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FNU PIJ, Tanim-Al-Hassan M, Yaroshuk T, Ai Y, Chen H. Absolute Quantitation of Peptides and Proteins by Coulometric Mass Spectrometry After Derivatization. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 495:117153. [PMID: 38009161 PMCID: PMC10673616 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2023.117153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Peptide/protein quantitation using mass spectrometry (MS) is advantageous due to its high sensitivity. Traditional absolute peptide quantitation methods rely on making calibration curves using peptide standards or isotope-labelled peptide standards, which are expensive and take time to synthesize. A method which can eliminate the need for using standards would be beneficial. Recently, we developed coulometric mass spectrometry (CMS) which can be used to quantify peptides that are oxidizable (e.g., those containing tyrosine or tryptophan), without using peptide standard. The method is based on electrochemical oxidation of peptides followed by MS to measure the oxidation yield. However, it cannot be directly used to quantify peptides without oxidizable residues. To extend this method for quantifying peptides/proteins in general, in this study, we adopted a derivatization strategy, in which a target peptide is first tagged with an electroactive reagent such as monocarboxymethylene blue NHS ester (MCMB-NHS ester), followed with quantitation by CMS. To illustrate the power of this method, we have analyzed peptides MG and RPPGFSPFR. The quantification error was less than 5%. Using RPPGFSPFR as an example, the quantitation sensitivity of the technique was found to be 0.25 pmol. Furthermore, we also used the strategy to quantify proteins cytochrome C and β-casein with an error of 2-26%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praneeth Ivan Joel FNU
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Md. Tanim-Al-Hassan
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Timothy Yaroshuk
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Yongling Ai
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
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Freitas D, Chen X, Cheng H, Davis A, Fallon B, Yan X. Recent Advances of In-Source Electrochemical Mass Spectrometry. Chempluschem 2021; 86:434-445. [PMID: 33689239 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hyphenation of electrochemistry (EC) and mass spectrometry has become a powerful tool to study redox processes. Approaches that can achieve this hyphenation include integrating chromatography/electrophoresis between electroinduced redox reactions and detection of products, coupling an EC flow cell to a mass spectrometer, and performing electrochemical reactions inside the ion source of a mass spectrometer. The first two approaches have been well reviewed elsewhere. This Minireview highlights the inherent electrochemical properties of many mass spectrometry ion sources and their roles in the coupling of electrochemistry and mass spectrometric analysis. Development of modified ion sources that allow the compatibility of electrochemistry with ionization processes is also surveyed. Applications of different in-source electrochemical devices are provided including intermediate capturing, bioanalytical studies, nanoparticle formation, electrosynthesis, and electrode imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dallas Freitas
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 580 Ross St., College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 580 Ross St., College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Heyong Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 580 Ross St., College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Austin Davis
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 580 Ross St., College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Blake Fallon
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 580 Ross St., College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Xin Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 580 Ross St., College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Liu C, Wang Q, Hivick BE, Ai Y, Champagne PA, Pan Y, Chen H. Capture of Electrochemically Generated Fleeting Carbazole Radical Cations and Elucidation of Carbazole Dimerization Mechanism by Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:15291-15296. [PMID: 33084312 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The capture of reactive intermediates is important for the elucidation of reaction mechanisms. We report the first observation of electrochemically generated, short-lived radical cations of carbazole (t1/2 ≈ 97 μs) and two N-substituted carbazole derivatives by mass spectrometry. In addition, online investigation of the reactivity of electrochemically generated carbazole radical cations supports that the carbazole dimerization mechanism involves the reaction of one radical cation with one neutral molecule rather than the previously proposed coupling of two radical cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States.,National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Brian E Hivick
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
| | - Yongling Ai
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Pier Alexandre Champagne
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Yang Pan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States.,Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
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Zhao P, Zare RN, Chen H. Absolute Quantitation of Oxidizable Peptides by Coulometric Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:2398-2407. [PMID: 31429055 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02299-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Quantitation methods for peptides using mass spectrometry have advanced rapidly. These methods rely on using standard and/or isotope-labeled peptides, which might be difficult or expensive to synthesize. To tackle this challenge, we present a new approach for absolute quantitation without the use of standards or calibration curves based on coulometry combined with mass spectrometry (MS). In this approach, which we call coulometric mass spectrometry (CMS), the mass spectrum of a target peptide containing one or more tyrosine residues is recorded before and after undergoing electrochemical oxidation. We record the total integrated oxidation current from the electrochemical measurement, which according to the Faraday's Law of coulometry, provides the number of moles of oxidized peptide. The ion intensity ratio of the target peptide before and after oxidation provides an excellent estimate of the fraction of the peptide that has been oxidized, from which the total amount of peptide is calculated. The striking strength of CMS is that it needs no standard peptide, but CMS does require the peptide to contain a known number of oxidizable groups. To illustrate the power of this method, we analyzed various tyrosine-containing peptides such as GGYR, DRVY, oxytocin, [Arg8]-vasotocin and angiotensinogen 1-14 with a quantification error ranging from - 7.5 to + 2.4%. This approach is also applicable to quantifying phosphopeptides and could be useful in proteomics research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyi Zhao
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Richard N Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5080, USA.
