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Wang J, Li B, Luo M, Huang J, Zhang K, Zheng S, Zhang S, Zhou J. Progression from ductal carcinoma in situ to invasive breast cancer: molecular features and clinical significance. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:83. [PMID: 38570490 PMCID: PMC10991592 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01779-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) represents pre-invasive breast carcinoma. In untreated cases, 25-60% DCIS progress to invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). The challenge lies in distinguishing between non-progressive and progressive DCIS, often resulting in over- or under-treatment in many cases. With increasing screen-detected DCIS in these years, the nature of DCIS has aroused worldwide attention. A deeper understanding of the biological nature of DCIS and the molecular journey of the DCIS-IDC transition is crucial for more effective clinical management. Here, we reviewed the key signaling pathways in breast cancer that may contribute to DCIS initiation and progression. We also explored the molecular features of DCIS and IDC, shedding light on the progression of DCIS through both inherent changes within tumor cells and alterations in the tumor microenvironment. In addition, valuable research tools utilized in studying DCIS including preclinical models and newer advanced technologies such as single-cell sequencing, spatial transcriptomics and artificial intelligence, have been systematically summarized. Further, we thoroughly discussed the clinical advancements in DCIS and IDC, including prognostic biomarkers and clinical managements, with the aim of facilitating more personalized treatment strategies in the future. Research on DCIS has already yielded significant insights into breast carcinogenesis and will continue to pave the way for practical clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Hangzhou, China
| | - Baizhou Li
- Department of Pathology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, China
| | - Meng Luo
- The Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Plastic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shu Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Hangzhou, China
| | - Suzhan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jiaojiao Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Hangzhou, China.
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Göransson S, Chen S, Olofsson H, Larsson O, Strömblad S. An extracellular matrix stiffness-induced breast cancer cell transcriptome resembles the transition from ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) to invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 654:73-79. [PMID: 36893606 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Identifying mechanisms driving the transition from ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) to invasive breast cancer remains a challenge in breast cancer research. Breast cancer progression is accompanied by remodelling and stiffening of the extracellular matrix, leading to increased proliferation, survival, and migration. Here, we studied stiffness-dependent phenotypes in MCF10CA1a (CA1a) breast cancer cells cultured on hydrogels with stiffness corresponding to normal breast and breast cancer. This revealed a stiffness-associated morphology consistent with acquisition of an invasive phenotype in breast cancer cells. Surprisingly, this strong phenotypic switch was accompanied by relatively modest transcriptome-wide alterations in mRNA levels, as independently quantified using both DNA-microarrays and bulk RNA sequencing. Strikingly, however, the stiffness-dependent alterations in mRNA levels overlapped with those contrasting ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). This supports a role of matrix stiffness in driving the pre-invasive to invasive transition and suggests that mechanosignalling may be a target for prevention of invasive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Göransson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 83, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Shan Chen
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 65, Solna, Sweden
| | - Helene Olofsson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 83, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Ola Larsson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 65, Solna, Sweden.
| | - Staffan Strömblad
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 83, Huddinge, Sweden.
