1
|
Cox RM, Melby KM, French AD, Rodriguez MJ. f-Block reactions of metal cations with carbon dioxide studied by inductively coupled plasma tandem mass spectrometry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 26:209-218. [PMID: 38054255 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04180h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
f-Block chemistry offers an opportunity to test current knowledge of chemical reactivity. The energy dependence of lanthanide cation (Ln+ = Ce+, Pr+, Nd+-Eu+) and actinide cation (An+ = Th+, U+-Am+) oxidation reactions by CO2, was observed by inductively coupled plasma tandem mass spectrometry. This reaction is commonly spin-unallowed because the neutral reactant (CO2, 1Σ+g) and product (CO, 1Σ+) require the metal and metal oxide cations to have the same spin state. Correlation of the promotion energy (Ep) to the first state with two free d-electrons with the reaction efficiency indicates that spin conservation is not a primary factor in the reaction rate. The Ep likely influences the reaction rate by partially setting the crossing between the ground and reactive states. Comparison of Ln+ and An+ congener reactivity indicates that the 5f-orbitals play a small role in the An+ reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Cox
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352 USA, USA.
| | - Kali M Melby
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352 USA, USA.
| | - Amanda D French
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352 USA, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kafle A, Armentrout PB. Sequential Bond Dissociation Energies of Th +(CO) x, x = 3-6: Guided Ion Beam Collision-Induced Dissociation and Quantum Computational Studies. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:15936-15952. [PMID: 36166214 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Collision-induced dissociation (CID) of [Th,xC,xO]+, x = 3-6, with Xe is performed using a guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometer (GIBMS). Products are formed exclusively by the loss of CO ligands. Analyses of the kinetic energy-dependent CID product cross sections yield bond dissociation energies (BDEs) of (CO)x-1Th+-CO at 0 K as 1.09 ± 0.05, 0.82 ± 0.07, 0.63 ± 0.05, and 0.70 ± 0.05 eV, respectively. Different structures of [Th,xC,xO]+ were explored using various electronic structure methods, and BDEs for CO ligand loss from precursor [Th,xC,xO]+ complexes were computed. Both experimental and theoretical results corroborate that the structures of [Th,xC,xO]+, x = 3-6, formed experimentally are homoleptic thorium cation carbonyl complexes, Th+(CO)x. The nonmonotonic trend in experimental BDEs is reproduced theoretically, although ambiguities in the spin states of the x = 4-6 complexes (doublet or quartet) remain. BDEs calculated at the coupled cluster with single, double, and perturbative triple excitations (CCSD(T))/cc-pVXZ//B3LYP/cc-PVXZ (X = T and Q) level and a complete basis set (CBS) extrapolation agree reasonably well with the experimental values for all complexes. Thorium oxide ketenylidene carbonyl cations, OTh+CCO(CO)y, y = 1-4, were calculated to be the most stable structures of [Th,xC,xO]+, x = 3-6, respectively; however, these are not observed in our experiment. Potential energy profiles (PEPs) having either quartet or doublet spin calculated at the B3LYP/cc-pVQZ level suggest that the failure to observe OTh+CCO(CO)y, y = 1-4, is the result of a barrier corresponding to the C-C bond formation, making the formation of OTh+CCO(CO)y inaccessible kinetically under the present experimental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Kafle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cox RM, Harouaka K, Citir M, Armentrout PB. Activation of CO 2 by Actinide Cations (Th +, U +, Pu +, and Am +) as Studied by Guided Ion Beam and Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:8168-8181. [PMID: 35536874 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reactions of CO2 with Th+ have been studied using guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometry (GIBMS) and with An+ (An+ = Th+, U+, Pu+, and Am+) using triple quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (QQQ-ICP-MS). Additionally, the reactions ThO+ + CO and ThO+ + CO2 were examined using GIBMS. Modeling the kinetic energy-dependent GIBMS data allowed the determination of bond dissociation energies (BDEs) for D0(Th+-O) and D0(OTh+-O) that are in reasonable agreement with previous GIBMS measurements. The QQQ-ICP-MS reactions were studied at higher pressures where multiple collisions between An+ and the neutral CO2 occur. As a consequence, both AnO+ and AnO2+ products were observed for all An+ except Am+, where only AmO+ was observed. The relative abundances of the observed monoxides compared to the dioxides are consistent with previous reports of the AnOn+ (n = 1, 2) BDEs. A comparison of the periodic trends of the group 4 transition metal, lanthanide (Ln), and actinide atomic cations in reactions with CO2 (a formally spin-forbidden reaction for most M+ ground states) and O2 (a spin-unrestricted reaction) indicates that spin conservation plays a minor role, if any, for the heavier Ln+ and An+ metals. Further correlation of Ln+ and An+ + CO2 reaction efficiencies with the promotion energy (Ep) to the first electronic state with two valence d-electrons (Ep(5d2) for Ln+ and Ep(6d2) for An+) indicates that the primary limitation in the activation of CO2 is the energetic cost to promote from the electronic ground state of the atomic metal ion to a reactive state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Cox
