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Verbeek R, Vandekerckhove L, Van Cleemput J. Update on human herpesvirus 7 pathogenesis and clinical aspects as a roadmap for future research. J Virol 2024; 98:e0043724. [PMID: 38717112 PMCID: PMC11237674 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00437-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7) is a common virus that is associated with various human diseases including febrile syndromes, dermatological lesions, neurological defects, and transplant complications. Still, HHV-7 remains one of the least studied members of all human betaherpesviruses. In addition, HHV-7-related research is mostly confined to case reports, while in vitro or in vivo studies unraveling basic virology, transmission mechanisms, and viral pathogenesis are sparse. Here, we discuss HHV-7-related literature linking clinical syndromes to the viral life cycle, epidemiology, and viral immunopathogenesis. Based on our review, we propose a hypothetical model of HHV-7 pathogenesis inside its host. Furthermore, we identify important knowledge gaps and recommendations for future research to better understand HHV-7 diseases and improve therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rianne Verbeek
- HIV Cure Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Linos Vandekerckhove
- HIV Cure Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jolien Van Cleemput
- HIV Cure Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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2
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Yarmohammadi H, Razavi A, Shahrabi Farahani M, Soltanipur M, Amini M. Characteristics of HHV-7 meningitis: a systematic review. J Neurol 2023; 270:5711-5718. [PMID: 37620518 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-11950-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
There are limited data on HHV-7 meningitis and this systematic review used electronic search to gather pieces of evidence regarding its characteristics. Nine articles were included which three were case reports and the rest of the articles were retrospective studies. Altogether, 32 cases were described in the literature that 13 were females and 26 were aged less than 16 years old. The HHV-7 meningitis has been reported in any season, especially in winter. It affected both immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals and mostly presented with fever and headache, however rash and seizure have also been documented. The CSF analysis in general showed an elevated range of cell count with lymphocytic predominance and normal to slightly elevated protein levels. Thirteen patients did not receive treatment for HHV-7 meningitis and full recovery was gained in the majority of cases after about 10 days. This review summarizes characteristics of HHV-7 meningitis in the literature, and yet epidemiological studies are needed to shed more light which eventually could be helpful for the diagnosis and management of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alireza Razavi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | | | - Masood Soltanipur
- Medical Students Research Committee, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Amini
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
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Bruno F, Abondio P, Bruno R, Ceraudo L, Paparazzo E, Citrigno L, Luiselli D, Bruni AC, Passarino G, Colao R, Maletta R, Montesanto A. Alzheimer's disease as a viral disease: Revisiting the infectious hypothesis. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 91:102068. [PMID: 37704050 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents the most frequent type of dementia in elderly people. Two major forms of the disease exist: sporadic - the causes of which have not yet been fully understood - and familial - inherited within families from generation to generation, with a clear autosomal dominant transmission of mutations in Presenilin 1 (PSEN1), 2 (PSEN2) or Amyloid Precursors Protein (APP) genes. The main hallmark of AD consists of extracellular deposits of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide and intracellular deposits of the hyperphosphorylated form of the tau protein. An ever-growing body of research supports the viral infectious hypothesis of sporadic forms of AD. In particular, it has been shown that several herpes viruses (i.e., HHV-1, HHV-2, HHV-3 or varicella zoster virus, HHV-4 or Epstein Barr virus, HHV-5 or cytomegalovirus, HHV-6A and B, HHV-7), flaviviruses (i.e., Zika virus, Dengue fever virus, Japanese encephalitis virus) as well as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), hepatitis viruses (HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, HEV), SARS-CoV2, Ljungan virus (LV), Influenza A virus and Borna disease virus, could increase the risk of AD. Here, we summarized and discussed these results. Based on these findings, significant issues for future studies are also put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bruno
- Regional Neurogenetic Centre (CRN), Department of Primary Care, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale Di Catanzaro, Viale A. Perugini, 88046 Lamezia Terme, CZ, Italy; Association for Neurogenetic Research (ARN), Lamezia Terme, CZ, Italy
| | - Paolo Abondio
- Laboratory of Ancient DNA, Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Via degli Ariani 1, 48121 Ravenna, Italy.
