1
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Fouquet TNJ, Cody RB, Charles L. Degradation strategies for structural characterization of insoluble synthetic polymers by mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024. [PMID: 39093552 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
With the advent of soft ionization techniques such as electrospray (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) to produce intact gas-phase ions from nonvolatile macromolecules, mass spectrometry has become an essential technique in the field of polymeric materials. However, (co)polymers of very high molecular weight or with reticulated architectures still escape ESI or MALDI, mainly due to solubility issues. Strategies developed to tackle such an analytical challenge all rely on sample degradation to produce low-mass species amenable to existing ionization methods. Yet, chain degradation needs to be partial and controlled to generate sufficiently large species that still contain topological or architectural information. The present article reviews the different analytical degradation strategies implemented to perform mass spectrometry of these challenging synthetic polymers, covering thermal degradation approaches in sources developed in the 2000s, off-line sample pre-treatments for controlled chemical degradation of polymeric substrates, and most recent achievements employing reactive ionization modes to perform chemolysis on-line with MS.
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2
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Grönlund K, Nissinen VH, Rytöluoto I, Mosallaei M, Mikkonen J, Korpijärvi K, Auvinen P, Suvanto M, Saarinen JJ, Jänis J. Direct Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Brominated Flame Retardants in Synthetic Polymers. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:33011-33021. [PMID: 39100298 PMCID: PMC11292827 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c04059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are persistent organic pollutants that pose a major threat to the environment. In this study, a direct insertion probe (DIP) coupled with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (QTOF-MS) was used to characterize additives, especially BFRs, from solid polymer samples with minimal sample preparation. A temperature-programmed DIP analysis, from 150 to 450 °C within 10 min, was utilized to achieve temporal separation of analytes based on their boiling or degradation temperatures, thereby facilitating their easier identification within a single run. Studied BFRs showed different behaviors during the analysis: decabromodiphenyl ether and tetrabromobisphenol A were found to be stable within the studied temperature range, while hexabromocyclododecane already started to debrominate. Our study showed that the DIP-APCI-MS method suited well for the direct qualitative identification of BFRs from polymer matrices. Furthermore, by optimizing the sampling procedure with cryogenic grinding, even quantitative analysis could be performed. The DIP measurements also provided important information about the composition of polymer matrices, including the identification of the comonomers present. Overall, DIP-APCI QTOF-MS was found to be an excellent tool for the compositional analysis of plastic samples. Developing rapid and reliable analysis methods can pave the way for more efficient plastic recycling and the safer use of plastic recyclates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Grönlund
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, 80130 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Ville H. Nissinen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, 80130 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Ilkka Rytöluoto
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Visiokatu 4, 33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Milad Mosallaei
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Visiokatu 4, 33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Joonas Mikkonen
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Visiokatu 4, 33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Kirsi Korpijärvi
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Koivurannantie 1, 40400 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Paavo Auvinen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, 80130 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Mika Suvanto
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, 80130 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Jarkko J. Saarinen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, 80130 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Janne Jänis
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, 80130 Joensuu, Finland
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Franco DMM, Covas TR, Pereira RCL, da Silva LC, Rangel MD, Simas RC, Dufrayer GHM, Vaz BG. Direct sulfur-containing compound speciation in crude oils and high-boiling fractions by APCI (+) FT-ICR mass spectrometry. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:2635-2642. [PMID: 38497244 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay02060f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we focus on advancing the methodology for detecting sulfur-containing compounds (SCCs) in crude oils and their derivatives. These compounds are critical for geochemical analysis, crude oil evaluation, and overcoming production and refining challenges. Although various analytical techniques exist, the precision and resolution power of Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) stand out. However, the current methods for characterizing SCCs in petroleum products often lack standardization and tend to be complex and time-consuming. Our research introduces the use of Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization (APCI) as an efficient alternative. We employed a mixture of toluene and methanol (1 : 1 ratio) for APCI, which demonstrated superior performance in sulfur speciation compared to mixtures of toluene and acetonitrile. Our specified method showed high repeatability, with coefficients of variation reported between 5% and 14%. This method effectively covers a wide range of double bond equivalents (DBEs) from 1 to 25 and various carbon numbers, demonstrating notable repeatability and reproducibility. Compared to results from ESI post-S-methylation and Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization (APPI), APCI offers a more comprehensive analysis of sulfur compounds, presenting a broad spectrum of molecular formulae and extending across a vast range of carbon numbers and DBEs. Here, we demonstrate that APCI is a robust and efficient method for direct and extensive sulfur speciation in crude oil and its high-boiling fractions, marking a significant advancement over existing techniques. This methodological improvement opens new pathways for more accurate and efficient sulfur compound analysis in petroleum products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Mitze Muller Franco
- Laboratory of Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
| | - Taynara Rodrigues Covas
- Laboratory of Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
| | - Rosana Cardoso Lopes Pereira
- Laboratory of Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
| | - Lidya Cardozo da Silva
- Laboratory of Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
| | - Mario Duncan Rangel
- Laboratory of Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
| | | | - Gabriel Henry Morais Dufrayer
- Laboratory of Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
| | - Boniek Gontijo Vaz
- Laboratory of Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
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4
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Vitali C, Janssen HG, Ruggeri FS, Nielen MWF. Rapid Single Particle Atmospheric Solids Analysis Probe-Mass Spectrometry for Multimodal Analysis of Microplastics. Anal Chem 2022; 95:1395-1401. [PMID: 36547121 PMCID: PMC9850409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite mass spectrometry (MS) being proven powerful for the characterization of synthetic polymers, its potential for the analysis of single particle microplastics (MPs) is yet to be fully disclosed. To date, MPs are regarded as ubiquitous contaminants, but the limited availability of techniques that enable full characterizations of MPs results in a lack of systematic data regarding their occurrence. In this study, an atmospheric solid analysis probe (ASAP) coupled to a compact quadrupole MS is proposed for the chemical analysis of single particle microplastics, while maintaining full compatibility with complementary staining and image analysis approaches. A two-stage ASAP probe temperature program was optimized for the removal of additives and surface contaminants followed by the actual polymer characterization. The method showed specific mass spectra for a wide range of single particle MPs, including polyolefins, polyaromatics, polyacrylates, (bio)polyesters, polyamides, polycarbonates, and polyacrylonitriles. The single particle size detection limits for polystyrene MPs were found to be 30 and 5 μm in full scan and selected ion recording mode, respectively. Moreover, results are presented of a multimodal microplastic analysis approach in which filtered particles are first characterized by staining and fluorescence microscopy, followed by simple probe picking of individual particles for subsequent analysis by ASAP-MS. The method provides a full characterization of MP contamination, including particle number, particle size, particle shape, and chemical identity. The applicability of the developed multimodal method was successfully demonstrated by the analysis of MPs in bioplastic bottled water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clementina Vitali
- Wageningen
Food Safety Research, Wageningen University
& Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands,Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands, (C. Vitali)
| | - Hans-Gerd Janssen
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands,Unilever
Foods Innovation Centre − Hive, Bronland 14, 6708
WH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Simone Ruggeri
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands,Physical
Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands, (F. S. Ruggeri)
| | - Michel W. F. Nielen
- Wageningen
Food Safety Research, Wageningen University
& Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands,Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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5
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Endres KJ, Dilla RA, Becker ML, Wesdemiotis C. Poly(ethylene glycol) Hydrogel Crosslinking Chemistries Identified via Atmospheric Solids Analysis Probe Mass Spectrometry. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. Endres
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Rodger A. Dilla
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Matthew L. Becker