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Neagu AN, Whitham D, Seymour L, Haaker N, Pelkey I, Darie CC. Proteomics-Based Identification of Dysregulated Proteins and Biomarker Discovery in Invasive Ductal Carcinoma, the Most Common Breast Cancer Subtype. Proteomes 2023; 11:proteomes11020013. [PMID: 37092454 PMCID: PMC10123686 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes11020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) is the most common histological subtype of malignant breast cancer (BC), and accounts for 70–80% of all invasive BCs. IDC demonstrates great heterogeneity in clinical and histopathological characteristics, prognoses, treatment strategies, gene expressions, and proteomic profiles. Significant proteomic determinants of the progression from intraductal pre-invasive malignant lesions of the breast, which characterize a ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), to IDC, are still poorly identified, validated, and clinically applied. In the era of “6P” medicine, it remains a great challenge to determine which patients should be over-treated versus which need to be actively monitored without aggressive treatment. The major difficulties for designating DCIS to IDC progression may be solved by understanding the integrated genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic bases of invasion. In this review, we showed that multiple proteomics-based techniques, such as LC–MS/MS, MALDI-ToF MS, SELDI-ToF-MS, MALDI-ToF/ToF MS, MALDI-MSI or MasSpec Pen, applied to in-tissue, off-tissue, BC cell lines and liquid biopsies, improve the diagnosis of IDC, as well as its prognosis and treatment monitoring. Classic proteomics strategies that allow the identification of dysregulated protein expressions, biological processes, and interrelated pathway analyses based on aberrant protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks have been improved to perform non-invasive/minimally invasive biomarker detection of early-stage IDC. Thus, in modern surgical oncology, highly sensitive, rapid, and accurate MS-based detection has been coupled with “proteome point sampling” methods that allow for proteomic profiling by in vivo “proteome point characterization”, or by minimal tissue removal, for ex vivo accurate differentiation and delimitation of IDC. For the detection of low-molecular-weight proteins and protein fragments in bodily fluids, LC–MS/MS and MALDI-MS techniques may be coupled to enrich and capture methods which allow for the identification of early-stage IDC protein biomarkers that were previously invisible for MS-based techniques. Moreover, the detection and characterization of protein isoforms, including posttranslational modifications of proteins (PTMs), is also essential to emphasize specific molecular mechanisms, and to assure the early-stage detection of IDC of the breast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca-Narcisa Neagu
- Laboratory of Animal Histology, Faculty of Biology, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi, Carol I bvd. No. 20A, 700505 Iasi, Romania
| | - Danielle Whitham
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699-5810, USA
| | - Logan Seymour
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699-5810, USA
| | - Norman Haaker
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699-5810, USA
| | - Isabella Pelkey
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699-5810, USA
| | - Costel C. Darie
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699-5810, USA
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Miligy IM, Toss MS, Gorringe KL, Ellis IO, Green AR, Rakha EA. Aurora Kinase A Is an Independent Predictor of Invasive Recurrence in Breast Ductal Carcinoma in situ. Pathobiology 2022; 89:382-392. [PMID: 35533650 DOI: 10.1159/000522244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aurora Kinase A (AURKA/STK15) has a role in centrosome duplication and is a regulator of mitotic cell proliferation. It is over-expressed in breast cancer and other cancers, however; its role in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) remains to be defined. This study aims to characterize AURKA protein expression in DCIS and evaluate its prognostic significance. METHODS AURKA was assessed immunohistochemically in a large well-characterized cohort of DCIS (n = 776 pure DCIS and 239 DCIS associated with invasive breast cancer [DCIS-mixed]) with long-term follow-up data (median = 105 months) and basic molecular characterization. RESULTS High AURKA expression was observed in 15% of DCIS cases and was associated with features of aggressiveness including larger tumour size, high nuclear grade, hormone receptor negativity, HER2 positivity, and high Ki67 proliferation index. AURKA expression was higher in DCIS associated with invasive breast cancer than in pure DCIS (p < 0.0001). In the DCIS-mixed cohort, the invasive component showed higher AURKA expression than the DCIS component (p < 0.0001). Outcome analysis revealed that AURKA was a predictor of invasive recurrence (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION High AURKA expression is associated with poor prognosis in DCIS and might be a potential marker to predict DCIS progression to invasive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam M Miligy
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, School of Medicine, Nottingham City Hospital, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK, .,Histopathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebeen El-Kom, Egypt,
| | - Michael S Toss
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, School of Medicine, Nottingham City Hospital, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Kylie L Gorringe
- Cancer Genomics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ian O Ellis
