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Klee S, Bräkling S, Vetter M, Bieber S, Letzel T. Nontargeted Screening for the Verification of Allergenic Ingredients and Perfume Authenticity by GC-ecTOF-MS. LCGC NORTH AMERICA 2022. [DOI: 10.56530/lcgc.na.iz1276q6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Fraudulent products are ubiquitous in all markets. Besides the financial aspect, a major issue regarding products adulteration for society and the environment is the missing regulation and control of these goods. Therefore, harmful and toxic compounds in fraudulent products may become a risk for human health and the environment. Even small amounts of toxic substances can still have damaging effects. Thus, a sensitive and reliable identification of compounds is needed. Novel technologies are necessary to use identifying and preventing fraud and related risks. Goods from the food, flavor, and fragrance markets often contain volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which include most allergenic fragrances. For the detection and identification of these substances, gas chromatographic separation hyphenated with high resolution mass spectrometry (GC–HRMS) is an ideal instrumental technique. GC–simultaneous electron and chemical ionization (ec) time-of-flight (TOF)-MS generates various types of information via simultaneous ec–HRMS. Advantages are given for target, known unknown, and unknown unknown data analysis by generating various types of ions within one single experimental GC–MS run. In this study, the experimental nontargeted screening approach and corresponding data analysis workflows—simultaneously using molecular ion information and structural information—are presented for the molecular identification and authenticity verification process from a brand perfume using GC–ecTOF-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stefan Bieber
- Analytisches Forschungsinstitut für Non-Target Screening GmbH (AFIN-TS)
| | - Thomas Letzel
- Analytisches Forschungsinstitut für Non-Target Screening GmbH (AFIN-TS)
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2
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Ayala-Cabrera JF, Montero L, Meckelmann SW, Uteschil F, Schmitz OJ. Review on atmospheric pressure ionization sources for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Part I: Current ion source developments and improvements in ionization strategies. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1238:340353. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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3
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Ayala-Cabrera JF, Montero L, Meckelmann SW, Uteschil F, Schmitz OJ. Review on atmospheric pressure ionization sources for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Part II: Current applications. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1238:340379. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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Bräkling S, Kroll K, Klee S, Benter T, Kersten H. Hydrogen Plasma-Based Medium Pressure Chemical Ionization Source for GC-TOFMS. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:499-509. [PMID: 35164508 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The construction, critical evaluation, and performance assessment of a medium-pressure (2-13 mbar), high-temperature chemical ionization (CI) source for application in GC-MS is described. The ion source is coupled to a commercial time-of-flight (TOF) mass analyzer. Reagent ions are generated in a two staged process. The first stage uses a filament free, helical resonator plasma (HRP) driven ion source for H3+ generation. Reagent gases, for example, nitrogen, isobutane, and methane are added in a second stage to the H3+ stream, which leads to the formation of final protonation reagents. The GC effluent is added subsequently to the reagent ion gas stream. Designed for the hyphenation with gas chromatography, this GC-CI-TOFMS combination produces GC limited Gaussian peak shapes even for high boiling point compounds. Limits of detection for the compounds investigated are determined as 0.4-1.2 pg on column with nitrogen, 0.6-12.6 pg with isobutane, and 2 pg to >25 pg with methane as reagent gas, respectively. An EPA 8270 LCS mix containing 78 main EPA pollutants is used to evaluate the selectivity of the different reagent ions. Using nitrogen as reagent gas, 74 of 78 compounds are detected. In comparison, 41 of 78 compounds and 62 of 78 compounds are detected with isobutane or methane as CI reagent gas, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Bräkling
- TOFWERK AG, 3645 Thun, Switzerland
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Kai Kroll
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | | | - Thorsten Benter
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Hendrik Kersten
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
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5
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Kösling P, Rüger CP, Schade J, Fort KL, Ehlert S, Irsig R, Kozhinov AN, Nagornov KO, Makarov A, Rigler M, Tsybin YO, Walte A, Zimmermann R. Vacuum Laser Photoionization inside the C-trap of an Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer: Resonance-Enhanced Multiphoton Ionization High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:9418-9427. [PMID: 34170684 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
