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Downham RP, Gannon B, Lozano DCP, Jones HE, Vane CH, Barrow MP. Tracking the history of polycyclic aromatic compounds in London through a River Thames sediment core and ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 473:134605. [PMID: 38768537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heteroatom-containing analogues, constitute an important environmental contaminant class. For decades, limited numbers of priority PAHs have been routinely targeted in pollution investigations, however, there is growing awareness for the potential occurrence of thousands of PACs in the environment. In this study, untargeted Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry was used for the molecular characterisation of PACs in a sediment core from Chiswick Ait, in the River Thames, London, UK. Using complex mixture analysis approaches, including aromaticity index calculations, the number of molecular PAC components was determined for eight core depths, extending back to the 1930s. A maximum of 1676 molecular compositions representing PACs was detected at the depth corresponding to the 1950s, and a decline in PAC numbers was observed up the core. A case linking the PACs to London's coal consumption history is presented, alongside other possible sources, with some data features indicating pyrogenic origins. The overall core profile trend in PAC components, including compounds with oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and chlorine atoms, is shown to broadly correspond to the 16 priority PAH concentration profile trend previously determined for this core. These findings have implications for other industry-impacted environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory P Downham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Benedict Gannon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | | | - Hugh E Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Christopher H Vane
- British Geological Survey, Organic Geochemistry Facility, Keyworth NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Mark P Barrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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2
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Mase C, Maillard JF, Piparo M, Friederici L, Rüger CP, Marceau S, Paupy B, Hubert-Roux M, Afonso C, Giusti P. GC-FTICR mass spectrometry with dopant assisted atmospheric pressure photoionization: application to the characterization of plastic pyrolysis oil. Analyst 2023; 148:5221-5232. [PMID: 37724415 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01246h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Pyrolysis is a promising way to convert plastic waste into valuable resources. However, for downstream upgrading processes, many undesirable species, such as conjugated diolefins or heteroatom-containing compounds, can be generated during this pyrolysis. In-depth chemical characterization is therefore required to improve conversion and valorization. Because of the high molecular diversity found in these samples, advanced analytical instrumentation is needed to provide accurate and complete characterization. Generally, direct infusion Fourier transform mass spectrometry is used to gather information at the molecular level, but it has the disadvantage of limited structural insights. To overcome this drawback, gas chromatography has been coupled to Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. By taking advantage of soft atmospheric pressure photoionization, which preserves molecular information, and the use of different dopants (pyrrole, toluene, and benzene), selective ionization of different chemical families was achieved. Differences in the ionization energy of the dopants will only allow the ionization of the molecules of the pyrolysis oil which have lower ionization energy, or which are accessible via specific chemical ionization pathways. With a selective focus on hydrocarbon species and especially hydrocarbon species having a double bond equivalent (DBE) value of 2, pyrrole is prone to better ionize low-mass molecules with lower retention times compared to the dopant benzene, which allowed better ionization of high-mass molecules with higher retention times. The toluene dopant presented the advantage of ionizing both low and high mass molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Mase
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA UMR 6014, INC3M FR 3038, F-76000 Rouen, France.
- TotalEnergies OneTech, Total Research and Technology Gonfreville TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
- International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
| | - Julien F Maillard
- TotalEnergies OneTech, Total Research and Technology Gonfreville TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
- International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
| | - Marco Piparo
- TotalEnergies OneTech, Total Research and Technology Gonfreville TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
- International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
| | - Lukas Friederici
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre/Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 27, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Christopher P Rüger
- International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre/Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 27, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Sabrina Marceau
- TotalEnergies OneTech, Total Research and Technology Gonfreville TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
- International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
| | - Benoit Paupy
- TotalEnergies OneTech, Total Research and Technology Gonfreville TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
- International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
| | - Marie Hubert-Roux
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA UMR 6014, INC3M FR 3038, F-76000 Rouen, France.
- International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
| | - Carlos Afonso
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA UMR 6014, INC3M FR 3038, F-76000 Rouen, France.
- International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
| | - Pierre Giusti
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA UMR 6014, INC3M FR 3038, F-76000 Rouen, France.
