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Chu F, Zhao G, Li W, Wei W, Chen W, Ma Z, Gao Z, Shuaibu NS, Luo J, Yu B, Feng H, Pan Y, Wang X. Catalyst-Free Oxidation Reactions in a Microwave Plasma Torch-Based Ion/Molecular Reactor: An Approach for Predicting the Atmospheric Oxidation of Pollutants. Anal Chem 2022; 95:2004-2010. [PMID: 36562720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The atmospheric oxidation of chemicals has produced many new unpredicted pollutants. A microwave plasma torch-based ion/molecular reactor (MPTIR) interfacing an online mass spectrometer has been developed for creating and monitoring rapid oxidation reactions. Oxygen in the air is activated by the plasma into highly reactive oxygen radicals, thereby achieving oxidation of thioethers, alcohols, and various environmental pollutants on a millisecond scale without the addition of external oxidants or catalysts (6 orders of magnitude faster than bulk). The direct and real-time oxidation products of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and p-phenylenediamines from the MPTIR match those of the long-term multistep environmental oxidative process. Meanwhile, two unreported environmental compounds were identified with an MPTIR and measured in the actual water samples, which demonstrates the considerable significance of the proposed device for both predicting the environmental pollutants (non-target screening) and studying the mechanism of atmospheric oxidative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjian Chu
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Gaosheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Wangyu Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Zihan Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Zhan Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Nazifi Sani Shuaibu
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Jikui Luo
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Bingwen Yu
- Research Center for Analytical Instruments and Intelligent Systems, Huzhou Institute of Zhejiang University, Huzhou313002, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Hongru Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yuanjiang Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Xiaozhi Wang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, Zhejiang, P. R. China
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2
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Guo X, Pu J, Dai J, Zhao Z, Duan Y. Elucidation of formation mechanism responsible for charge-transfer reagent ions in microwave induced plasma desorption ionization (MIPDI) source. Talanta 2022; 250:123656. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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3
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Sun J, Yin Y, Li W, Jin O, Na N. CHEMICAL REACTION MONITORING BY AMBIENT MASS SPECTROMETRY. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022; 41:70-99. [PMID: 33259644 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chemical reactions conducted in different media (liquid phase, gas phase, or surface) drive developments of versatile techniques for the detection of intermediates and prediction of reasonable reaction pathways. Without sample pretreatment, ambient mass spectrometry (AMS) has been applied to obtain structural information of reactive molecules that differ in polarity and molecular weight. Commercial ion sources (e.g., electrospray ionization, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, and direct analysis in real-time) have been reported to monitor substrates and products by offline reaction examination. While the interception or characterization of reactive intermediates with short lifetime are still limited by the offline modes. Notably, online ionization technologies, with high tolerance to salt, buffer, and pH, can achieve direct sampling and ionization of on-going reactions conducted in different media (e.g., liquid phase, gas phase, or surface). Therefore, short-lived intermediates could be captured at unprecedented timescales, and the reaction dynamics could be studied for mechanism examinations without sample pretreatments. In this review, via various AMS methods, chemical reaction monitoring and mechanism elucidation for different classifications of reactions have been reviewed. The developments and advances of common ionization methods for offline reaction monitoring will also be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiyan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weixiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ouyang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Na
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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4