State-of-the-art mass spectrometry with ultraviolet (UV) photoionization is mostly limited to time-of-flight (ToF) mass spectrometers with 1000-10 000 m/Δm mass resolution. However, higher resolution and higher spectral dynamic range mass spectrometry may be indispensable in complex mixture characterization. Here, we present the concept, implementation, and initial evaluation of a compact ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometer with gas-phase laser ionization. The concept is based on direct laser photoionization in the ion accumulation and ejection trap (C-trap) of an Orbitrap mass spectrometer. Resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) using 266 nm UV pulses from a frequency-quadrupled Nd:YAG laser was applied for selective and efficient ionization of monocyclic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The system is equipped with a gas inlet for volatile compounds and a heated gas chromatography coupling. The former can be employed for rapid system m/z-calibration and performance evaluation, whereas the latter enables analysis of semivolatile and higher-molecular-weight compounds. The capability to evaluate complex mixtures is demonstrated for selected petrochemical materials. In these experiments, several hundred to over a thousand compounds could be attributed with a root-mean-square mass error generally below 1 ppm and a mass resolution of over 140 000 at 200 m/z. Isobaric interferences could be resolved, and narrow mass splits, such as 3.4 mDa (SH4/C3), are determined. Single laser shots provided limits of detection in the 20-ppb range for p-xylene and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, similar to compact vacuum REMPI-ToF systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Kösling
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC)/Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany.,Department Life, Light & Matter (LLM), University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Christopher P Rüger
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC)/Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany.,Department Life, Light & Matter (LLM), University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Julian Schade
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC)/Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany.,Department Life, Light & Matter (LLM), University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Kyle L Fort
- Thermo Fisher Scientific (Bremen) GmbH, 28199 Bremen, Germany
| | - Sven Ehlert
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC)/Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany.,Department Life, Light & Matter (LLM), University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany.,Photonion GmbH, 19061 Schwerin, Germany
| | - Robert Irsig
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC)/Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany.,Department Life, Light & Matter (LLM), University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany.,Photonion GmbH, 19061 Schwerin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC)/Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany.,Department Life, Light & Matter (LLM), University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany.,Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics", Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Neuherberg D-85764, Germany
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6
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Mirabelli MF, Zenobi R. Rapid screening and quantitation of PAHs in water and complex sample matrices by solid-phase microextraction coupled to capillary atmospheric pressure photoionization-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2021; 56:e4656. [PMID: 32975320 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A capillary atmospheric pressure photoionization (cAPPI) source was used to analyze polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in complex matrices like grilled meat extract and urban dust reference material, as well as screening for PAHs in aqueous samples such as tap and lake water. A high-throughput workflow was developed that allowed rapid screening of unknown samples by direct solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with cAPPI-MS, with confirmatory gas chromatography performed only for samples containing trace amounts of PAHs. Extraction times were as low as 15 s, with a total analysis time of 2 min per sample for screening. Limits of detections were in the low pg/ml range and in the subpg/ml range for the direct and chromatographic approach, respectively, with a linear dynamic range between two and three orders of magnitude, as determined for 15 model PAHs. This rapid approach represents an attractive way to screen samples containing nonpolar compounds using an ambient ionization source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario F Mirabelli
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
- CTC Analytics AG, Industriestrasse 20, Zwingen, 4222, Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
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7
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Revelsky IA, Sysoev AA, Revelsky AI, Adamov AG, Poteshin SS, Samokhin AS, Chivarzin ME, Chepelyansky DA, Yashin YS. Investigation of Atmospheric Pressure Photochemical Ionization Mass Spectra of Binary Organic Solutions without Their Separation in Dependence on the Concentration of Solutions and Analyte Vapors in Nitrogen Using the Exponential Dilution Method and a Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer with an Atmospheric Pressure Photochemical Ionization Ion Source. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934820140117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Bressan C, Ayala-Cabrera JF, Santos FJ, Cuadras S, Garrostas L, Monfort N, Alechaga É, Moyano E, Ventura R. Analysis of hydroxylated phenylalkylamine stimulants in urine by GC-APPI-HRMS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:7837-7850. [PMID: 32954468 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02913-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A gas chromatography-atmospheric pressure photoionization-high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-APPI-HRMS) method was developed for the determination of eight phenylalkylamine stimulants in urine samples. Spiked urine samples were hydrolyzed, processed by solid-phase extraction, and derivatized before analysis. Two derivatization reactions were studied: the formation of trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives with N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyl trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA) and trimethylsilyl/trifluoroacetyl (TMS/TFA) derivatives