- TotalEnergies OneTech, Total Research and Technology Gonfreville TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
- International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
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3
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Zhang Y, Pei C, Zhang J, Cheng C, Lian X, Chen M, Huang B, Fu Z, Zhou Z, Li M. Detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using a high performance-single particle aerosol mass spectrometer. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 124:806-822. [PMID: 36182185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The real-time detection of the mixing states of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro-PAHs in ambient particles is of great significance for analyzing the source, aging process, and health effects of PAHs and nitro-PAHs; yet there is still few effective technology to achieve this type of detection. In this study, 11 types of PAH and nitro-PAH standard samples were analyzed using a high performance-single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (HP-SPAMS) in lab studies. The identification principles 'parent ions' and 'mass-to-charge (m/z) = 77' of each compound were obtained in this study. It was found that different laser energies did not affect the identification of the parent ions. The comparative experiments of ambient atmospheric particles, cooking and biomass burning emitted particles with and without the addition of PAHs were conducted and ruled out the interferences from primary and secondary organics on the identification of PAHs. Besides, the reliability of the characteristic ions extraction method was evaluated through the comparative study of similarity algorithm and deep learning algorithm. In addition, the real PAH-containing particles from vehicle exhaust emissions and ambient particles were also analyzed. This study improves the ability of single particle mass spectrometry technology to detect PAHs and nitro-PAHs, and HP-SPAMS was superior to SPAMS for detecting single particles containing PAHs and nitro-PAHs. This study provides support for subsequent ambient observations to identify the characteristic spectrum of single particles containing PAHs and nitro-PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhang
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chenglei Pei
- Guangzhou Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510030, China
| | - Jinwen Zhang
- Guangzhou Hexin Analytical Instrument Company Limited, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Chunlei Cheng
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Xiufeng Lian
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Mubai Chen
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Guangzhou Hexin Analytical Instrument Company Limited, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Zhong Fu
- Guangzhou Hexin Analytical Instrument Company Limited, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Ayala-Cabrera JF, Turkowski J, Uteschil F, Schmitz OJ. Development of a Tube Plasma Ion Source for Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis and Comparison with Other Atmospheric Pressure Ionization Techniques. Anal Chem 2022; 94:9595-9602. [PMID: 35758294 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A tube plasma ionization (TPI) open-air source for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed. This source is based on an inverse low temperature plasma configuration where the pin inner electrode is applying the high voltage and the grounded electrode is the housing itself. The ionization possibilities were tested by using an EPA mix of priority contaminants, showing that 68% of the analytes could undergo both proton-transfer and charge-exchange reactions. The potential of using different discharge gases (He and Ar) to ionize the analytes and auxiliary gases (He, N2, O2, and synthetic air) to transport the ions toward the MS was carefully investigated. Additionally, the addition of water was also tested to show the different ionization trends in the TPI source. Finally, the ionization by TPI under both dry and wet conditions was compared with other gas-phase atmospheric pressure ionization sources showing TPI could ionize a wider range of compounds (97%) than atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI, 95%) and atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI, 87%). Besides, the detection capability of TPI was better than APCI and APPI, achieving instrumental limits of detection down to 3 fg on column, which demonstrates the great potential of this ionization source for GC-MS determinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Ayala-Cabrera
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany.,Teaching and Research Center for Separation, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Jasmin Turkowski
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany.,Teaching and Research Center for Separation, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Florian Uteschil
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany.,Teaching and Research Center for Separation, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Oliver J Schmitz
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany.,Teaching and Research Center for Separation, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
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5