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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Zambrzycki SC, Bernier MC, Bradshaw JA, Fernández FM. Pyrolysis Vacuum-Assisted Plasma Ionization Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry for Insoluble Polymer Analysis. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:1388-1392. [PMID: 33970637 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This Communication describes a new thermal desorption/pyrolysis vacuum-assisted plasma ionization (pyro-VaPI) ion source coupled to ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) for insoluble polymer analysis. Pyro-VaPI combines a pyrolysis device, soft ambient plasma ionization, IM, and MS into a single platform for polymer analysis with minimal sample preparation. Nylons, a widely used and well-studied thermoplastic, were chosen to evaluate the pyro-VaPI performance. Six different nylon polymers were studied and characterized. With the application of IM-MS, two different isobars for the protonated cyclic dimers of 6-6, 6-9, 6-10, and 6-12 nylon and two isobars for the cyclic tetramer of nylon-6 were detected at 200 °C. These isobars were observed at different heating times, with the species drifting faster in the IM cell appearing several minutes after the slower drifting species. To the best of our knowledge, these isobaric dimers and tetramers have not been previously reported, indicating that pyro-VaPI IM-MS is a useful tool for the structural characterization of heated or pyrolyzed polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Zambrzycki
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30318, United States
| | - Matthew C Bernier
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30318, United States
| | - James A Bradshaw
- Consolidated Nuclear Security LLC, Y-12 National Security Complex, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Facundo M Fernández
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30318, United States
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7
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Grimmer C, Friederici L, Streibel T, Naim A, Cirriez V, Giusti P, Afonso C, Rüger CP, Zimmermann R. Characterization of Polyethylene Branching by Thermal Analysis-Photoionization Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:2362-2369. [PMID: 32959652 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The rising demand for more and more specialized polyethylene represents a challenge for synthesis and analysis. The desired properties are dependent on the structure, but its elucidation is still intricate. For this purpose, we applied thermal analysis hyphenated to single photon ionization mass spectrometry (STA-SPI-MS). The melting and pyrolysis behavior of different types of polyethylene were tracked by DSC and mass loss. Crystallinity and melting point give hints about the branching but are also influenced by the molecular weight distribution. The evolving gas analysis patterns obtained by SPI-MS however, contain specific molecular information about the samples. Shifts in the summed spectra, which can be clearly observed with our technique, result from differently favored degradation reactions due to the respective structure. Pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Py-GC-EI-MS) was used to support the assignment of pyrolysis products. Principal component analysis was successfully applied to reduce the complexity of data and find suitable markers. The obtained grouping is based on the molecular fingerprint of the samples and is strongly influenced by short-chain branching. Short and medium alkenes and dienes have the strongest impact on the first four principal components. Thus, two marker ratios could be defined, which also give a comprehensible and robust grouping. Butene and pentene were the most abundant signals in our set of samples. With STA-PI-MS, a broad range of pyrolysis products can be measured at the same time, possibly extending the range for quantifiable short-chain branches to more than six carbon atoms for PE. Unfortunately, no clear trend between long-chain branching and any grouping was observed. The quite universal and soft single photon ionization enables access to many different compound classes and hence other polymers can be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Grimmer
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre/Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Lukas Friederici
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre/Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Thorsten Streibel
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre/Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre/Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ahmad Naim
- TOTAL Refining and Chemicals, Total Research and Technologies Gonfreville, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
- CNRS/Université de Rouen, UMR 6014 COBRA, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France
- International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
| | - Virginie Cirriez
- TOTAL Research and Technology Feluy, Zone Industrielle C, Feluy B-7181, Belgium
| | - Pierre Giusti
- TOTAL Refining and Chemicals, Total Research and Technologies Gonfreville, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
- International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
| | - Carlos Afonso
- CNRS/Université de Rouen, UMR 6014 COBRA, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France
- International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
| | - Christopher P Rüger