with MSTFA and N-methyl-bis (trifluoroacetamide) (MBTFA) as derivatization reagents. Gas chromatography of both derivatives was performed with a 100% dimethylsiloxane column and a good separation of all isomeric compounds was achieved. To maximize the signal of the protonated molecule [M+H]+, the APPI most critical parameters were optimized. Three solvents were tested as dopant agents, with acetone yielding the lower in-source collision-induced dissociation (CID) fragmentation. The acquisition was performed in full scan and product ion scan (parallel reaction monitoring, PRM) using a quadrupole-Orbitrap mass analyzer (35,000 FWHM at m/z 200) in positive ion detection mode. At the optimal working conditions, the full scan method was evaluated for the fulfillment of identification requirements in doping analysis. Selectivity, limits of detection, matrix effect, and precision were estimated to validate the method for confirmation purposes and its applicability was tested by the analysis of spiked samples as well as by the analysis of samples obtained after the administration of some of the compounds to healthy volunteers. Results were compared with those obtained by GC-electron ionization-MS, demonstrating that the GC-APPI-HRMS method improved selectivity and sensibility, achieving lower limits of detection and satisfactory reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Bressan
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan F Ayala-Cabrera
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Santos
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Cuadras
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorena Garrostas
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Monfort
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Élida Alechaga
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Encarnación Moyano
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Ventura
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
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9
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Fialkov AB, Ikonen E, Laaksonen T, Amirav A. GC-MS with photoionization of cold molecules in supersonic molecular beams-Approaching the softest ionization method. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2020; 55:e4516. [PMID: 32567120 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A new type of photoionization ion source was developed for the ionization of cold molecules in supersonic molecular beams (named Cold PI). The system was based on a GC-MS with supersonic molecular beams and its fly-through EI of cold molecules ion source (Cold EI) plus quadrupole mass analyzer. A continuously operated deuterium VUV photoionization lamp was added and placed above and between the supersonic nozzle and skimmer whereas the Cold EI ion source served only as a portion of the ion transfer ion optics. The supersonic nozzle and skimmer were voltage biased and the VUV light crossed the supersonic expansion about 10 mm from the nozzle. We obtained over three orders of magnitude enhancement in the relative abundance of the molecular ion of squalane in Cold PI versus in photoionization of this compound as a thermal compound. Accordingly, we also proved that standard photoionization is not as soft ionization method as previously perceived for large compounds. We found that Cold PI is as soft as and possibly softer than field ionization; thus, it could be the softest known ionization method. The ionization yield was about 200-300 times weaker than with Cold EI yet our limit of detection was about 200 femtogram in SIM mode for cholesterol and pyrene which is reasonable. Practically, all hydrocarbons gave only molecular ions with rather uniform response whereas alcohols gave some molecular ions plus major fragment ions particularly with a loss of water (similarly to field ionization). We tested Cold PI in the GC-MS analysis of diesel fuels and analyzed the time averaged data for group type information. We also found that we can analyze the diesel fuels by fast under 20-s flow injection analysis in which the generated averaged mass spectrum of molecular ions only could serve for the characterization of fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Aviv Amirav
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
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10
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Lipok C, Uteschil F, Schmitz OJ. Development of an Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Interface for GC-MS. Molecules 2020; 25:E3253. [PMID: 32708799 PMCID: PMC7397239 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A closed atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) ion source as interface between a gas chromatograph (GC) and a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (QqQ-MS) was developed. The influence of different ion source conditions, such as humidity, make-up gas flow, and the position of the GC column, were investigated and determined as main factors to increase sensitivity and repeatability of the system. For a performance test under real conditions, the new APCI ion source was used for the determination of plant protection products in commercially available coffee beans from Vietnam. The ionization behavior was investigated and the majority of the analytes were detected as [MH]+, [M]+∙, or as characteristic fragment ions, which have been assigned to ion source fragmentation. The developed GC-MS methods are based on tandem MS (MS/MS) and revealed for the plant protection products limits of detection (LOD) between 1 and 250 pg on column and relative standard derivations for all compounds < 16%. The used ultrasonic solid-liquid extraction yielded recovery rates of approximately 60 to 100%. Residues of herbicide methyl esters, organophosphorus compounds, and organonitrogen compounds have been detected in the analyzed coffee beans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oliver J. Schmitz
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Applied Analytical Chemistry, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany; (C.L.); (F.U.)