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Bräkling S, Kroll K, Klee S, Benter T, Kersten H. Hydrogen Plasma-Based Medium Pressure Chemical Ionization Source for GC-TOFMS. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:499-509. [PMID: 35164508 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The construction, critical evaluation, and performance assessment of a medium-pressure (2-13 mbar), high-temperature chemical ionization (CI) source for application in GC-MS is described. The ion source is coupled to a commercial time-of-flight (TOF) mass analyzer. Reagent ions are generated in a two staged process. The first stage uses a filament free, helical resonator plasma (HRP) driven ion source for H3+ generation. Reagent gases, for example, nitrogen, isobutane, and methane are added in a second stage to the H3+ stream, which leads to the formation of final protonation reagents. The GC effluent is added subsequently to the reagent ion gas stream. Designed for the hyphenation with gas chromatography, this GC-CI-TOFMS combination produces GC limited Gaussian peak shapes even for high boiling point compounds. Limits of detection for the compounds investigated are determined as 0.4-1.2 pg on column with nitrogen, 0.6-12.6 pg with isobutane, and 2 pg to >25 pg with methane as reagent gas, respectively. An EPA 8270 LCS mix containing 78 main EPA pollutants is used to evaluate the selectivity of the different reagent ions. Using nitrogen as reagent gas, 74 of 78 compounds are detected. In comparison, 41 of 78 compounds and 62 of 78 compounds are detected with isobutane or methane as CI reagent gas, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Bräkling
- TOFWERK AG, 3645 Thun, Switzerland
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Kai Kroll
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | | | - Thorsten Benter
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Hendrik Kersten
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
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6
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Nontargeted Screening Using Gas Chromatography-Atmospheric Pressure Ionization Mass Spectrometry: Recent Trends and Emerging Potential. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226911. [PMID: 34834002 PMCID: PMC8624013 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Gas chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC–HRMS) is a powerful nontargeted screening technique that promises to accelerate the identification of environmental pollutants. Currently, most GC–HRMS instruments are equipped with electron ionization (EI), but atmospheric pressure ionization (API) ion sources have attracted renewed interest because: (i) collisional cooling at atmospheric pressure minimizes fragmentation, resulting in an increased yield of molecular ions for elemental composition determination and improved detection limits; (ii) a wide range of sophisticated tandem (ion mobility) mass spectrometers can be easily adapted for operation with GC–API; and (iii) the conditions of an atmospheric pressure ion source can promote structure diagnostic ion–molecule reactions that are otherwise difficult to perform using conventional GC–MS instrumentation. This literature review addresses the merits of GC–API for nontargeted screening while summarizing recent applications using various GC–API techniques. One perceived drawback of GC–API is the paucity of spectral libraries that can be used to guide structure elucidation. Herein, novel data acquisition, deconvolution and spectral prediction tools will be reviewed. With continued development, it is anticipated that API may eventually supplant EI as the de facto GC–MS ion source used to identify unknowns.
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Kosyakov DS, Pikovskoi II, Ul'yanovskii NV. Dopant-assisted atmospheric pressure photoionization Orbitrap mass spectrometry - An approach to molecular characterization of lignin oligomers. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1179:338836. [PMID: 34535257 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lignin is the second most abundant biopolymer in nature and is considered an important renewable source of aromatic compounds. One of the most promising analytical methods for molecular characterization of lignin is Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI), proved itself in the study of lignins of various origins and their depolymerization products. In this work, the photoionization of lignin using acetone, 1,4-dioxane, and THF as solvents for the biopolymer and APPI dopants providing the generation of protonated and deprotonated molecules of lignin oligomers has been studied. The ionization conditions were optimized on the basis of the dependences of the total ion current on temperature and the flow rate of the solution into the ion source. Lignin degradation processes under APPI conditions occur mainly with the cleavage of ether β-O-4 bonds between phenylpropane structural units, demethylation (negative ion mode), as well as the loss of water and formaldehyde (positive ion mode). Negative ion mode APPI provides a higher ionization efficiency in the region of high molecular weights, however, it is characterized by an increased fragmentation of β-O-4 ether bonds compared to APPI(+) leading to a partial depolymerization of lignin in the ion source. The combination of APPI with Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry allows obtaining mass spectra of coniferous and deciduous wood lignins with resolved fine structure and containing signals of up to 3000 oligomers in the mass range of 300-1800 Da. This can be used for comprehensive characterization of lignins at molecular level and tracking changes in biopolymer chemical composition in various processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry S Kosyakov
- Core Facility Center "Arktika", M.V. Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Northern Dvina Emb. 17, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia.