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You Y, Song L, Young MD, van der Wielen M, Evans-Nguyen T, Riedel J, Shelley JT. Unsupervised Reconstruction of Analyte-Specific Mass Spectra Based on Time-Domain Morphology with a Modified Cross-Correlation Approach. Anal Chem 2021; 93:5009-5014. [PMID: 33729743 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Concomitant species that appear at the same or very similar times in a mass-spectral analysis can clutter a spectrum because of the coexistence of many analyte-related ions (e.g., molecular ions, adducts, fragments). One method to extract ions stemming from the same origin is to exploit the chemical information encoded in the time domain, where the individual temporal appearances inside the complex structures of chronograms or chromatograms differ with respect to analytes. By grouping ions with very similar or identical time-domain structures, single-component mass spectra can be reconstructed, which are much easier to interpret and are library-searchable. While many other approaches address similar objectives through the Pearson's correlation coefficient, we explore an alternative method based on a modified cross-correlation algorithm to compute a metric that describes the degree of similarity between features inside any two ion chronograms. Furthermore, an automatic workflow was devised to be capable of categorizing thousands of mass-spectral peaks into different groups within a few seconds. This approach was tested with direct mass-spectrometric analyses as well as with a simple, fast, and poorly resolved LC-MS analysis. Single-component mass spectra were extracted in both cases and were identified based on accurate mass and a mass-spectral library search.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi You
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin D-12489, Germany
| | - Linxia Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33637, United States
| | - Montwaun D Young
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Matthew van der Wielen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Theresa Evans-Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33637, United States
| | - Jens Riedel
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin D-12489, Germany
| | - Jacob T Shelley
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
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5
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Lee S, Kulyk DS, Marano N, Badu-Tawiah AK. Uncatalyzed N-Alkylation of Amines in Ionic Wind from Ambient Corona Discharge. Anal Chem 2021; 93:2440-2448. [PMID: 33395521 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ionic wind comprising of the drag of bulk air in the presence of electrical discharge enabled N-alkylation reactions under ambient conditions. By introducing reactant vapor as part of the discharge gas during the stages of electron acceleration, both neutral and charged species of the selected organic reactant gain energy through ion-neutral collisions, which is identified to facilitate chemical reactions. By performing this experiment in front of a mass spectrometer, chemical reactions occurring in the ionic wind were examined in real time. Reaction energetics were characterized via the use of benzylamine, which freely dissociates at a critical energy of 3.6 eV to give the resonance-stabilized benzyl cation as reaction intermediate. Benzylamine and many other primary amines were observed to undergo N-alkylation reactions by engaging in self-cross-coupling ion-molecule reactions. Because of the high energies of species involved and the fact that the ionic wind is generated at atmospheric pressure, it was straightforward to collect the ensuing reaction products without the use of complicated instrumentation. Water served as an effective collecting solvent allowing >0.1 mg of intact N-alkylated products to be collected under ambient conditions using a single plasma emitter. A novel N-alkylation reaction pathway involving the synthesis of N-benzyl-1-(methyleneamino)-1-phenylmethanaime was discovered through this offline product collection experiment, providing new insight into benzylamine dissociation in the ionic wind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suji Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 W. 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Dmytro S Kulyk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 W. 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Nicholas Marano
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 W. 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Abraham K Badu-Tawiah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 W. 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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Vogel P, Lazarou C, Gazeli O, Brandt S, Franzke J, Moreno-González D. Study of Controlled Atmosphere Flexible Microtube Plasma Soft Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds as Potential Biomarkers in Saliva for Cancer. Anal Chem 2020; 92:9722-9729. [PMID: 32579344 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A new soft ionization device for mass spectrometry is presented using the flexible microtube plasma under controlled atmospheric conditions. The controlled atmosphere flexible microtube plasma consists of the plasma source itself connected to a gas chromatograph and a mass spectrometer using a borosilicate glass cross piece. Controlled atmosphere, for example, nitrogen and/or an oxygen mixture, is introduced to the system to create a clean ionization environment. Reproducibility issues are discussed, and solutions are presented manipulating the gas flow in the cross piece. A proof of concept is shown using a ketone mixture introduced to the mass spectrometer to optimize atmospheric conditions. Furthermore, application of the presented device for the sensitive and nonfragmenting ionization of volatile organic biomarkers relevant for cancer is carried out. Sample treatment for human saliva is described, and relevant candidate biomarkers are measured in the saliva matrix, showing a very good ionization efficiency and neglectable matrix effects with limits of detection below 80 ppt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Vogel
- ISAS-Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften, Bunsen Kirchhoff Strasse 11, Dortmund 44139, Germany
| | - Constantinos Lazarou