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, School of Medicine, Nottingham City Hospital, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Andrew R Green
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, School of Medicine, Nottingham City Hospital, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Emad A Rakha
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, School of Medicine, Nottingham City Hospital, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Ruan X, Zhang R, Li R, Zhu H, Wang Z, Wang C, Cheng Z, Peng H. The Research Progress in Physiological and Pathological Functions of TRAF4. Front Oncol 2022; 12:842072. [PMID: 35242717 PMCID: PMC8885719 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.842072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 4 (TRAF4) is a member of the TRAF protein family, a cytoplasmic bridging molecule closely associated with various immune functions. The physiological processes of TRAF4 are mainly involved in embryonic development, cell polarity, cell proliferation, apoptosis, regulation of reactive oxygen species production. TRAF4 is overexpressed in a variety of tumors and regulates the formation and development of a variety of tumors. In this review, we summarize the physiological and pathological regulatory functions of TRAF4 and focus on understanding the biological processes involved in this gene, to provide a reference for further studies on the role of this gene in tumorigenesis and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqin Ruan
- Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Molecular Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, National Cancer Center Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ruijuan Li
- Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Molecular Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongkai Zhu
- Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Molecular Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhihua Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Molecular Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Canfei Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Molecular Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhao Cheng
- Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Molecular Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongling Peng
- Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Molecular Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Casamassimi A, Rienzo M, Di Zazzo E, Sorrentino A, Fiore D, Proto MC, Moncharmont B, Gazzerro P, Bifulco M, Abbondanza C. Multifaceted Role of PRDM Proteins in Human Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072648. [PMID: 32290321 PMCID: PMC7177584 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The PR/SET domain family (PRDM) comprise a family of genes whose protein products share a conserved N-terminal PR [PRDI-BF1 (positive regulatory domain I-binding factor 1) and RIZ1 (retinoblastoma protein-interacting zinc finger gene 1)] homologous domain structurally and functionally similar to the catalytic SET [Su(var)3-9, enhancer-of-zeste and trithorax] domain of histone methyltransferases (HMTs). These genes are involved in epigenetic regulation of gene expression through their intrinsic HMTase activity or via interactions with other chromatin modifying enzymes. In this way they control a broad spectrum of biological processes, including proliferation and differentiation control, cell cycle progression, and maintenance of immune cell homeostasis. In cancer, tumor-specific dysfunctions of PRDM genes alter their expression by genetic and/or epigenetic modifications. A common characteristic of most PRDM genes is to encode for two main molecular variants with or without the PR domain. They are generated by either alternative splicing or alternative use of different promoters and play opposite roles, particularly in cancer where their imbalance can be often observed. In this scenario, PRDM proteins are involved in cancer onset, invasion, and metastasis and their altered expression is related to poor prognosis and clinical outcome. These functions strongly suggest their potential use in cancer management as diagnostic or prognostic tools and as new targets of therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Casamassimi
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via L. De Crecchio, 80138 Naples, Italy; (E.D.Z.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (C.A.); Tel.: +39-081-566-7579 (A.C.); +39-081-566-7568 (C.A.)
| | - Monica Rienzo
- Department of Environmental, Biological, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Caserta, Italy;
| | - Erika Di Zazzo
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via L. De Crecchio, 80138 Naples, Italy; (E.D.Z.); (A.S.)
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “V. Tiberio”, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy;
| | - Anna Sorrentino
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via L. De Crecchio, 80138 Naples, Italy; (E.D.Z.); (A.S.)
| | - Donatella Fiore
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy; (D.F.); (M.C.P.); (P.G.)
| | - Maria Chiara Proto
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy; (D.F.); (M.C.P.); (P.G.)
| | - Bruno Moncharmont
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “V. Tiberio”, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy;
| | - Patrizia Gazzerro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy; (D.F.); (M.C.P.); (P.G.)
| | - Maurizio Bifulco
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Ciro Abbondanza
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via L. De Crecchio, 80138 Naples, Italy; (E.D.Z.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (C.A.); Tel.: +39-081-566-7579 (A.C.); +39-081-566-7568 (C.A.)
