Quantitative analysis revealed that Nε-carboxymethyl-lysine (CML) and glyoxal-lysine dimer (GOLD) were the important types of AGE5. The ROS generation and the expression of apoptotic factors both increased when cells were treated with CML and GOLD. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that AGE5 treatment activates the apoptosis-related gene expression in hapatocytes, with CML and GOLD as potential major AGE compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jison Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life science & Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, 02841, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Jeong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life science & Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, 02841, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Keun Ha
- Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Hee Lee
- Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Won Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life science & Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, 02841, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Food Bioscience and Technology, College of Life science & Biotechnology, Korea University, 02841, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Jung E, Park SB, Jung WK, Kim HR, Kim J. Antiglycation Activity of Aucubin In Vitro and in Exogenous Methylglyoxal Injected Rats. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24203653. [PMID: 31658696 PMCID: PMC6832881 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) is a causative factor of various chronic diseases, including chronic kidney disease and atherosclerosis. AGE inhibitors, such as aminoguanidine and pyridoxamine, have the therapeutic activities for reversing the increase in AGEs burden. This study evaluated the inhibitory effects of aucubin on the formation of methylglyoxal (MGO)-modified AGEs in vitro. We also determined the potential activity of aucubin in reducing the AGEs burden in the kidney, blood vessel, heart, and retina of exogenously MGO-injected rats. Aucubin inhibited the formation of MGO-modified AGE-bovine serum albumin (IC50 = 0.57 ± 0.04 mmol/L) and its cross-links to collagen (IC50 = 0.55 ± 0.02 mmol/L) in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, aucubin directly trapped MGO (IC50 = 0.22 ± 0.01 mmol/L) in vitro. In exogenous MGO-injected rats, aucubin suppressed the formation of circulating AGEs and its accumulation in various tissues. These activities of aucubin on the MGO-derived AGEs in vitro and in vivo showed its pharmacological potential for inhibiting AGEs-related various chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunsoo Jung
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Su-Bin Park
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea.
| | - Woo Kwon Jung
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea.
| | - Hyung Rae Kim
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea.
| | - Junghyun Kim
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea.
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Chen Y, Yu L, Wang Y, Wei Y, Xu Y, He T, He R. d-Ribose contributes to the glycation of serum protein. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:2285-2292. [PMID: 31085227 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
d-Ribose is active in glycation and rapidly produces advanced glycation end products, leading to cell death and to cognitive impairment in mice. Glycated serum protein (GSP) is a relatively short-term biomarker for glycemic control in diabetes mellitus. However, whether d-ribose is related to GSP is unclear. The aim of this work was to identify the contribution of d-ribose to GSP compared to d-glucose. Here, we showed that the yield of glycated human serum albumin with d-ribose was at least two-fold higher than that with d-glucose in a 2-week incubation. The glycation of human serum albumin (HSA) with d-ribose was much faster than that with d-glucose, as determined by monitoring changes in the fluorescent intensity of glycation products with time. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry revealed that 17 and 7 lysine residues on HSA were glycated in the presence of d-ribose and d-glucose, respectively, even when the concentration ratio [d-ribose]/[d-glucose] was 1/50. The intraperitoneal injection of d-ribose significantly increased the GSP levels in Sprague Dawley rats, but the injection of d-glucose did not. The level of d-ribose was more positively associated with GSP than the level of d-glucose in streptozotocin-treated rats. In diabetic patients, the levels of both d-ribose and d-glucose were closely related to the level of GSP. Together, these in vitro and in vivo findings indicated that d-ribose is an important contributor to the glycation of serum protein, compared to d-glucose. To assess GSP levels in diabetes mellitus, we should consider the contribution from d-ribose, which plays a nonnegligible role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Lexiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yujing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Tao He
- School of Basic Medical Sciences of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Rongqiao He
- School of Basic Medical Sciences of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Alzheimer's Disease Center, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100101, China.
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Jung E, Kang WS, Jo K, Kim J. Ethyl Pyruvate Prevents Renal Damage Induced by Methylglyoxal-Derived Advanced Glycation End Products. J Diabetes Res 2019; 2019:4058280. [PMID: 31737683 PMCID: PMC6815569 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4058280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The renal accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) is a causative factor of various renal diseases, including chronic kidney disease and diabetic nephropathy. AGE inhibitors, such as aminoguanidine and pyridoxamine, have the therapeutic activities for reversing the increase in renal AGE burden. This study evaluated the inhibitory effects of ethyl pyruvate (EP) on methylglyoxal- (MGO-) modified AGE cross-links with proteins in vitro. We also determined the potential activity of EP in reducing the renal AGE burden in exogenously MGO-injected rats. EP inhibited MGO-modified AGE-bovine serum albumin (BSA) cross-links to collagen (IC50 = 0.19 ± 0.03 mM) in a dose-dependent manner, and its activity was stronger than aminoguanidine (IC50 = 35.97 ± 0.85 mM). In addition, EP directly trapped MGO (IC50 = 4.41 ± 0.08 mM) in vitro. In exogenous MGO-injected rats, EP suppressed AGE burden and MGO-induced oxidative injury in renal tissues. These activities of EP on the MGO-mediated AGEs cross-links with protein in vitro and in vivo showed its pharmacological potential for inhibiting AGE-induced renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunsoo Jung
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Seok Kang
- College Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuhyung Jo
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghyun Kim
- College Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
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Sai Sachin L, Nagarjuna Chary R, Pavankumar P, Prabhakar S. Identification and characterization of reaction products of 5-hydroxytryptamine with methylglyoxal and glyoxal by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:1529-1539. [PMID: 29874403 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Methylglyoxal (MGO) and glyoxal (GO) are known to be at high levels in humans with diabetes. They react with amine-containing proteins and amino acids to form advanced glycation end products, however, their reactivity with other amine-containing metabolites, such as neurotransmitters, has not been explored. In this study, we aimed at studying the reactivity of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) with MGO or GO, which may alter the metabolic function of 5-HT. METHODS Stock solutions of 5-HT, MGO and GO were made in PBS buffer at pH 7.4 and 5-HT was incubated with MGO or GO at different concentrations. The reactions were also performed at physiological concentrations. The reaction mixtures collected at different incubation times were analyzed by direct ESI-HRMS, LC/MS and LC/MS/MS to detect/characterize the products. Agilent 6545 Q-TOF and Agilent 6420 triple quadrupole mass spectrometers were used for the study, and LC separations were performed on a C18 column. RESULTS The direct ESI-HRMS data of the reaction mixtures showed formation of three and four reaction products when 5-HT was reacted with MGO and GO, respectively. All the products showed dominant [M + H]+ ions. The products were characterized by HRMS, LC/MS/MS and literature reports on similar compounds. The products can easily be identified by LC/MS based on the accurate mass values together with retention time information. The MS/MS of the reaction products showed structure-indicative fragment ions. CONCLUSIONS 5-HT reacts with one or two MGO/GO to form a set of reaction products. The reaction between 5-HT and MGO or GO was faster at higher concentrations of MGO/GO (<10 min), and the same products were found even at physiological concentrations (<48 h). The LC/MS/MS (SRM) method can be used to screen the reaction products when present at low levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sai Sachin
- Analytical Chemistry & Mass Spectrometry, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500 007, Telangana, India
| | - R Nagarjuna Chary
- Analytical Chemistry & Mass Spectrometry, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500 007, Telangana, India
| | - P Pavankumar
- Analytical Chemistry & Mass Spectrometry, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500 007, Telangana, India
| | - S Prabhakar
- Analytical Chemistry & Mass Spectrometry, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500 007, Telangana, India
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