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre/Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- International Joint Laboratory - iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization, TRTG, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre/Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre/Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Riches E, Palmer ME. Application of a novel cyclic ion mobility-mass spectrometer to the analysis of synthetic polymers: A preliminary evaluation. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34 Suppl 2:e8710. [PMID: 31856357 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Mass spectrometry (MS) is often employed in the characterisation of synthetic polymers. As polymer architecture becomes more complex, ion mobility (IM) is increasingly being coupled with MS to provide an additional dimension of separation, along with structural information. In this study, we explore the use of a novel cyclic ion mobility (cIM) mass spectrometer for the analysis of a co-polymer sample. METHODS A solution of poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(propylene glycol) random co-polymer (PEG-ran-PPG) was used as a representative polymer sample. The solution was infused into a cIM-enabled quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer. An m/z region of interest, selected using the quadrupole, was passed around the cIM device multiple times. Subsequently, regions of an arrival time distribution were 'sliced' and subjected to tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) analysis. RESULTS Typical, multiply charged series were observed for the polymer under electrospray ionisation. Multiple passes of the cIM device resulted in the separation of otherwise-overlapping charge states within a narrow m/z window (~3 m/z units), allowing individual selection of ions. These isolated ions were then subjected to post-mobility fragmentation resulting in clean, high-resolution product ion spectra, with a significant reduction in interference. CONCLUSIONS Scalable IM separation (IMS), brought about by passing ions multiple times around the cIM device, was demonstrated to provide increased IM resolution for ions in the selected m/z window. After multiple passes, deconvoluted high-resolution MS/MS product ion spectra were successfully acquired for ions that previously had interfering overlapping species present.
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Charles L, Chendo C, Poyer S. Ion mobility spectrometry - Mass spectrometry coupling for synthetic polymers. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34 Suppl 2:e8624. [PMID: 31658387 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This review covers applications of ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) hyphenated to mass spectrometry (MS) in the field of synthetic polymers. MS has become an essential technique in polymer science, but increasingly complex samples produced to provide desirable macroscopic properties of high-performance materials often require separation of species prior to their mass analysis. Similar to liquid chromatography, the IMS dimension introduces shape selectivity but enables separation at a much faster rate (milliseconds vs minutes). As a post-ionization technique, IMS can be hyphenated to MS to perform a double separation dimension of gas-phase ions, first as a function on their mobility (determined by their charge state and collision cross section, CCS), then as a function of their m/z ratio. Implemented with a variety of ionization techniques, such coupling permits the spectral complexity to be reduced, to enhance the dynamic range of detection, or to achieve separation of isobaric ions prior to their activation in MS/MS experiments. Coupling IMS to MS also provides valuable information regarding the 3D structure of polymer ions in the gas phase and regarding how to address the question of how charges are distributed within the structure. Moreover, the ability of IMS to separate multiply charged species generated by electrospray ionization yields typical IMS-MS 2D maps that permit the conformational dynamics of synthetic polymer chains to be described as a function of their length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Charles
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, 13397, Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Christophe Chendo
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, 13397, Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Salomé Poyer
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, 13397, Marseille Cedex 20, France
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10
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Beaumesnil M, Mendes Siqueira AL, Hubert-Roux M, Loutelier-Bourhis C, Afonso C, Racaud A, Bai Y. High-performance thin-layer chromatography with atmospheric solids analysis probe mass spectrometry for analysis of gasoline polymeric additives. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34 Suppl 2:e8755. [PMID: 32060954 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The offline coupling of high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) with atmospheric solids analysis probe mass spectrometry (ASAP-MS) was evaluated for the characterization of polymeric additives in gasoline. METHODS A protocol was developed to optimize the ion signal. A glass capillary was moistened with deionized water, and then dipped into silica gel scratched from an HPTLC plate. The capillary tube was fixed to the ASAP holder and introduced into the ionization source for analysis by MS. Silica gel, reversed-phase C18 and cellulose stationary phases were evaluated. RESULTS The effect of the stationary phase and the nature of analyte were evaluated using polypropylene glycol and polyisobutylene succinimide polyamine as analyte molecules. The optimal ionization conditions are significantly different between ASAP and HPTLC/ASAP-MS analyses. In particular, a higher desorption gas temperature was required to produce ions from the silica gel HPTLC plate. The presence of the stationary phase reduces the internal energy of the ions and limits the fragmentation. CONCLUSIONS HPTLC/ASAP-MS is a very fast and efficient technique for the analysis of polymers in formulated fuels. Good ionization efficiency was obtained with all investigated stationary phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Beaumesnil