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, United States.,Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Khadouja Harouaka
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Murat Citir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, United States
| | - P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kafle A, Armentrout PB. Experimental and computational investigation of the bond energy of thorium dicarbonyl cation and theoretical elucidation of its isomerization mechanism to the thermodynamically most stable isomer, thorium oxide ketenylidene cation, OTh +CCO. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:842-853. [PMID: 34908066 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04263g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Collision-induced dissociation (CID) of [Th,2C,2O]+ with Xe is performed using a guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometer (GIBMS). The only products observed are ThCO+ and Th+ by sequential loss of CO ligands. The experimental findings and theoretical calculations support that the structure of [Th,2C,2O]+ is the bent homoleptic thorium dicarbonyl cation, Th+(CO)2, having quartet spin, which is both thermodynamically and kinetically stable enough in the gas phase to be observed in our GIBMS instrument. Analysis of the kinetic energy-dependent cross sections for this CID reaction yields the first experimental determination of the bond dissociation energy (BDE) of (CO)Th+-CO at 0 K as 1.05 ± 0.09 eV. A theoretical BDE calculated at the CCSD(T) level with cc-pVXZ (X = T and Q) basis sets and a complete basis set (CBS) extrapolation is in very good agreement with the experimental result. Although the doublet spin bent thorium oxide ketenylidene cation, OTh+CCO, is calculated to be the most thermodynamically stable structure, it is not observed in our experiment where [Th,2C,2O]+ is formed by association of Th+ and CO in a direct current discharge flow tube (DC/FT) ion source. Potential energy profiles of both quartet and doublet spin are constructed to elucidate the isomerization mechanism of Th+(CO)2 to OTh+CCO. The failure to observe OTh+CCO is attributed to a barrier associated with C-C bond formation, which makes OTh+CCO kinetically inaccessible under our experimental conditions. Chemical bonding patterns in low-lying states of linear and bent Th+(CO)2 and OTh+CCO isomers are also investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Kafle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Theoretical study on the corrosion of thorium nuclear fuel by water: The effect of two-state reaction mechanism. Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.139167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
6
|
Kafle A, Armentrout PB, Battey SR, Peterson KA. Guided Ion Beam Studies of the Thorium Monocarbonyl Cation Bond Dissociation Energy and Theoretical Unveiling of Different Isomers of [Th,O,C] + and Their Rearrangement Mechanism. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:10426-10438. [PMID: 34213318 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Threshold collision-induced dissociation (TCID) of the thorium monocarbonyl cation, ThCO+, with xenon is performed using a guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometer. The only product observed is Th+ resulting from loss of the CO ligand. Analysis of the kinetic energy-dependent cross sections for this CID reaction yields the first experimental determination of the bond dissociation energy (BDE) of Th+-CO at 0 K as 0.94 ± 0.06 eV. Calculated BDEs at the CCSD(T) level of theory with cc-pVXZ (X = T and Q) basis sets and a complete basis set (CBS) extrapolation are in good agreement with the experimental result. The Feller-Peterson-Dixon composite coupled-cluster methodology was also applied on both ThCO+ and ThCO, with contributions up to CCSDT(Q) and a four-component treatment of spin-orbit coupling effects. The final 0 K Th+-CO BDE of 0.94 ± 0.04 eV is in excellent agreement with the current experimental result. The ionization energy of ThCO, as well as the atomization energies and heats of formation for both ThCO and ThCO+, is reported at this same level of theory. Complete potential energy profiles of both quartet and doublet spin are also constructed to elucidate the mechanism for the formation and interconversion of different isomers of [Th,O,C]+. Chemical bonding patterns in low-lying states of ThCO+ and potential energy curves for ThCO+ dissociation are also investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Kafle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Samuel R Battey
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, P.O. Box 644630, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Kirk A Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, P.O. Box 644630, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Marshall M, Zhu Z, Liu J, Cheng L, Bowen KH. Photoelectron Spectroscopic and ab Initio Computational Studies of the Anion, HThO–. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:1903-1909. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c11539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Marshall
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Zhaoguo Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Junzi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Lan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Kit H. Bowen