- FOSS Research Centre for Sustainable Energy, PV Technology, University of Cyprus, 75 Kallipoleos Street, Nicosia 1678, Cyprus
| | - Odhisea Gazeli
- FOSS Research Centre for Sustainable Energy, PV Technology, University of Cyprus, 75 Kallipoleos Street, Nicosia 1678, Cyprus
| | - Sebastian Brandt
- ISAS-Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften, Bunsen Kirchhoff Strasse 11, Dortmund 44139, Germany
| | - Joachim Franzke
- ISAS-Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften, Bunsen Kirchhoff Strasse 11, Dortmund 44139, Germany
| | - David Moreno-González
- ISAS-Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften, Bunsen Kirchhoff Strasse 11, Dortmund 44139, Germany
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7
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Lu H, Qian M, Wang Q, Yang Y. Direct ring‐open mechanism of pyridine formation by replacement of one carbon in benzene with one nitrogen atom. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haoyun Lu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS)Nanjing Tech University Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Mengqi Qian
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS)Nanjing Tech University Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Qiang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS)Nanjing Tech University Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Yanhui Yang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS)Nanjing Tech University Nanjing P. R. China
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8
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Bierstedt A, You Y, van Wasen S, Bosc-Bierne G, Weller M, Riedel J. Laser-Induced Microplasma as an Ambient Ionization Approach for the Mass-Spectrometric Analysis of Liquid Samples. Anal Chem 2019; 91:5922-5928. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bierstedt
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yi You
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian van Wasen
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gaby Bosc-Bierne
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Weller
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Riedel
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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9
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Vogel P, Marggraf U, Brandt S, García-Reyes JF, Franzke J. Analyte-Tailored Controlled Atmosphere Improves Dielectric Barrier Discharge Ionization Mass Spectrometry Performance. Anal Chem 2019; 91:3733-3739. [PMID: 30672695 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Plasma sources in atmospheric pressure soft-ionization mass spectrometry have gained significant interest in recent years. As many of these sources are used under ambient air conditions, their interaction with the surrounding atmosphere plays an important role in the ionization pathway. This study focuses on the interaction between the plasma source and the surrounding atmosphere by connecting the plasma source to the mass spectrometer using a 2 mm ID closed reactant capillary supplied by a reactant gas up to 500 mL per minute to gain a controlled atmosphere. Different reactant gases (Ar, He, O2, and N2) and reactant gas mixtures are tested with regard to the DBDI performance and then used to improve the ionization efficiency. Tailoring the controlled atmosphere for a certain analyte, for example, perfluorinated compounds, leads to significantly improved limits of detection up to 2 ppb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Vogel
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V. , Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11 , 44139 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Ulrich Marggraf
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V. , Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11 , 44139 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Sebastian Brandt
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V. , Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11 , 44139 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Juan F García-Reyes
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group , University of Jaén , Campus Las Lagunillas , 23071 Jaén , Spain
| | - Joachim Franzke
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V. , Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11 , 44139 Dortmund , Germany
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10
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Ayrton ST, Jones R, Douce DS, Morris MR, Cooks RG. Uncatalyzed, Regioselective Oxidation of Saturated Hydrocarbons in an Ambient Corona Discharge. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201711190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T. Ayrton
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Rhys Jones
- MS Research Waters Corporation Wilmslow UK
| | | | | | - R. Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
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11
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Ayrton ST, Jones R, Douce DS, Morris MR, Cooks RG. Uncatalyzed, Regioselective Oxidation of Saturated Hydrocarbons in an Ambient Corona Discharge. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 57:769-773. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T. Ayrton
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Rhys Jones
- MS Research Waters Corporation Wilmslow UK
| | | | | | - R. Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
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