- Normandie Univ, COBRA, UMR6014 and FR3038, Université de Rouen, INSA de Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
- TOTAL Marketing Services, Research Center, 69360, Solaize, France
| | - Anna Luiza Mendes Siqueira
- Normandie Univ, COBRA, UMR6014 and FR3038, Université de Rouen, INSA de Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
- TOTAL Marketing Services, Research Center, 69360, Solaize, France
| | - Marie Hubert-Roux
- Normandie Univ, COBRA, UMR6014 and FR3038, Université de Rouen, INSA de Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Corinne Loutelier-Bourhis
- Normandie Univ, COBRA, UMR6014 and FR3038, Université de Rouen, INSA de Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Carlos Afonso
- Normandie Univ, COBRA, UMR6014 and FR3038, Université de Rouen, INSA de Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Amandine Racaud
- TOTAL Marketing Services, Research Center, 69360, Solaize, France
| | - Yang Bai
- TOTAL Marketing Services, Research Center, 69360, Solaize, France
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11
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Castilla C, Rüger CP, Marcotte S, Lavanant H, Afonso C. Direct Inlet Probe Atmospheric Pressure Photo and Chemical Ionization Coupled to Ultrahigh Resolution Mass Spectrometry for the Description of Lignocellulosic Biomass. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:822-831. [PMID: 32134658 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.9b00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass, in particular wood, is a complex mixture containing cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and other trace compounds. Chemical analysis of these biomasses, especially lignin components, is a challenge. Lignin is a highly reticulated polymer that is poorly soluble and usually requires chemical, enzymatic, or thermal degradation for its analysis. Here, we studied the thermal degradation of lignocellulosic biomass using a direct insertion probe (DIP). The DIP was used with two ionization sources: atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) coupled to ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry. Beech lignocellulosic biomass samples were used to develop the DIP-APCI/APPI methodology. Two other wood species (maple and oak) were analyzed after optimization of DIP parameters. The two ionization sources were compared at first and showed different responses toward beech samples, according to the source specificity. APPI was more specific to lignin degradation compounds, whereas APCI covered a larger variety of oxygenated compounds, e.g., fatty acids and polyphenolics compounds, in addition to lignin degradation products. The study of the thermodesorption profile gave information on the different steps of lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis. The comparison of the three feed sample types (oak, maple, and beech), using principal component analysis (PCA) with DIP-APCI experiments, showed molecular level differences between beech wood pellets and the two other wood species (maple and oak).
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Castilla
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Christopher P Rüger
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA, 76000 Rouen, France
- Institut für Chemie, Abteilung für Analytische und Technische Chemie, Universität Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz.-Weg 1, Rostock, 18059, Germany
| | - Stéphane Marcotte
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Hélène Lavanant
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Carlos Afonso
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA, 76000 Rouen, France
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12
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Haler JRN, de la Rosa VR, Massonnet P, Far J, Hoogenboom R, De Pauw E. Fundamental Studies on Poly(2-oxazoline) Side Chain Isomers Using Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:1220-1228. [PMID: 30949970 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02173-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
When polymer mixtures become increasingly complex, the conventional analysis techniques become insufficient for complete characterization. Mass spectrometric techniques can satisfy this increasing demand for detailed sample characterization. Even though isobaric polymers are indistinguishable using simple mass spectrometry (MS) analyses, more advanced techniques such as tandem MS (MS/MS) or ion mobility (IM) can be used. Here, we report proof of concept for characterizing isomeric polymers, namely poly(2-n-propyl-2-oxazoline) (Pn-PrOx) and poly(2-isopropyl-2-oxazoline) (Pi-PrOx), using MS/MS and IM-MS. Pi-PrOx ions lose in intensity at higher accelerating voltages than Pn-PrOx ions during collision-induced dissociation (CID) MS/MS experiments. A Pn/i-PrOx mixture could also be titrated using survival yield calculations of either precursor ions or cation ejection species. IM-MS yielded shape differences in the degree of polymerization (DP) regions showing the structural rearrangements. Combined MS techniques are thus able to identify and deconvolute the molar mass distributions of the two isomers in a mixture. Finally, the MS/MS and IM-MS behaviors are compared for interpretation. Graphical Abstract .
