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Wang W, Jin L, Hu F, Xu F, Ding CF. Nebulization Swab Assisted Photoionization Tandem Miniaturized Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry for On-Site Analysis of Nonvolatile Compounds. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:898-906. [PMID: 35475621 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nonvolatile compounds usually have a high molecular weight and exhibit a high boiling point, which poses great challenges to the ionization method of MS. Ambient ionization sources can efficiently analyze the nonvolatile compounds without complex pretreatment, but they generally require special media such as heating devices, laser optical devices, or corona needles. Acoustic nebulization assisted photoionization (ANPI) is a potential method for the analysis of nonvolatile compounds that uses nebulization as a prerequisite for photoionization and introduces many advantages of PI, including excellent ionization efficiency, a high yield of molecular ions, and simplified spectrum interpretation. However, the ANPI source can be limited in on-site applications by the complexity of the analytical devices and the high cost of the nebulization chip. To address this issue, in this paper, we explored cheap and commercially piezoelectric materials used in a mist sprayer and fabricated a nebulization swab assisted photoionization (NSAP) as an ambient ionization source. Some useful results are presented: numerical simulation was introduced successfully for optimizing the aerosol distribution in the NSAP source; nonvolatile muscle relaxants, drugs of abuse, antibiotics, phthalates, and cholesterol were detected mostly as their protonated molecular ions while some special acetone/water cluster ions were detected. In addition, the LOD for most of the target analytes ranged from 10.0 to 50.0 pg with RSD ≤ 9%. Finally, this method is implemented for Chinese baijiu spiked with phthalates. The experimental data shows the capability of a NSAP source in high sensitivity and on-site analysis of the nonvolatile compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Liuyu Jin
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Fengqing Hu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Fuxing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Chuan-Fan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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Newsome GA, Cleland TP. In-Line Dopant Generation for Atmospheric Pressure Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:13527-13533. [PMID: 34590816 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A concentric trace gas permeation tube that diffuses chemical reagents to a central carrier gas stream is used to drive chemical reaction pathways and influence gas-phase chemistry for a variety of atmospheric pressure ionization sources for mass spectrometry. Tunable permeation through the reservoir-jacketed polymer membrane is triggered by the heated gas moving through the tube, evaporating the dopant into a sheath dry gas or into a sample stream in room air without diluting the analyte concentration. The permeator is used to add dopants to an electrospray plume for analyte ion charge reduction and to perform hydrogen-deuterium exchange on biomolecules in different spray conditions. Dopants are also added to atmospheric pressure chemical ionization to favor the ionization of select components of diesel fuel. Atmospheric pressure photoionization is performed with the permeation tube in line with tubing transporting sample headspace to an enclosed discharge lamp. Toluene dopant from the permeator increases the proton transfer and charge exchange signal from clove oil and mothballs many times without exposing the laboratory to reagent fumes. Water permeation is also used to humidify the sample gas stream.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Asher Newsome
- Smithsonian Museum Conservation Institute, Suitland, Maryland 20746, United States
| | - Timothy P Cleland
- Smithsonian Museum Conservation Institute, Suitland, Maryland 20746, United States
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Ivanova B, Spiteller M. Stochastic dynamic mass spectrometric quantification of steroids in mixture - Part II. Steroids 2020; 164:108750. [PMID: 33069721 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This paper deals with quantification of the following steroids in mixture: hydrocortisone (1), deoxycorticosterone (2), progesterone (3) and methyltestosterone (4) by means of mass spectrometry and implementing our innovative stochatic dynamic functional relationship between the analyte concentration in solution and the experimental variable intensity. The mass spectrometric data are correlated independently using chromatography. Chemometric analysis is carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojidarka Ivanova
- Lehrstuhl für Analytische Chemie, Institut für Umweltforschung, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44221 Dortmund, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany.