| | - Rossella Bruno
- Sudent at the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88050 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Leognano Ceraudo
- Sudent at the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy
| | - Ersilia Paparazzo
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende 87036, Italy
| | - Luigi Citrigno
- National Research Council (CNR) - Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation - (IRIB), 87050 Mangone, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Donata Luiselli
- Laboratory of Ancient DNA, Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Via degli Ariani 1, 48121 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Amalia C Bruni
- Regional Neurogenetic Centre (CRN), Department of Primary Care, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale Di Catanzaro, Viale A. Perugini, 88046 Lamezia Terme, CZ, Italy; Association for Neurogenetic Research (ARN), Lamezia Terme, CZ, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Passarino
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende 87036, Italy
| | - Rosanna Colao
- Regional Neurogenetic Centre (CRN), Department of Primary Care, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale Di Catanzaro, Viale A. Perugini, 88046 Lamezia Terme, CZ, Italy
| | - Raffaele Maletta
- Regional Neurogenetic Centre (CRN), Department of Primary Care, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale Di Catanzaro, Viale A. Perugini, 88046 Lamezia Terme, CZ, Italy; Association for Neurogenetic Research (ARN), Lamezia Terme, CZ, Italy
| | - Alberto Montesanto
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende 87036, Italy.
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Fares R, Matar M. Human herpesvirus-7 meningitis in an immunocompetent adult patient: a case report. Future Sci OA 2023; 9:FSO876. [PMID: 37621843 PMCID: PMC10445589 DOI: 10.2144/fsoa-2023-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim The underlying pathological mechanisms of CNS human herpesvirus-7 (HHV-7) related infections are still unknown, especially among immunocompetent adults. Although HHV-7 meningitis in immunocompetent adults is usually uncommon, serious consideration for possible HHV-7 involvement should be taken when assessing CNS infection of unknown etiology. Case presentation We report a 53-year-old female who presented for fever and progressive headaches. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis was compatible with a viral meningitis. CSF cultures were negative and HHV-7 DNA was the only strain detected in the CSF analysis. The patient died 1 month later following complications and cardiac arrest. Conclusion HHV-7 CNS infection in immunocompetent patient can be a serious infection. Prompt diagnosis and treatment management are essential for better outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabih Fares
- Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, 1525, Lebanon
- School of Medicine & Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Madonna Matar
- School of Medicine & Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon
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Simonavičiutė V, Praninskienė R, Grikinienė J, Samaitienė-Aleknienė R. Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis and positive human herpesvirus-7 deoxyribonucleic acid in cerebrospinal fluid: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2023; 17:304. [PMID: 37386616 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-023-03909-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis is a neuroautoimmune syndrome typically presenting with seizures, psychiatric symptoms, and autonomic dysfunction. Human herpesvirus-7 is often found with human herpesvirus-6 and infects leukocytes such as T-cells, monocytes-macrophages, epithelial cells, and central nervous system cells. The pathogenicity of human herpesvirus-7 is unclear. Cases of anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis with human herpesvirus-7 present in cerebrospinal fluid have been documented, but the clinical significance of this finding remains unclear. CASE PRESENTATION An 11-year-old Caucasian boy was admitted to hospital after a generalized tonic-clonic seizure. Generalized tonic seizures repeated three more times during the day of hospitalization. Blood tests showed minor ongoing inflammation, while brain computed tomography yielded normal results. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed hyperintense focal alterations in both temporal lobes, hippocampi, and at the base of the right frontal lobe. Positive anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibodies were found in both serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Positive novel coronavirus 2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) immunoglobulin G antibodies were found in serum. Polymerase chain reaction test for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 was negative. Furthermore, positive human herpesvirus-7 deoxyribonucleic acid was found in cerebrospinal fluid. The patient was treated with acyclovir, human immunoglobulin, and methylprednisolone. The seizures did not repeat, and no psychiatric symptoms were present. The patient made a full recovery. CONCLUSIONS We present a pediatric case of anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis with atypical clinical presentation. The role of human herpesvirus-7 in neurological disorders remains unclear in immunocompetent patients.
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Anterior Uveitis Associated with Human Herpesvirus 7 Infection Diagnosed by Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay: A Case Report. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2023; 31:474-476. [PMID: 35201962 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2022.2032191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpetic anterior uveitis (AU) is usually caused by the herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, and cytomegalovirus. Herein, we report a case of herpetic AU associated with human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7) infection. STUDY DESIGN A case report. CASE PRESENTATION A 49-year-old female patient presented with complaints of blurred vision and hyperemia in the right eye. Slit-lamp examination revealed bilateral fine and a few small white keratic precipitates (KPs), Descemet membrane folds in the right eye, and severe and mild cellular infiltration in the anterior chamber of the right and left eye, respectively. HHV-7 viral DNA was detected by a polymerase chain reaction assay of an aqueous humor sample. The AU improved significantly with topical steroids. CONCLUSION We report a rare case of herpetic AU characterized by fine and small white KPs in which only HHV-7 DNA was detected in the aqueous humor.