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA.
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5
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Suntornsuk W, Suntornsuk L. Recent applications of paper‐based point‐of‐care devices for biomarker detection. Electrophoresis 2019; 41:287-305. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Worapot Suntornsuk
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of ScienceKing Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi Bangkok Thailand
| | - Leena Suntornsuk
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryFaculty of PharmacyMahidol University Bangkok Thailand
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Narayanan R, Basuri P, Jana SK, Mahendranath A, Bose S, Pradeep T. In situ monitoring of electrochemical reactions through CNT-assisted paper cell mass spectrometry. Analyst 2019; 144:5404-5412. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an00791a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel method of coupling electrochemistry (EC) with mass spectrometry (MS) is illustrated with a paper-based electrochemical cell supported by carbon nanotubes (CNTs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Narayanan
- DST Unit of Nanoscience and Thematic Unit of Excellence
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai 600036
- India
| | - Pallab Basuri
- DST Unit of Nanoscience and Thematic Unit of Excellence
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai 600036
- India
| | - Sourav Kanti Jana
- DST Unit of Nanoscience and Thematic Unit of Excellence
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai 600036
- India
| | - Ananthu Mahendranath
- DST Unit of Nanoscience and Thematic Unit of Excellence
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai 600036
- India
| | - Sandeep Bose
- DST Unit of Nanoscience and Thematic Unit of Excellence
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai 600036
- India
| | - Thalappil Pradeep
- DST Unit of Nanoscience and Thematic Unit of Excellence
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai 600036
- India
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Gold nanoparticles-enhanced ion-transmission mass spectrometry for highly sensitive detection of chemical warfare agent simulants. Talanta 2018; 190:403-409. [PMID: 30172526 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)-embedded paper was coupled with ion-transmission mass spectrometry (MS) to enable the highly sensitive detection of chemical warfare agent (CWA) simulants in solutions. With the assistance of a low-temperature plasma (LTP) probe, we found that AuNPs were capable to enhance the ionization efficiencies of target analytes, with MS signal intensities surprisingly undergone an 800-fold increase under optimized conditions. The interaction between AuNPs and the radiofrequency electromagnetic field was believed to promote the desorption/ionization process, resulting in the unusual signal enhancement phenomenon. Based on this finding, we established a method for the rapid analysis of two simulants of nerve agents, dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) and diisopropyl methylphosphonate (DIMP), with a dynamic range from 0.5 ng/mL to 100 ng/mL and detection limits of 0.1 ng/mL and 0.3 ng/mL, respectively. As sample pretreatments have been eliminated, the developed strategy is particularly promising for the on-site detection of CWAs considering its simple and rapid analytical workflow.