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean R N Haler
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research unit, Quartier Agora, University of Liège, Allée du Six Aout 11, B-4000, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Victor R de la Rosa
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Philippe Massonnet
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research unit, Quartier Agora, University of Liège, Allée du Six Aout 11, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Johann Far
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research unit, Quartier Agora, University of Liège, Allée du Six Aout 11, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Edwin De Pauw
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research unit, Quartier Agora, University of Liège, Allée du Six Aout 11, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
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Mendes Siqueira AL, Beaumesnil M, Hubert-Roux M, Loutelier-Bourhis C, Afonso C, Bai Y, Courtiade M, Racaud A. Atmospheric Solid Analysis Probe Coupled to Ion Mobility Spectrometry-Mass Spectrometry, a Fast and Simple Method for Polyalphaolefin Characterization. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:1678-1687. [PMID: 29855890 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-1991-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polyalphaolefins (PAOs) are polymers produced from linear alpha olefins through catalytic oligomerization processes. The PAOs are known as synthetic high-performance base stock fluids used to improve the efficiency of many other synthetic products. In this study, we report the direct characterization of PAOs using atmospheric solid analysis probe (ASAP) coupled with ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry (IMS-MS). We studied different PAOs grades exhibiting low- and high-viscosity index. Specific adjustments of the ASAP source parameters permitted the monitoring of ionization processes as three mechanisms could occur for these compounds: hydride abstraction, nitrogen addition, and/or the formation of [M-2H]+• ions. Several series of fragment ions were obtained, which allowed the identification of the alpha olefin used to synthesize the PAO. The use of the ion mobility separation dimension provides information on isomeric species. In addition, the drift time versus m/z plots permitted rapid comparison between PAO samples and to evidence their complexity. These 2D plots appear as fingerprints of PAO samples. To conclude, the resort to ASAP-IMS-MS provides a rapid characterization of the PAO samples in a direct analysis approach, without any sample preparation. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Luiza Mendes Siqueira
- Normandie Univ, COBRA, UMR6014 and FR3038, Université de Rouen, INSA de Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
- TOTAL Marketing Services, Research Center, 69360, Solaize, France
| | - Mathieu Beaumesnil
- Normandie Univ, COBRA, UMR6014 and FR3038, Université de Rouen, INSA de Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
- TOTAL Marketing Services, Research Center, 69360, Solaize, France
| | - Marie Hubert-Roux
- Normandie Univ, COBRA, UMR6014 and FR3038, Université de Rouen, INSA de Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Corinne Loutelier-Bourhis
- Normandie Univ, COBRA, UMR6014 and FR3038, Université de Rouen, INSA de Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France.
| | - Carlos Afonso
- Normandie Univ, COBRA, UMR6014 and FR3038, Université de Rouen, INSA de Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France.
| | - Yang Bai
- TOTAL Marketing Services, Research Center, 69360, Solaize, France
| | - Marion Courtiade
- TOTAL Marketing Services, Research Center, 69360, Solaize, France
| | - Amandine Racaud
- TOTAL Marketing Services, Research Center, 69360, Solaize, France
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