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11
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Zhang Q, Tian Y, Aliang M, Yu Q, Wang X. Implementation and study of dopant-assisted photoionization with a miniature capillary inlet ion trap mass spectrometer. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8621. [PMID: 31658505 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Dopant-assisted photoionization (PI) has been widely used in the mass spectrometric analysis of volatile compounds. Exploring simple doping methods will benefit parameter optimization and promote the application of this technique. METHODS A previously built miniature ion trap mass spectrometer was used to study dopant-assisted vacuum PI. The sampling system of this device was modified to provide three inlets for the simultaneous introduction of analytes, dopants, and auxiliary air. Then, dopant solution was directly injected into the ion trap chamber through a self-aspirating capillary inlet and rapidly evaporated without heating. Various dopant solutions were prepared and switched during the experiments. RESULTS When analyzing some aniline compounds, the signals of all analytes were improved by more than 10 times after the injection of 2% anisole solution as a dopant. In addition, anisole can provide analyte signals more than three times stronger than those provided by the other dopants. On the basis of the ionization energy selectivity of dopant-assisted PI, some isomers in the mass spectrometric analysis were distinguished using different additives. CONCLUSIONS In general, liquid doping is as feasible and as effective as other traditional methods, and using appropriate dopants with high PI efficiency or feeding more dopants contributes to the ionization of analytes. The proposed method also offers several unique merits, such as simple operation, low consumption, and smooth switching with minimal residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Mushage Aliang
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Quan Yu
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaohao Wang
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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12
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A novel methodology for the determination of neutral perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in water by gas chromatography-atmospheric pressure photoionisation-high resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1100:97-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Powers JB, Campagna SR. Design and Evaluation of a Gas Chromatograph-Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Interface for an Exactive Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:2369-2379. [PMID: 31512224 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02311-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Various separation and mass spectrometric (MS) techniques have furthered our ability to study complex mixtures, and the desire to measure every analyte in a system is of continual interest. For many complex mixtures, such as the total molecular content of a cell, it is becoming apparent that no one single separation technique or analysis is likely to achieve this goal. Therefore, having a variety of tools to measure the complexity of these mixtures is prudent. Orbitrap MSs are broadly used in systems biology studies due to their unique performance characteristics. However, GC-Orbitraps have only recently become available, and instruments that can use gas chromatography (GC) cannot use liquid chromatography (LC) and vice versa. This limits small molecule analyses, such as those that would be employed for metabolomics, lipidomics, or toxicological studies. Thus, a simple, temporary interface was designed for a GC and Thermo Scientific™ Ion Max housing unit. This interface enables either GC or LC separation to be used on the same MS, an Exactive™ Plus Orbitrap, and utilizes an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source. The GC-APCI interface was tested against a commercially available atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) interface for three types of analytes that span the breadth of typical GC analyses: fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and saturated hydrocarbons. The GC-APCI-Orbitrap had similar or improved performance to the APPI and other reported methods in that it had a lower limit of quantitation, better signal to noise, and lower tendency to fragment analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B Powers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-1600, USA
- Biological and Small Molecule Mass Spectrometry Core, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Shawn R Campagna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-1600, USA.
- Biological and Small Molecule Mass Spectrometry Core, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
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14
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Brecht D, Uteschil F, Schmitz OJ. Thermogravimetry coupled to an atmospheric pressure photo ionization quadrupole mass spectrometry for the product control of pharmaceutical formulations and the analysis of plasticizers in polymers. Talanta 2019; 198:440-446. [PMID: 30876584 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.01.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The development of a thermogravimetry coupled to an atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry (TG-APPI-MS) with a high temperature and flexible transfer line is presented. A method was developed to analyze plasticizers in solution which consist of a solvent evaporation step and subsequent evaporation of the analyte. These solutions of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) in hexane were used to investigate the repeatability (RSD: 3.6%) and linearity (R2: 0.9995) of the new developed system. With the new device the detection of different phthalates in a standardized PVC (polyvinyl chloride) polymer is shown. On the example of ASA, the degradation of a pharmaceutical drug is investigated. The dimerization and the possible trimerization of ASA during the thermal degradation is shown. Ten tablets of different ASA manufacturers were analyzed with the new developed analysis platform. The active substance was found in every tablet. Differences in mass spectral data as well as the studying of the pack insert were used to assign the tablets to companies and their subsidiaries. A unique formulation of ASA was found to have a different mass pattern when analyzed with TG-APPI-qMS. The developed device is a promising tool for the product control and the identification of falsified drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Brecht
- Department of Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Florian Uteschil
- Department of Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Oliver J Schmitz
- Department of Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse 5, 45141 Essen, Germany.