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8
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Fu LM, Wang YN. Detection methods and applications of microfluidic paper-based analytical devices. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Yu K, Zhang H, He J, Zare RN, Wang Y, Li L, Li N, Zhang D, Jiang J. In Situ Mass Spectrometric Screening and Studying of the Fleeting Chain Propagation of Aniline. Anal Chem 2018; 90:7154-7157. [PMID: 29873225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A simple and effective approach to studying the mechanism of electrooxidation of aniline (ANI) is reported in this paper. It was accomplished by an innovative electrochemistry (EC)-mass spectrometry (MS) coupling, which can sample directly from a droplet-scale reacting electrolyte for mass spectrometric analysis. With this setup, the polymer chain growth of ANI could be monitored in situ and in real-time. The short-lived radical cations (ANI•+, m/ z 93.06) as well as the soluble dimer ( m/ z 183.09) and oligomers ( m/ z 274.13, 365.18, ...) were successfully captured. Using the EC-MS and tandem mass spectrometry, the dimers produced by head-to-tail (4-aminodiphenylamine), head-to-head (hydrazobenzene), and tail-to-tail (benzidine) coupling of radical cations were found in the same polymerization process. Moreover, the EC-MS method was also applicable for determining the propagation speed of ANI when applying different electrolyte salts and oxidizing potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin , Heilongjiang 150040 , P.R. China
| | | | - Richard N Zare
- Department of Chemistry , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | | | - Ling Li
- Biological & Chemical Engineering Department , Weihai Vocational College , Weihai , Shandong 264210 , P.R. China
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See KA, Liu YM, Ha Y, Barile CJ, Gewirth AA. Effect of Concentration on the Electrochemistry and Speciation of the Magnesium Aluminum Chloride Complex Electrolyte Solution. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:35729-35739. [PMID: 28933814 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b08088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium batteries offer an opportunity to use naturally abundant Mg and achieve large volumetric capacities reaching over four times that of conventional Li-based intercalation anodes. High volumetric capacity is enabled by the use of a Mg metal anode in which charge is stored via electrodeposition and stripping processes, however, electrolytes that support efficient Mg electrodeposition and stripping are few and are often prepared from highly reactive compounds. One interesting electrolyte solution that supports Mg deposition and stripping without the use of highly reactive reagents is the magnesium aluminum chloride complex (MACC) electrolyte. The MACC exhibits high Coulombic efficiencies and low deposition overpotentials following an electrolytic conditioning protocol that stabilizes species necessary for such behavior. Here, we discuss the effect of the MgCl2 and AlCl3 concentrations on the deposition overpotential, current density, and the conditioning process. Higher concentrations of MACC exhibit enhanced Mg electrodeposition current density and much faster conditioning. An increase in the salt concentrations causes a shift in the complex equilibria involving both cations. The conditioning process is strongly dependent on the concentration suggesting that the electrolyte is activated through a change in speciation of electrolyte complexes and is not simply due to the annihilation of electrolyte impurities. Additionally, the presence of the [Mg2(μ-Cl)3·6THF]+ in the electrolyte solution is again confirmed through careful analysis of experimental Raman spectra coupled with simulation and direct observation of the complex in sonic spray ionization mass spectrometry. Importantly, we suggest that the ∼210 cm-1 mode commonly observed in the Raman spectra of many Mg electrolytes is indicative of the C3v symmetric [Mg2(μ-Cl)3·6THF]+. The 210 cm-1 mode is present in many electrolytes containing MgCl2, so its assignment is of broad interest to the Mg electrolyte community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A See
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yao-Min Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yeyoung Ha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Christopher J Barile
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Andrew A Gewirth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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11
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Yuill EM, Baker LA. Electrochemical Aspects of Mass Spectrometry: Atmospheric Pressure Ionization and Ambient Ionization for Bioanalysis. ChemElectroChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Yuill
- Department of Chemistry; Indiana University; 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington, Indiana 47405 USA
| | - Lane A. Baker
- Department of Chemistry; Indiana University; 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington, Indiana 47405 USA
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Lu J, Hua X, Long YT. Recent advances in real-time and in situ analysis of an electrode–electrolyte interface by mass spectrometry. Analyst 2017; 142:691-699. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an02757a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Novelty: Recent advances in real-time and in situ monitoring of an electrode–electrolyte interface by mass spectrometry are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jusheng Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu Normal University
- Xuzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Xin Hua
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Department of Chemistry
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Yi-Tao Long
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Department of Chemistry
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
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Qiu R, Zhang X, Luo H, Shao Y. Mass spectrometric snapshots for electrochemical reactions. Chem Sci 2016; 7:6684-6688. [PMID: 28451110 PMCID: PMC5355862 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc01978a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A hybrid ultramicroelectrode containing one micro-carbon electrode and one empty micro-channel was employed to be a micro-electrochemical cell and a mass spectrometric nanospray emitter. This setup can combine MS with an electrode directly and provide in situ information about an electrochemical reaction. The mechanisms proposed by Bard et al. for a Ru(bpy)32+ (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) electrochemiluminescence (ECL) system were confirmed by the MS detection of key intermediates. The short-lived diimine intermediate of electrochemical oxidation of uric acid was also detected, which affirms that the novel technique is able to catch fleeting intermediates. These experimental results demonstrate that this new method is simple, easy to implement and can be coupled with many commercial mass spectrometric instruments to provide very useful information about electrochemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Qiu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China . ;
| | - Xin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China . ;
| | - Hai Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China . ;
| | - Yuanhua Shao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China . ;
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