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In-Situ Analysis of Essential Fragrant Oils Using a Portable Mass Spectrometer. Int J Anal Chem 2019; 2019:1780190. [PMID: 31057619 PMCID: PMC6463677 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1780190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A portable mass spectrometer was coupled to a direct inlet membrane (DIM) probe and applied to the direct analysis of active fragrant compounds (3-methylbutyl acetate, 2-methyl-3-furanthiol, methyl butanoate, and ethyl methyl sulfide) in real time. These fragrant active compounds are commonly used in the formulation of flavours and fragrances. Results obtained show that the portable mass spectrometer with a direct membrane inlet can be used to detect traces of the active fragrant compounds in complex mixtures such as essential fragrant oils and this represents a novel in-situ analysis methodology. Limits of detection (LOD) in the sub-ppb range (< 2.5 pg) are demonstrated. Standard samples in the gaseous phase presented very good linearity with RSD % at 5 to 7 for the selected active fragrant compounds (i.e., isoamyl acetate, 2-methyl-3-furanthiol, methyl butanoate, and methyl ethyl sulphide). The rise and fall times of the DIM probe are in the ranges from 15 to 31 seconds and 23 to 41 seconds, respectively, for the standard model compounds analysed. The identities of the fragrance active compounds in essential oil samples (i.e., banana, tangerine, papaya, and blueberry muffin) were first identified by comparison with a standard fragrance compounds mixture using their major fragment peaks, the NIST standard reference library, and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. No sample preparation is required for analysis using a portable mass spectrometer coupled to a DIM probe, so the cycle time from ambient air sampling to the acquisition of the results is at least 65 seconds.
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Dubansky B, Verbeck G, Mach P, Burggren W. Methodology for exposing avian embryos to quantified levels of airborne aromatic compounds associated with crude oil spills. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 58:163-169. [PMID: 29408758 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Oil spills on birds and other organisms have focused primarily on direct effects of oil exposure through ingestion or direct body fouling. Little is known of indirect effects of airborne volatiles from spilled oil, especially on vulnerable developing embryos within the bird egg. Here a technique is described for exposing bird embryos in the egg to quantifiable amounts of airborne volatile toxicants from Deepwater Horizon crude oil. A novel membrane inlet mass spectrometry system was used to measure major classes of airborne oil-derived toxicants and correlate these exposures with biological endpoints. Exposure induced a reduction in platelet number and increase in osmolality of the blood of embryos of the chicken (Gallus gallus). Additionally, expression of cytochrome P4501A, a protein biomarker of oil exposure, occurred in renal, pulmonary, hepatic and vascular tissues. These data confirm that this system for generating and measuring airborne volatiles can be used for future in-depth analysis of the toxicity of volatile organic compounds in birds and potentially other terrestrial organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Dubansky
- University of North Texas, Department of Biological Sciences, Developmental Integrative Biology Cluster, 1155 Union Circle, Denton, TX, 76203, United States.
| | - Guido Verbeck
- University of North Texas, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laboratory for Imaging Mass Spectrometry, 1417 Hickory Street, Denton, TX, 76203, United States
| | - Phillip Mach
- University of North Texas, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laboratory for Imaging Mass Spectrometry, 1417 Hickory Street, Denton, TX, 76203, United States; Aberdeen Proving Ground, 5183 Balckhawk Rd, E3150, Gunpowder, MD, 21010, United States
| | - Warren Burggren
- University of North Texas, Department of Biological Sciences, Developmental Integrative Biology Cluster, 1155 Union Circle, Denton, TX, 76203, United States
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Dhummakupt ES, Mach PM, Carmany D, Demond PS, Moran TS, Connell T, Wylie HS, Manicke NE, Nilles JM, Glaros T. Direct Analysis of Aerosolized Chemical Warfare Simulants Captured on a Modified Glass-Based Substrate by "Paper-Spray" Ionization. Anal Chem 2017; 89:10866-10872. [PMID: 28898050 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Paper spray ionization mass spectrometry offers a rapid alternative platform requiring no sample preparation. Aerosolized chemical warfare agent (CWA) simulants trimethyl phosphate, dimethyl methylphosphonate, and diisopropyl methylphosphonate were captured by passing air through a glass fiber filter disk within a disposable paper spray cartridge. CWA simulants were aerosolized at varying concentrations using an in-house built aerosol chamber. A custom 3D-printed holder was designed and built to facilitate the aerosol capture onto the paper spray cartridges. The air flow through each of the collection devices was maintained equally to ensure the same volume of air sampled across methods. Each approach yielded linear calibration curves with R2 values between 0.98-0.99 for each compound and similar limits of detection in terms of disbursed aerosol concentration. While the glass fiber filter disk has a higher capture efficiency (≈40%), the paper spray method produces analogous results even with a lower capture efficiency (≈1%). Improvements were made to include glass fiber filters as the substrate within the paper spray cartridge consumable. Glass fiber filters were then treated with ammonium sulfate to decrease chemical interaction with the simulants. This allowed for improved direct aerosol capture efficiency (>40%). Ultimately, the limits of detection were reduced to levels comparable to current worker population limits of 1 × 10-6 mg/m3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Dhummakupt
- Research and Technology Directorate, US Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center (ECBC) , Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Phillip M Mach
- Excet, Inc. , 6225 Brandon Ave, Suite 360, Springfield, Virginia 22150, United States
| | - Daniel Carmany
- Excet, Inc. , 6225 Brandon Ave, Suite 360, Springfield, Virginia 22150, United States
| | - Paul S Demond
- Excet, Inc. , 6225 Brandon Ave, Suite 360, Springfield, Virginia 22150, United States
| | - Theodore S Moran
- Research and Technology Directorate, US Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center (ECBC) , Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Theresa Connell
- Excet, Inc. , 6225 Brandon Ave, Suite 360, Springfield, Virginia 22150, United States
| | - Harold S Wylie
- TriMech Services, LLC , 4461 Cox Rd # 302, Glen Allen, Virginia 23060, United States
| | - Nicholas E Manicke
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis , Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - J Michael Nilles