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15
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Revel’skii IA, Yashin YS, Revel’skii AI. Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization Mass Spectrometry: New Capabilities for the Determination of the Numbers of Components in Complex Mixtures and Their Identification. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934819020102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Nolting D, Malek R, Makarov A. Ion traps in modern mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2019; 38:150-168. [PMID: 29084367 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This review is devoted to trapping mass spectrometry wherein ions are confined by electromagnetic fields for prolonged periods of time within limited volume, with mass measurement taking place within the same volume. Three major types of trapping mass spectrometers are discussed, specifically radiofrequency ion trap, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance and Orbitrap. While these three branches are intricately interwoven with each other over their recent history, they also differ greatly in their fundamentals, roots and historical origin. This diversity is reflected also in the difference of viewpoints from which each of these directions is addressed in this review. Following the theme of the issue, we focus on developments mainly associated with the country of Germany but, at the same time, we use this review as an illustration of the rapidly increasing globalization of science and expanding multi-national collaborations.
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Di Lorenzo RA, Lobodin VV, Cochran J, Kolic T, Besevic S, Sled JG, Reiner EJ, Jobst KJ. Fast gas chromatography-atmospheric pressure (photo)ionization mass spectrometry of polybrominated diphenylether flame retardants. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1056:70-78. [PMID: 30797463 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry (MS) are powerful, complementary techniques for the analysis of environmental toxicants. Currently, most GC-MS instruments employ electron ionization under vacuum, but the concept of coupling GC to atmospheric pressure ionization (API) is attracting revitalized interest. API conditions are inherently compatible with a wide range of ionization techniques as well high carrier gas flows that enable fast GC separations. This study reports on the application of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and a custom-built photoionization (APPI) source for the GC-MS analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a ubiquitous class of flame retardants. Photoionization of PBDEs resulted in the abundant formation of molecular ions M•+ with very little fragmentation. Some photo-oxidation was observed, which differentiated critical BDE isomers. Formation of protonated molecules [M+H]+ did not occur in GC-APPI because the ionization energy of H2O (clusters) exceeds the energy of the ionizing photons. Avoiding mixed-mode ionization is a major advantage of APPI over APCI, which requires careful control of the source conditions. A fast GC-API-MS method was developed using helium and nitrogen carrier gases that provides good separation of critical isomers (BDE-49/71) and elution of BDE 209 in less than 7 min (with He) and 15 min (with N2). It will be shown that the GC-APPI and GC-APCI methods match the sensitivity and improve upon the selectivity and throughput of established methods for the analysis of PBDEs using standard reference materials (NIST SRM 1944 and SRM 2585) and selected environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Di Lorenzo
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 3H7, Canada
| | - Vladislav V Lobodin
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, 1800 E Paul Dirac Dr., Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA.
| | - Jack Cochran
- VUV Analytics, 715 Discovery Blvd. Suite 502, Cedar Park, TX, 78613, USA
| | - Terry Kolic
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario, M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Sladjana Besevic
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario, M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - John G Sled
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 3H7, Canada
| | - Eric J Reiner
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario, M9P 3V6, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Karl J Jobst
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario, M9P 3V6, Canada; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, L8S 4M1, Canada.
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18
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Kondyli A, Schrader W. High-resolution GC/MS studies of a light crude oil fraction. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2019; 54:47-54. [PMID: 30378212 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The continuous development in analytical instrumentation has brought the newly developed Orbitrap-based gas chromatography / mass spectrometry (GC/MS) instrument into the forefront for the analysis of complex mixtures such as crude oil. Traditional instrumentation usually requires a choice to be made between mass resolving power or an efficient chromatographic separation, which ideally enables the distinction of structural isomers that is not possible by mass spectrometry alone. Now, these features can be combined, thus enabling a deeper understanding of the constituents of volatile samples on a molecular level. Although electron ionization is the most popular ionization method employed in GC/MS analysis, the need for softer ionization methods has led to the utilization of atmospheric pressure ionization sources. The last arrival to this family is the atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI), which was originally developed for liquid chromatography / mass spectrometry (LC/MS). With a newly developed commercial GC-APPI interface, it is possible to extend the characterization of unknown compounds. Here, first results about the capabilities of the GC/MS instrument under high or low energy EI or APPI are reported on a volatile gas condensate. The use of different ionization energies helps matching the low abundant molecular ions to the structurally important fragment ions. A broad range of compounds from polar to medium polar were successfully detected and complementary information regarding the analyte was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Kondyli
- Max-Planck Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mass Spectrometry Group, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schrader
- Max-Planck Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mass Spectrometry Group, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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19
