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Prokeš L, Gorylová M, Čermák Šraitrová K, Nazabal V, Havel J, Němec P. Arsenic-Doped SnSe Thin Films Prepared by Pulsed Laser Deposition. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:17483-17491. [PMID: 34278134 PMCID: PMC8280661 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Pulsed UV laser deposition was exploited for the preparation of thin Sn50-x As x Se50 (x = 0, 0.05, 0.5, and 2.5) films with the aim of investigating the influence of low arsenic concentration on the properties of the deposited layers. It was found that the selected deposition method results in growth of a highly (h00) oriented orthorhombic SnSe phase. The thin films were characterized by different techniques such as X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, Raman scattering spectroscopy, and spectroscopic ellipsometry. From the results, it can be concluded that thin films containing 0.5 atom % of As exhibited extreme values regarding crystallite size, unit cell volume, or refractive index that significantly differ from those of other samples. Laser ablation with quadrupole ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used to identify and compare species present in the plasma originating from the interaction of a laser pulse with solid-state Sn50-x As x Se50 materials in both forms, i.e. parent powders as well as deposited thin films. The mass spectra of both materials were similar; particularly, signals of Sn m Se n + clusters with low m and n values were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubomír Prokeš
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk
University, Kamenice 5/A14, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Magdaléna Gorylová
- Department
of Graphic Arts and Photophysics, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Čermák Šraitrová
- Institute
of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Virginie Nazabal
- Department
of Graphic Arts and Photophysics, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
- Univ
Rennes, CNRS, ISCR UMR6226, ScanMAT UMS
2001, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Josef Havel
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk
University, Kamenice 5/A14, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Němec
- Department
of Graphic Arts and Photophysics, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
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Mandal G, Mawale RM, Gutwirth J, Němec P, Havel J. Laser Ablation Generation of Bismuth Selenide Clusters from Mixtures of Elements, Crystalline Bi 2Se 3, or Thin Films: Laser Desorption Ionization (LDI) and Surface Assisted LDI Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry using Graphene and Nanodiamonds. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:66-72. [PMID: 32881513 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.9b00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A bismuth-selenium system from mixtures of the powdered elements in various molar ratios and from Bi2Se3 crystals and/or thin films was studied using laser desorption ionization and surface assisted laser desorption ionization. The BimSen clusters were observed in both positive and negative ion modes, but the mass spectra were more intense, and also a higher number of clusters was formed in the positive ion mode than in the negative mode. The BiSen+ (n = 1-8), Bi2Sen+ (n = 1-5), and Bi3Sen+ (n = 1-6) clusters were detected. Similarly, in the negative ion mode, BiSen- (n = 2-9) and Bi2Sen- (n = 1-2) clusters were observed. In addition, the formation of Bim+ (m = 1-5), Sen+ (n = 1-8), and Sen- (n = 1-7) clusters was also observed. In total, 33 clusters were generated, and 4 new bismuth selenide clusters that have not been reported before (namely, BiSe7+/-, BiSe8+/-, BiSe9-, and Bi2Se5+) were detected. The formation of similar clusters was also observed from bismuth-selenium mixtures and from crystalline Bi2Se3. Furthermore, the Bi2Se3 thin films prepared from a magnetron sputtering technique were also examined via laser desorption ionization. The generation of clusters from the surface of graphene and nanodiamonds was also studied, but no remarkable difference with comparison to the metal surface was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govinda Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, A14/326-Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ravi Madhukar Mawale
- Department of Graphic Arts and Photophysics, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Gutwirth
- Department of Graphic Arts and Photophysics, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Němec
- Department of Graphic Arts and Photophysics, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Havel
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, A14/326-Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Mawale R, Mandal G, Bouška M, Gutwirth J, Bora PL, Nazabal V, Havel J, Němec P. Amorphous Ge-Bi-Se Thin Films: A Mass Spectrometric Study. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19168. [PMID: 31844112 PMCID: PMC6915747 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55773-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ge-Bi-Se thin films of varied compositions (Ge content 0-32.1 at. %, Bi content 0-45.7 at. %, Se content 54.3-67.9 at. %) have been prepared by rf magnetron (co)-sputtering technique. The present study was undertaken in order to investigate the clusters generated during the interaction of laser pulses with Ge-Bi-Se thin films using laser ablation time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The stoichiometry of the clusters was determined in order to understand the individual species present in the plasma plume. Laser ablation of Ge-Bi-Se thin films accompanied by ionization produces about 20 positively and/or negatively charged unary, binary and ternary (Gex+, Biy+, Sez+/-, GexSez+/-, BiySez+/- and GexBiySez-) clusters. Furthermore, we performed the laser ablation experiments of Ge:Bi:Se elemental mixtures and the results were compared with laser ablation time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis of thin films. Moreover, to understand the geometry of the generated clusters, we calculated structures of some selected binary and ternary clusters using density functional theory. The generated clusters and their calculated possible geometries can give important structural information, as well as help to understand the processes present in the plasma processes exploited for thin films deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Mawale
- Department of Graphic Arts and Photophysics, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210, Pardubice, Czech Republic.
| | - Govinda Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A14, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Bouška
- Department of Graphic Arts and Photophysics, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Gutwirth
- Department of Graphic Arts and Photophysics, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Pankaj Lochan Bora
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A14, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Virginie Nazabal
- Department of Graphic Arts and Photophysics, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210, Pardubice, Czech Republic
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR-CNRS 6226, Equipe Verres et Céramiques, Université de Rennes 1, 35042, Rennes, France
| | - Josef Havel
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A14, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Němec
- Department of Graphic Arts and Photophysics, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210, Pardubice, Czech Republic.