| | - Michael Spiteller
- Lehrstuhl für Analytische Chemie, Institut für Umweltforschung, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44221 Dortmund, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
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Yao L, Liu C, Wang N, Du F, Fan S, Guo Y, Zhang L, Pan Y, Xiong W. Cholesterol regulates cannabinoid analgesia through glycine receptors. Neuropharmacology 2020; 177:108242. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Zhang Q, Tian Y, Aliang M, Yu Q, Wang X. Implementation and study of dopant-assisted photoionization with a miniature capillary inlet ion trap mass spectrometer. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8621. [PMID: 31658505 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Dopant-assisted photoionization (PI) has been widely used in the mass spectrometric analysis of volatile compounds. Exploring simple doping methods will benefit parameter optimization and promote the application of this technique. METHODS A previously built miniature ion trap mass spectrometer was used to study dopant-assisted vacuum PI. The sampling system of this device was modified to provide three inlets for the simultaneous introduction of analytes, dopants, and auxiliary air. Then, dopant solution was directly injected into the ion trap chamber through a self-aspirating capillary inlet and rapidly evaporated without heating. Various dopant solutions were prepared and switched during the experiments. RESULTS When analyzing some aniline compounds, the signals of all analytes were improved by more than 10 times after the injection of 2% anisole solution as a dopant. In addition, anisole can provide analyte signals more than three times stronger than those provided by the other dopants. On the basis of the ionization energy selectivity of dopant-assisted PI, some isomers in the mass spectrometric analysis were distinguished using different additives. CONCLUSIONS In general, liquid doping is as feasible and as effective as other traditional methods, and using appropriate dopants with high PI efficiency or feeding more dopants contributes to the ionization of analytes. The proposed method also offers several unique merits, such as simple operation, low consumption, and smooth switching with minimal residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Mushage Aliang
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Quan Yu
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaohao Wang
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Liu C, Li J, Chen H, Zare RN. Scale-up of microdroplet reactions by heated ultrasonic nebulization. Chem Sci 2019; 10:9367-9373. [PMID: 32110301 PMCID: PMC7017870 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc03701b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dramatically higher rates for a variety of chemical reactions have been reported in microdroplets compared with those in the liquid bulk phase. However, the scale-up of microdroplet chemical synthesis has remained a major challenge to the practical application of microdroplet chemistry. Heated ultrasonic nebulization (HUN) was found as a new way for scaling up chemical synthesis in microdroplets. Four reactions were examined, a base-catalyzed Claisen-Schmidt condensation, an oximation reaction from a ketone, a two-phase oxidation reaction without the use of a phase-transfer-catalyst, and an Eschenmoser coupling reaction. These reactions show acceleration of one to three orders of magnitude (122, 23, 6536, and 62) in HUN microdroplets compared to the same reactions in bulk solution. Then, using the present method, the scale-up of the reactions was achieved at an isolated rate of 19 mg min-1 for the product of the Claisen-Schmidt condensation, 21 mg min-1 for the synthesis of benzophenone oxime from benzophenone, 31 mg min-1 for the synthesis of 4-methoxybenzaldehyde from 4-methoxybenzyl alcohol, and 40 mg min-1 for the enaminone product of the Eschenmoser coupling reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry , Fudan University , Shanghai 200438 , China .
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Chemistry , Fudan University , Shanghai 200438 , China .
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science , New Jersey Institute of Technology , Newark , NJ 07102 , USA
| | - Richard N Zare
- Department of Chemistry , Fudan University , Shanghai 200438 , China .
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Feider CL, Krieger A, DeHoog RJ, Eberlin LS. Ambient Ionization Mass Spectrometry: Recent Developments and Applications. Anal Chem 2019; 91:4266-4290. [PMID: 30790515 PMCID: PMC7444024 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clara L. Feider
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Anna Krieger
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Rachel J. DeHoog
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Livia S. Eberlin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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Huba AK, Mirabelli MF, Zenobi R. High-throughput screening of PAHs and polar trace contaminants in water matrices by direct solid-phase microextraction coupled to a dielectric barrier discharge ionization source. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1030:125-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Liu C, Wen W, Shao J, Zhao W, Qi K, Yang J, Pan Y. Fast and comprehensive characterization of chemical ingredients in traditional Chinese herbal medicines by extractive atmospheric pressure photoionization (EAPPI) mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:1491-1498. [PMID: 28667680 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The goal of this work is to employ extractive atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry (EAPPI-MS) to characterize the constituents in traditional Chinese herbal medicine (TCHM) directly without chromatographic separation. METHODS Sample was placed in 4 mL of methanol/water (v/v, 3:1) in the nebulization cell, and then the ultrasonic nebulizer was switched on. The ultrasonic nebulization system allows the simultaneous sample extraction and introduction of extract aerosols. The extract aerosols were vaporized in a transfer tube. Mixed with a gaseous dopant, vaporized analytes were ionized through ambient photon-induced ion-molecule reactions, and were mass-analyzed by high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS). RESULTS The major ingredients including alkaloids, flavonoids, amino acids, saccarides, ginsenosides, lignans and terpenoids were readily detected. Compared with electrospray ionization (ESI), EAPPI allowed the ionization of a wider range of compounds, which is desirable for the integral characterization of TCHMs containing numerous constituents. The significant discrepancies for both alkaloids and terpenoids in tripterygium glycoside tablets from two different manufacturers could be simultaneously reflected from EAPPI mass spectra. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that EAPPI-MS can be regarded as a supplementary ambient method for the fast and comprehensive analysis of TCHMs, which is important for the quality control and safety assurance of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyuan Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230029, P.R. China
| | - Wu Wen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230029, P.R. China
| | - Jun Shao
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, P.R. China
| | - Wan Zhao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230029, P.R. China
| | - Keke Qi
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230029, P.R. China
| | - Jiuzhong Yang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230029, P.R. China
| | - Yang Pan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230029, P.R. China
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