| | - Ilya I Pikovskoi
- Core Facility Center "Arktika", M.V. Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Northern Dvina Emb. 17, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia
| | - Nikolay V Ul'yanovskii
- Core Facility Center "Arktika", M.V. Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Northern Dvina Emb. 17, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia
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Rüger CP, Neumann A, Sklorz M, Zimmermann R. Atmospheric Pressure Single Photon Laser Ionization (APSPLI) Mass Spectrometry Using a 157 nm Fluorine Excimer Laser for Sensitive and Selective Detection of Non- to Semipolar Hydrocarbons. Anal Chem 2021; 93:3691-3697. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P. Rüger
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Department Life, Light & Matter (LLM), University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Anika Neumann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Department Life, Light & Matter (LLM), University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Martin Sklorz
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group “Comprehensive Molecular Analytics” (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München (HMGU), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Department Life, Light & Matter (LLM), University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group “Comprehensive Molecular Analytics” (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München (HMGU), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Mirabelli MF, Zenobi R. Rapid screening and quantitation of PAHs in water and complex sample matrices by solid-phase microextraction coupled to capillary atmospheric pressure photoionization-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2021; 56:e4656. [PMID: 32975320 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A capillary atmospheric pressure photoionization (cAPPI) source was used to analyze polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in complex matrices like grilled meat extract and urban dust reference material, as well as screening for PAHs in aqueous samples such as tap and lake water. A high-throughput workflow was developed that allowed rapid screening of unknown samples by direct solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with cAPPI-MS, with confirmatory gas chromatography performed only for samples containing trace amounts of PAHs. Extraction times were as low as 15 s, with a total analysis time of 2 min per sample for screening. Limits of detections were in the low pg/ml range and in the subpg/ml range for the direct and chromatographic approach, respectively, with a linear dynamic range between two and three orders of magnitude, as determined for 15 model PAHs. This rapid approach represents an attractive way to screen samples containing nonpolar compounds using an ambient ionization source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario F Mirabelli
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
- CTC Analytics AG, Industriestrasse 20, Zwingen, 4222, Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
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Ayala-Cabrera JF, Lipok C, Moyano E, Schmitz OJ, Santos FJ. Atmospheric pressure ionization for gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry determination of polychlorinated naphthalenes in marine sediments. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:127963. [PMID: 33297024 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the performance of the atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and photoionization (APPI) was assessed to develop a new selective and sensitive gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) method for the determination of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in sediment samples. The capability of both APCI and APPI sources for the ionization of PCNs was investigated, showing the formation of the molecular ion and the [M‒Cl+O]‒ ion in positive and negative ion modes, respectively. Positive ion APCI provided high responses using high corona ion current, while the use of high vapour pressure dopant-solvents, such as toluene in positive mode and diethyl ether in the negative mode, was required to achieve high ionization efficiencies in APPI. The performance of the two API sources in the PCN determination by GC-HRMS were compared and the best results were achieved using the GC-APPI(+)-HRMS (Orbitrap) system. The GC-APPI(+)-HRMS (Orbitrap) method was applied to the characterization of Halowax mixtures and the analysis of marine sediments collected near to the coastal area of Barcelona (NE, Spain), demonstrating a great detection capability with low method limits of detection (0.2-1.6 pg g-1 dry weight), good precision (RSD <15%) and trueness (relative error <13%). Total PCN concentrations ranged from 0.35 to 5.0 ng g-1 dry weight and the presence of related compounds, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), was also detected by combining positive and negative ion modes, providing complementary information to better monitor of all PCN congener groups. The results presented here show the feasibility of the GC-APPI-HRMS method for the suitable determination of PCNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Ayala-Cabrera
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona Av. Diagonal 645, E‒08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Lipok
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitatsstr. 5, D‒45141, Essen, Germany; Teaching and Research Center for Separation, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitatsstr. 5, D‒45141, Essen, Germany
| | - E Moyano
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona Av. Diagonal 645, E‒08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - O J Schmitz
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitatsstr. 5, D‒45141, Essen, Germany; Teaching and Research Center for Separation, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitatsstr. 5, D‒45141, Essen, Germany
| | - F J Santos
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona Av. Diagonal 645, E‒08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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Feasibility of gas chromatography-atmospheric pressure photoionization–high-resolution mass spectrometry for the analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in environmental and feed samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:3703-3716. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02615-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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A novel methodology for the determination of neutral perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in water by gas chromatography-atmospheric pressure photoionisation-high resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1100:97-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Brecht D, Uteschil F, Schmitz OJ. Thermogravimetry coupled to an atmospheric pressure photo ionization quadrupole mass spectrometry for the product control of pharmaceutical formulations and the analysis of plasticizers in polymers. Talanta 2019; 198:440-446. [PMID: 30876584 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.01.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The development of a thermogravimetry coupled to an atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry (TG-APPI-MS) with a high temperature and flexible transfer line is presented. A method was developed to analyze plasticizers in solution which consist of a solvent evaporation step and subsequent evaporation of the analyte. These solutions of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) in hexane were used to investigate the repeatability (RSD: 3.6%) and linearity (R2: 0.9995) of the new developed system. With the new device the detection of different phthalates in a standardized PVC (polyvinyl chloride) polymer is shown. On the example of ASA, the degradation of a pharmaceutical drug is investigated. The dimerization and the possible trimerization of ASA during the thermal degradation is shown. Ten tablets of different ASA manufacturers were analyzed with the new developed analysis platform. The active substance was found in every tablet. Differences in mass spectral data as well as the studying of the pack insert were used to assign the tablets to companies and their subsidiaries. A unique formulation of ASA was found to have a different mass pattern when analyzed with TG-APPI-qMS. The developed device is a promising tool for the product control and the identification of falsified drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Brecht
- Department of Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Florian Uteschil
- Department of Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Oliver J Schmitz
- Department of Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse 5, 45141 Essen, Germany.