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Li Y, Qu T, Li D, Jing J, Deng Q, Wan X. Human herpesvirus 7 encephalitis in an immunocompetent adult and a literature review. Virol J 2022; 19:200. [PMID: 36447267 PMCID: PMC9707246 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01925-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7) is a common virus that infects children early and is accompanied by lifelong latency in cells, which is easy to reactivate in immunodeficient adults, but the underlying pathological mechanism is uncertain in immunocompetent adults without peculiar past medical history. Even though the clinical manifestation of the encephalitis caused by HHV-7 is uncommon in immunocompetent adults, the HHV-7 infection should not be neglected for encephalitis for unknown reasons. CASE PRESENTATION We reported here a case of HHV-7 encephalitis with epileptic seizures. While the brain computer tomography was standard, electroencephalography displayed slow waves in the temporal and bilateral frontal areas, then HHV-7 DNA was detected in the metagenomic next-generation sequencing of cerebrospinal fluid. Fortunately, the patient recovered after treatment and was discharged 2 months later. We also collected the related cases and explored a better way to illuminate the underlying mechanism. CONCLUSION The case indicates clinicians should memorize HHV-7 as an unusual etiology of encephalitis to make an early diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- grid.452435.10000 0004 1798 9070Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021 China
| | - Tianhao Qu
- grid.452435.10000 0004 1798 9070Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021 China
| | - Dandan Li
- grid.452435.10000 0004 1798 9070Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021 China
| | - Juanjuan Jing
- grid.452435.10000 0004 1798 9070Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021 China
| | - Qiuming Deng
- grid.452435.10000 0004 1798 9070Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021 China
| | - Xianyao Wan
- grid.452435.10000 0004 1798 9070Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021 China
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de Melo Parente RGVP, Pessoa TC, Moita PCA, dos Santos SCC, Pereira ACD, Castro SV. Encephalitis, a Rare Manifestation of Human Herpesvirus 7 Infection. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC NEUROLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1740398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractHuman herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7) infection typically occurs in childhood and is frequently asymptomatic. Some clinical manifestations include fever and exanthem subitum. There have been rare reports of invasion of HHV-7 into the central nervous system. Here we report a case of encephalitis associated with HHV-7. A 16-year-old girl presented with headache, vomiting, disorientation, and psychomotor agitation. Glasgow Coma Scale on arrival was 9. Cerebrospinal fluid tested positive for HHV-7. Electroencephalogram showed intermittent slowing and rare sharp waves in the left frontal region. She recovered well after appropriate treatment for encephalitis.This case added to the few existing reports of encephalitis due to HHV-7. Physicians should be aware of this rare neurological manifestation of HHV-7 for prompt management. Similar cases should be reported to further our knowledge about this virus and its role in neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sofia Vidal Castro
- Department of Pediatrics, Centro Hospitalar Barreiro Montijo, Barreiro, Portugal
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Basso M, Zago D, Pozzetto I, Del Vecchio C, Franchin E, Dal Bello F, Pagni S, . M, Biasolo A, Manganelli R, Palù G, Parisi SG. Viral Molecular Testing of Cerebrospinal Fluid in Adults with Suspected Central Nervous System Infection in an Italian University Hospital Laboratory: A Retrospective Study on 1462 Consecutive Patients. Open Microbiol J 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1874285802115010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:
Generally, about half of the patients with central nervous system infections cases remain unexplained. Therefore, we aimed to describe which viruses were detected in unselected patients with a suspected central nervous system infection and the first diagnostic workflow in a university hospital laboratory.
Methods:
A comprehensive virus testing in cerebrospinal fluid with an in-house real-time PCR method was employed. Determining how many and which viruses to test was at the full discretion of the treating physician.