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Pöhö P, Vaikkinen A, Haapala M, Kylli P, Kostiainen R. Capillary photoionization: interface for low flow rate liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Analyst 2019; 144:2867-2871. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an00258h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The first report on capillary photoionization interfacing a liquid chromatograph and mass spectrometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi Pöhö
- Drug Research Program
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Helsinki
- 00014 Finland
| | - Anu Vaikkinen
- Drug Research Program
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Helsinki
- 00014 Finland
| | - Markus Haapala
- Drug Research Program
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Helsinki
- 00014 Finland
| | - Petri Kylli
- Drug Research Program
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Helsinki
- 00014 Finland
| | - Risto Kostiainen
- Drug Research Program
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Helsinki
- 00014 Finland
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20
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Beale DJ, Pinu FR, Kouremenos KA, Poojary MM, Narayana VK, Boughton BA, Kanojia K, Dayalan S, Jones OAH, Dias DA. Review of recent developments in GC-MS approaches to metabolomics-based research. Metabolomics 2018; 14:152. [PMID: 30830421 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-018-1449-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolomics aims to identify the changes in endogenous metabolites of biological systems in response to intrinsic and extrinsic factors. This is accomplished through untargeted, semi-targeted and targeted based approaches. Untargeted and semi-targeted methods are typically applied in hypothesis-generating investigations (aimed at measuring as many metabolites as possible), while targeted approaches analyze a relatively smaller subset of biochemically important and relevant metabolites. Regardless of approach, it is well recognized amongst the metabolomics community that gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is one of the most efficient, reproducible and well used analytical platforms for metabolomics research. This is due to the robust, reproducible and selective nature of the technique, as well as the large number of well-established libraries of both commercial and 'in house' metabolite databases available. AIM OF REVIEW This review provides an overview of developments in GC-MS based metabolomics applications, with a focus on sample preparation and preservation techniques. A number of chemical derivatization (in-time, in-liner, offline and microwave assisted) techniques are also discussed. Electron impact ionization and a summary of alternate mass analyzers are highlighted, along with a number of recently reported new GC columns suited for metabolomics. Lastly, multidimensional GC-MS and its application in environmental and biomedical research is presented, along with the importance of bioinformatics. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to both highlight and provide an update on GC-MS analytical techniques that are common in metabolomics studies. Specific emphasis is given to the key steps within the GC-MS workflow that those new to this field need to be aware of and the common pitfalls that should be looked out for when starting in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Beale
- Land and Water, Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), P.O. Box 2583, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia.
| | - Farhana R Pinu
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Konstantinos A Kouremenos
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
- Trajan Scientific and Medical, 7 Argent Pl, Ringwood, 3134, Australia
| | - Mahesha M Poojary
- Chemistry Section, School of Science and Technology, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Vinod K Narayana
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Berin A Boughton
- Metabolomics Australia, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Komal Kanojia
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Saravanan Dayalan
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Oliver A H Jones
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, 3001, Australia
| | - Daniel A Dias
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Discipline of Laboratory Medicine, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, 3083, Australia.
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21
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Akutsu M, Sugie KI, Saito K. Analysis of 62 synthetic cannabinoids by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with photoionization. Forensic Toxicol 2016; 35:94-103. [PMID: 28127409 PMCID: PMC5214763 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-016-0342-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) in electron ionization (EI) mode is one of the most commonly used techniques for analysis of synthetic cannabinoids, because the GC–EI-MS spectra contain characteristic fragment ions for identification of a compound; however, the information on its molecular ions is frequently lacking. To obtain such molecular ion information, GC–MS in chemical ionization (CI) mode is frequently used. However, GC–CI-MS requires a relatively tedious process using reagent gas such as methane or isobutane. In this study, we show that GC–MS in photoionization (PI) mode provided molecular ions in all spectra of 62 synthetic cannabinoids, and 35 of the 62 compounds showed only the molecular radical cations. Except for the 35 compounds, the PI spectra showed very simple patterns with the molecular peak plus only a few fragment peak(s). An advantage is that the ion source for GC–PI-MS can easily be used for GC–EI-MS as well. Therefore, GC–EI/PI-MS will be a useful tool for the identification of synthetic cannabinoids contained in a dubious product. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to use GC–PI-MS for analysis of synthetic cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoru Akutsu
- Narcotics Control Department, Kanto-Shin'etsu Regional Bureau of Health and Welfare, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, 1-2-1 Kudan-Minami, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-8309 Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Sugie
- Narcotics Control Department, Kanto-Shin'etsu Regional Bureau of Health and Welfare, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, 1-2-1 Kudan-Minami, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-8309 Japan
| | - Koichi Saito
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 4-41 Ebara 2-chome, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501 Japan
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