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14
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Pöhö P, Vaikkinen A, Haapala M, Kylli P, Kostiainen R. Capillary photoionization: interface for low flow rate liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Analyst 2019; 144:2867-2871. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an00258h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The first report on capillary photoionization interfacing a liquid chromatograph and mass spectrometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi Pöhö
- Drug Research Program
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Helsinki
- 00014 Finland
| | - Anu Vaikkinen
- Drug Research Program
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Helsinki
- 00014 Finland
| | - Markus Haapala
- Drug Research Program
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Helsinki
- 00014 Finland
| | - Petri Kylli
- Drug Research Program
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Helsinki
- 00014 Finland
| | - Risto Kostiainen
- Drug Research Program
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Helsinki
- 00014 Finland
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15
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Yan B, Pitiranggon M, Ross J, Arthen-Engeland T, Stelter A, Chillrud SN. Validation of Miniaturized Particulate-Matter Real-Time Samplers for Characterizing Personal Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Exposure. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL & BIOANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES 2018; 9:403. [PMID: 30002947 PMCID: PMC6039126 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9872.1000403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study validates the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in microgram levels of particulate matter (PM) collected on filters by two low-flow rate, real-time monitors, microPEM™ and microAeth®. Particle-associated PAHs were analyzed by a coupling of a gas chromatograph to a sensitive, atmospheric-pressure laser ionization-mass spectrometer. Air particulate samples were collected over the course of one or two days in the living room of a fourth-floor apartment in New York City. Three types of samplers, the two aforementioned personal samplers and a high-flow rate pump (4 liters per minute), were operated side by side, and three samples of each type were collected during each sampling period. Intrasampler agreement as measured by relative standard deviation (RSD) was within 1% to 18%. After background subtraction, total PAH measured by all three sampler types had good agreement (R=0.99). This ability to accurately characterize personal PAH exposure in archived filters collected by these real-time samplers could provide additional important PAH exposure information that can benefit many environmental health studies using these monitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beizhan Yan
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - Masha Pitiranggon
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - James Ross
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Steven N. Chillrud
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
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16
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Kruth C, Czech H, Sklorz M, Passig J, Ehlert S, Cappiello A, Zimmermann R. Direct Infusion Resonance-Enhanced Multiphoton Ionization Mass Spectrometry of Liquid Samples under Vacuum Conditions. Anal Chem 2017; 89:10917-10923. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Kruth
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute
of Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Hendryk Czech
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute
of Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Martin Sklorz
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute
of Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group “Comprehensive
Molecular Analytics” (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München−German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Passig
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute
of Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group “Comprehensive
Molecular Analytics” (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München−German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sven Ehlert
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute
of Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Photonion GmbH, Hagenower Strasse
73, 19061 Schwerin, Germany
| | - Achille Cappiello
- DiSPA,
LC-MS Laboratory, University of Urbino, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute
of Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group “Comprehensive
Molecular Analytics” (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München−German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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17
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Große Brinkhaus S, Thiäner JB, Achten C. Ultra-high sensitive PAH analysis of certified reference materials and environmental samples by GC-APLI-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:2801-2812. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0224-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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18
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Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry. APPLICATIONS OF TIME-OF-FLIGHT AND ORBITRAP MASS SPECTROMETRY IN ENVIRONMENTAL, FOOD, DOPING, AND FORENSIC ANALYSIS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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