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Savić I, Schlemmer S, Gerlich D. Formation of H 3 + in Collisions of H 2 + with H 2 Studied in a Guided Ion Beam Instrument. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:1429-1435. [PMID: 32394630 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In order to study collisions between ions and neutrals, a new Guided Ion Beam (GIB) apparatus, called NOVion, has been assembled and tested. The primary purpose of this instrument is to measure absolute cross sections at energies relevant for technical or inter- and circumstellar plasmas. New and improved results are presented for forming H3 + in collisions of H2 + with H2 . Between 0.1 eV and 2 eV, our measured effective cross sections are in good overall agreement with most previous measurements. However, at higher energies, our results do not show the steep decline, recommended in the standard literature. After critical evaluation of all experimental and theoretical data, a new analytical function is proposed, describing properly the dependence of the title reaction on the collision energy up to 10 eV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Savić
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 4, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Stephan Schlemmer
- I. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Straße 77, Köln, 50937, Germany
| | - Dieter Gerlich
- Physikalisches Institut, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Reichenhainer Straße 70, Chemnitz, 09107, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kafle A, Nwokolo C, Sanchez L, Armentrout PB. Threshold Collision-Induced Dissociation of Hydrated Thorium(IV) Trihydroxide Cation: Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of the Binding Energies for Th(OH)3+(H2O)n Complexes (n = 1–4). J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:3090-3100. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b11516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Kafle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Chinye Nwokolo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Lauren Sanchez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - P. B. Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Armentrout PB, Peterson KA. Guided Ion Beam and Quantum Chemical Investigation of the Thermochemistry of Thorium Dioxide Cations: Thermodynamic Evidence for Participation of f Orbitals in Bonding. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:3118-3131. [PMID: 32083480 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b03488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Kinetic energy dependent reactions of ThO+ with O2 are studied using a guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometer. The formation of ThO2+ in the reaction of ThO+ with O2 is observed to be slightly endothermic and also exhibits two obvious features in the cross section. These kinetic energy dependent cross sections were modeled to determine a 0 K bond dissociation energy of D0(OTh+-O) = 4.94 ± 0.06 eV. This value is slightly larger but within experimental uncertainty of less precise previously reported experimental values. The higher energy feature in the ThO2+ cross section was also analyzed and suggests formation of an excited state of the product ion lying 3.1 ± 0.2 eV above the ground state. Additionally, the thermochemistry of ThO2+ was explored by quantum chemical calculations, including a full Feller-Peterson-Dixon (FPD) composite approach with correlation contributions up to CCSDT(Q) and four-component spin-orbit corrections, as well as more approximate CCSD(T) calculations including semiempirical estimates of spin-orbit energy contributions. The FPD approach predicts D0(OTh+-O) = 4.87 ± 0.04 eV, in good agreement with the experimental value. Analogous FPD results for ThO+, ThO, and ThO2 are also presented, including ionization energies for both ThO and ThO2. The ThO2+ bond energy is larger than those of its transition metal congeners, TiO2+ and ZrO2+, which can be attributed partially to an actinide contraction, but also to contributions from the participation of f orbitals on thorium that are unavailable to the transition metal systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, United States
| | - Kirk A Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4630, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cox RM, Kafle A, Armentrout PB, Peterson KA. Bond energy of ThN+: A guided ion beam and quantum chemical investigation of the reactions of thorium cation with N2 and NO. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:034304. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5111534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Richard M. Cox
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, USA
| | - Arjun Kafle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, USA
| | - P. B. Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, USA
| | - Kirk A. Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4630, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kafle A, Armentrout PB. Mechanism and Energetics of the Hydrolysis of Th+ To Form Th(OD)3+: Guided Ion Beam and Theoretical Studies of ThO+, ThO2+, and OThOD+ Reacting with D2O. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:5893-5905. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b03938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Kafle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - P. B. Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| |
Collapse
|