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Huang F, Prokeš L, Němec P, Nazabal V, Havel J. Comparison of Clusters Produced from Sb 2Se 3 Homemade Polycrystalline Material, Thin Films, and Commercial Polycrystalline Bulk Using Laser Desorption Ionization with Time of Flight Quadrupole Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:2756-2761. [PMID: 31650464 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02346-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study compared Sb2Se3 material in the form of commercial polycrystalline bulk, sputtered thin film, and homemade polycrystalline material using laser desorption ionization (LDI) time of flight mass spectrometry with quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry. It also analyzed the stoichiometry of the SbmSen clusters formed. The results showed that homemade Sb2Se3 bulk was more stable compared to thin film; its mass spectra showed the expected cluster formation. The use of materials for surface-assisted LDI (SALDI), i.e., graphene, graphene oxide, and C60, significantly increased the mass spectra intensity. In total, 19 SbmSen clusters were observed. Six novel, high-mass clusters-Sb4Se4+, Sb5Se3-6+, and Sb7Se4+-were observed for the first time when using paraffin as a protective agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A14, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomír Prokeš
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A14, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Němec
- Department of Graphic Arts and Photophysics, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Virginie Nazabal
- Department of Graphic Arts and Photophysics, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210, Pardubice, Czech Republic
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR-CNRS 6226, Equipe Verres et Céramiques, Université de Rennes 1, 35042, Rennes, France
| | - Josef Havel
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A14, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Mawale R, Halenkovič T, Bouška M, Gutwirth J, Nazabal V, Bora PL, Pečinka L, Prokeš L, Havel J, Němec P. Mass spectrometric investigation of amorphous Ga-Sb-Se thin films. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10213. [PMID: 31308483 PMCID: PMC6629872 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46767-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amorphous chalcogenide thin films are widely studied due to their enhanced properties and extensive applications. Here, we have studied amorphous Ga-Sb-Se chalcogenide thin films prepared by magnetron co-sputtering, via laser ablation quadrupole ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Furthermore, the stoichiometry of the generated clusters was determined which gives information about individual species present in the plasma plume originating from the interaction of amorphous chalcogenides with high energy laser pulses. Seven different compositions of thin films (Ga content 7.6–31.7 at. %, Sb content 5.2–31.2 at. %, Se content 61.2–63.3 at. %) were studied and in each case about ~50 different clusters were identified in positive and ~20–30 clusters in negative ion mode. Assuming that polymers can influence the laser desorption (laser ablation) process, we have used parafilm as a material to reduce the destruction of the amorphous network structure and/or promote the laser ablation synthesis of heavier species from those of lower mass. In this case, many new and higher mass clusters were identified. The maximum number of (40) new clusters was detected for the Ga-Sb-Se thin film containing the highest amount of antimony (31.2 at. %). This approach opens new possibilities for laser desorption ionization/laser ablation study of other materials. Finally, for selected binary and ternary clusters, their structure was calculated by using density functional theory optimization procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Mawale
- Department of Graphic Arts and Photophysics, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Halenkovič
- Department of Graphic Arts and Photophysics, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210, Pardubice, Czech Republic.,Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR-CNRS 6226, Equipe Verres et Céramiques, Université de Rennes 1, 35042, Rennes, France
| | - Marek Bouška
- Department of Graphic Arts and Photophysics, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Gutwirth
- Department of Graphic Arts and Photophysics, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Virginie Nazabal
- Department of Graphic Arts and Photophysics, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210, Pardubice, Czech Republic.,Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR-CNRS 6226, Equipe Verres et Céramiques, Université de Rennes 1, 35042, Rennes, France
| | - Pankaj Lochan Bora
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.,CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Pečinka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomír Prokeš
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic.,CEPLANT, R&D Centre for Low-Cost Plasma and Nanotechnology Surface Modification, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Havel
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Němec
- Department of Graphic Arts and Photophysics, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210, Pardubice, Czech Republic.
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Pečinka L, Prokeš L, Havel J. Gallium selenide clusters generated via laser desorption ionisation quadrupole ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33:719-726. [PMID: 30710492 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Gallium selenide thin films important for electronics and phase-change materials are prepared via pulsed laser deposition (PLD); however, there are no studies concerning the analysis of gallium selenide clusters formed in the gas phase. Laser desorption ionisation (LDI) combined with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) has great potential to generate charged Gam Sen clusters, to analyse them and thus to develop new materials. METHODS LDI of Ga-Se mixtures using a pulsed laser (337 nm nitrogen) was used to generate gallium-selenide clusters. Mass spectra were recorded (in positive and negative ion mode) on a TOF mass spectrometer equipped with a quadrupole ion trap and reflectron mass analyser. RESULTS Ga-Se mixtures were found to be suitable for laser ablation synthesis (LAS) of gallium selenide clusters, although their composition was strongly dependent on the laser energy. The effect of laser energy on the stoichiometry of the generated clusters was established. In total, over 100 gallium selenide Gam Sen clusters were generated and identified from Ga-Se mixtures. LDI of Ga2 Se3 crystals showed almost the same clusters up to m/z 1000 with lower intensities, whereas no clusters from Ga2 Se3 were observed above m/z 1000. CONCLUSIONS A family of over 100 gallium selenide clusters, generated and identified for the first time, shows rich and complex chemistry. Some of the clusters represent new compounds that have the potential to be used in the development of advanced materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukáš Pečinka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomír Prokeš
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic
- CEPLANT, R&D Centre for Low-Cost Plasma and Nanotechnology Surface Modifications, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Havel
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekařská 53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic
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