Results:
1462 patients were evaluated from 2011 to 2017 and 9 898 viral PCRs were made: 176 subjects (12%) had a positive result. There was great heterogeneity in the frequency of patients tested for each virus, ranging from 97.9% (1431 out of 1462) for herpes simplex virus (HSV) to 1.9% (28 out of 1462) for Parvovirus B19, positive in 1 patient. Enterovirus (EV) was the leading virus detected: the frequency was higher with respect to HSV (5.2% vs 2.4%, p=0.0004), varicella-zoster virus (VZV)(5.2% vs 2.9%, p=0.0052), human herpesvirus-6 (5.2% vs 1.7%, p=0.0014) and human herpesvirus-7 (HHV-7)(5.2% vs 2.5%, p=0.0406). Both VZV (83.5%) and HSV (97.9%) were tested significantly more than EV (68.7%, p<0.0001) and HHV-7 (24.1%, p<0.0001): the latter had a positivity comparable to HSV and it was detected in younger patients (median age 29 years), as for EV (median age 35 years). There was no difference found in the age of positive subjects with respect to negative ones for the other viruses tested.
Conclusion:
EV was the fifth virus frequently included in the diagnostic workflow but the most frequently detected, mostly in subjects aged less 40, as HHV-7 was. Testing these two viruses in all younger patients could reduce the number of unknown etiology.
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Sánchez-Miranda Román I, Muñoz García AA, Díaz Díaz A, Amela Peris R. Syndrome of transient headache and neurological deficits with cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytosis and human herpesvirus 7; cause or coincidence? A case report. Headache 2021; 61:399-401. [PMID: 33599976 DOI: 10.1111/head.14074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Abián A Muñoz García
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Insular de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Abel Díaz Díaz
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Insular de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Raúl Amela Peris
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Insular de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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Stepien N, Weseslindtner L, Seidl R, Geldner J, Golej J, Schmook MT, Peyrl A. An adolescent with herpes simplex encephalitis, presenting with mild symptoms and rapid deterioration: A case report. SAGE Open Med Case Rep 2020; 8:2050313X20977142. [PMID: 33335735 PMCID: PMC7724412 DOI: 10.1177/2050313x20977142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Headaches in children are a common, but unspecific symptom that can have many underlying
causes, ranging from unspecific tension headache through migraine and up to encephalitis
and intracranial hypertension. We present the case of a 14-year-old boy who presented to
our emergency department with headache, nausea as well as vomiting and developed seizures
later on. The initial diagnosis was complicated by a magnetic resonance imaging which did
not show any signs of inflammation, but was of limited informative value due to
orthodontic appliances. Despite the unremarkable imaging, prophylactic antiviral and
antibiotic treatment was started after lumbar puncture. Herpes simplex virus as well as
human herpes virus 7 were confirmed in the cerebrospinal fluid. Although both viruses are
ubiquitous, severe infections are a rare complication. Immunodeficiency syndromes are
predisposing factors for serious complications and genetic analysis of UNC93B and TLR-3
might be helpful for decision-making. No genetic or immunologic predisposition was found
in our patient. The patient’s condition deteriorated rapidly, so he had to be admitted to
the pediatric intensive care unit, where he was intubated and his antiviral treatment with
acyclovir was extended by foscarnet. After prolonged mechanical ventilation, he slowly
improved. With intensive neurorehabilitation, he could finally return to his daily life
activities 3 months after diagnosis. Despite headaches being an unspecific symptom, the
possibility of a herpes simplex virus encephalitis should always kept in mind, especially
in patients presenting with additional symptoms such as vomiting, altered mental status
and/or focal neurological deficits. An initial magnetic resonance imaging might be
misleading if orthodontic appliances are in place. Initiation of treatment without delay
is crucial for neurologic outcome of herpes simplex virus encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Stepien
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Rainer Seidl
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Geldner
- Department of Pediatric Neurorehabilitation, Klinik Favoriten, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johann Golej
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria-Theresa Schmook
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Peyrl
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Houldcroft CJ. Human Herpesvirus Sequencing in the Genomic Era: The Growing Ranks of the Herpetic Legion. Pathogens 2019; 8:E186. [PMID: 31614759 PMCID: PMC6963362 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The nine human herpesviruses are some of the most ubiquitous pathogens worldwide, causing life-long latent infection in a variety of different tissues. Human herpesviruses range from mild childhood infections to known tumour viruses and 'trolls of transplantation'. Epstein-Barr virus was the first human herpesvirus to have its whole genome sequenced; GenBank now includes thousands of herpesvirus genomes. This review will cover some of the recent advances in our understanding of herpesvirus diversity and disease that have come about as a result of new sequencing technologies, such as target enrichment and long-read sequencing. It will also look at the problem of resolving mixed-genotype infections, whether with short or long-read sequencing methods; and conclude with some thoughts on the future of the field as herpesvirus population genomics becomes a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte J Houldcroft
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambs CB2 0QQ UK.
- Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK.
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