- Excet, Inc. , 6225 Brandon Ave, Suite 360, Springfield, Virginia 22150, United States
| | - Trevor Glaros
- Research and Technology Directorate, US Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center (ECBC) , Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
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Blakeman KH, Cavanaugh CA, Gilliland WM, Ramsey JM. High pressure mass spectrometry of volatile organic compounds with ambient air buffer gas. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:27-32. [PMID: 27747956 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE There are many chemical measurement scenarios that would benefit from hand portable mass spectrometry tools including forensics, environmental monitoring, and safety and security. High pressure mass spectrometry (HPMS) facilitates miniaturization by significantly reducing vacuum system requirements. Previous work demonstrated HPMS using helium buffer gas, but HPMS conducted using ambient air would further reduce the size and weight of a portable instrument while also reducing logistical demands by eliminating the need for a helium supply. METHODS Mass spectrometry was performed at pressures exceeding 1 Torr with ambient air as the buffer gas. A glow discharge electron ionization source and a miniature cylindrical ion trap mass analyzer with a radius of 0.5 mm were used. Mass analysis was possible at these pressures with increased radiofrequency (RF) drive frequencies (10 MHz) compared with commercial ion traps (~1 MHz). A differentially pumped chamber was used so that mass spectrometry could be performed at high pressures and detection performed at low pressures with an electron multiplier. RESULTS HPMS with air buffer gas was demonstrated using a suite of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The glow discharge ionization source was optimized for operation using air. Mass spectral peak widths increased a factor of 8 compared with helium, as expected, but useful chemical information was still acquired. A mixture of VOCs was detected with ambient air as the buffer gas, showing that valuable mass information can be gained using HPMS without the requirement of an onboard buffer gas source. CONCLUSIONS HPMS significantly reduces the pumping requirements required for miniature mass spectrometers and the use of ambient air buffer gas further reduces size, weight, and logistics requirements. Mass analysis at high pressures of ambient air is another important step for the development of hand portable mass spectrometers. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenion H Blakeman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Craig A Cavanaugh
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - William M Gilliland
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - J Michael Ramsey
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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Termopoli V, Famiglini G, Palma P, Cappiello A, Vandergrift GW, Krogh ET, Gill CG. Condensed Phase Membrane Introduction Mass Spectrometry with Direct Electron Ionization: On-line Measurement of PAHs in Complex Aqueous Samples. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:301-308. [PMID: 26471041 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1285-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are USEPA regulated priority pollutants. Their low aqueous solubility requires very sensitive analytical methods for their detection, typically involving preconcentration steps. Presented is the first demonstrated ‘proof of concept’ use of condensed phase membrane introduction mass spectrometry (CP-MIMS) coupled with direct liquid electron ionization (DEI) for the direct, on-line measurement of PAHs in aqueous samples. DEI is very well suited for the ionization of PAHs and other nonpolar compounds, and is not significantly influenced by the co-elution of matrix components. Linear calibration data for low ppb levels of aqueous naphthalene, anthracene, and pyrene is demonstrated, with measured detection limits of 4 ppb. Analytical response times (t10%–90% signal rise) ranged from 2.8 min for naphthalene to 4.7 min for pyrene. Both intra- and interday reproducibility has been assessed (<3% and 5% RSD, respectively). Direct measurements of ppb level PAHs spiked in a variety of real, complex environmental sample matrices is examined, including natural waters, sea waters, and a hydrocarbon extraction production waste water sample. For these spiked, complex samples, direct PAH measurement by CP-MIMS-DEI yielded minimal signal suppression from sample matrix effects (81%–104%). We demonstrate the use of this analytical approach to directly monitor real-time changes in aqueous PAH concentrations with potential applications for continuous on-line monitoring strategies and binding/adsorption studies in heterogeneous samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Termopoli
- 1Laboratorio LC-MS, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, della Vita e dell’Ambiente (DiSTeVA), Università degli studi di Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
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Zhai Y, Jiang T, Huang G, Wei Y, Xu W. An aerodynamic assisted miniature mass spectrometer for enhanced volatile sample analysis. Analyst 2016; 141:5404-11. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an00956e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Low ppb-level VOC detection sensitivity was achieved by integrating an in-vacuum plasma ionization source into the continuous atmospheric pressure interfaced miniature mass spectrometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbing Zhai
- School of Life Science
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Ting Jiang
- School of Life Science
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Guangyan Huang
- State Key Laboratory Explosion Science and Technology
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Yongzheng Wei
- First School of Clinic Medicine
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Wei Xu
- School of Life Science
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
- State Key Laboratory Explosion Science and Technology
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Mach PM, McBride EM, Sasiene ZJ, Brigance KR, Kennard SK, Wright KC, Verbeck GF. Vehicle-Mounted Portable Mass Spectrometry System for the Covert Detection via Spatial Analysis of Clandestine Methamphetamine Laboratories. Anal Chem 2015; 87:11501-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Phillip M. Mach
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
| | - Ethan M. McBride
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
| | - Zachary J. Sasiene
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
| | - Katie R. Brigance
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
| | - Shelia K. Kennard
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
| | | | - Guido F. Verbeck
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
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