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Sanati S. Morphologic and Molecular Features of Breast Ductal Carcinoma in Situ. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:946-955. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Moelans CB, van Maldegem CMG, van der Wall E, van Diest PJ. Copy number changes at 8p11-12 predict adverse clinical outcome and chemo- and radiotherapy response in breast cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 9:17078-17092. [PMID: 29682206 PMCID: PMC5908307 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The short arm of chromosome 8 (8p) is a frequent target of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in cancer, and 8p LOH is commonly associated with a more aggressive tumor phenotype. The 8p11-12 region is a recurrent breakpoint area characterized by a sharp decrease in gains/amplifications and increase in allelic loss towards 8pter. However, the clustering of genomic aberrations in this region, even in the absence of proximal amplifications or distal LOH, suggests that the 8p11-12 region could play a pivotal role in oncogenesis. Results Loss in the FGFR1 and ZNF703-containing 8p11 region was seen in 25% of patients, correlated with lower mRNA expression levels and independently predicted poor survival, particularly in systemic treatment-naïve patients and even without adjacent 8p12 loss. Amplification of FGFR1 at 8p11 and loss of DUSP26 and UNC5D, located in the 8p12 breakpoint region, independently predicted worse event free survival. Gains in the 8p12 region encompassing WRN, NRG1, DUSP26 and UNC5D, seen in 20-30% of patients, were associated with higher mRNA expression and independently predicted chemotherapy sensitivity. Losses at 8p12 independently predicted radiotherapy resistance. Material and methods Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification was used to investigate copy number aberrations at 8p11-12 in 234 female breast cancers. Alterations were correlated with clinicopathologic characteristics, survival and response to therapy. Results were validated using public METABRIC data. Conclusion Allelic loss and amplification in the 8p11-12 breakpoint region predict poor survival and chemo- and radiotherapy response. Assessment of 8p11-12 gene copy number status seems to augment existing prognostic and predictive tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy B Moelans
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Paul J van Diest
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Modulation of Molecular Biomarker Expression in Response to Chemotherapy in Invasive Ductal Carcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:7154708. [PMID: 29619374 PMCID: PMC5830017 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7154708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) has varied morphological and biological features and is classified based on molecular and morphological examinations. Molecular classification of BC is based on biological gene-expression profiling. In this study, biomarker modulation was assessed during BC treatment in 30 previously untreated patients. Heterogeneity among patients was pathologically diagnosed and classified into luminal and basal-like immunohistochemical profiles based on estrogen, progesterone, and human epidermal growth factor receptor (ER/PR/HER2) status. Marker heterogeneity was compared with mRNA biomarker expression in patients with BC before and after therapy. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed for molecular characterization. Expression and modulation of biological markers, CK19, hMAM, CEA, MUC, Myc, Ki-67, HER2/neu, ErbB2, and ER, were assessed after treatment, where the expression of the biomarkers CK19, Ki-67, Myc, and CEA was noted to be significantly decreased. Marker expression modulation was determined according to different stages and pathological characteristics of patients; coexpression of three markers (CK19, Ki-67, and Myc) was specifically modulated after therapy. In the histopathologically classified basal-like group, two markers (CK19 and Ki-67) were downregulated and could be considered as diagnostic biomarkers. In conclusion, pathological characteristics and marker variation levels can be evaluated to decide a personalized treatment for patients.
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10
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Vreemann S, Gubern-Mérida A, Borelli C, Bult P, Karssemeijer N, Mann RM. The correlation of background parenchymal enhancement in the contralateral breast with patient and tumor characteristics of MRI-screen detected breast cancers. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191399. [PMID: 29351560 PMCID: PMC5774774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Higher background parenchymal enhancement (BPE) could be used for stratification of MRI screening programs since it might be related to a higher breast cancer risk. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to correlate BPE to patient and tumor characteristics in women with unilateral MRI-screen detected breast cancer who participated in an intermediate and high risk screening program. As BPE in the affected breast may be difficult to discern from enhancing cancer, we assumed that BPE in the contralateral breast is a representative measure for BPE in women with unilateral breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective study was approved by our local institutional board and a waiver for consent was granted. MR-examinations of women with unilateral breast cancers screen-detected on breast MRI were evaluated by two readers. BPE in the contralateral breast was rated according to BI-RADS. Univariate analyses were performed to study associations. Observer variability was computed. RESULTS Analysis included 77 breast cancers in 76 patients (age: 48±9.8 years), including 62 invasive and 15 pure ductal carcinoma in-situ cases. A negative association between BPE and tumor grade (p≤0.016) and a positive association with progesterone status (p≤0.021) was found. The correlation was stronger when only considering invasive disease. Inter-reader agreement was substantial. CONCLUSION Lower BPE in the contralateral breast in women with unilateral breast cancer might be associated to higher tumor grade and progesterone receptor negativity. Great care should be taken using BPE for stratification of patients to tailored screening programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan Vreemann
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Albert Gubern-Mérida
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Cristina Borelli
- Department of Radiology, Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo Foggia, Italy
| | - Peter Bult
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Nico Karssemeijer
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ritse M. Mann
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Duivenvoorden HM, Rautela J, Edgington‐Mitchell LE, Spurling A, Greening DW, Nowell CJ, Molloy TJ, Robbins E, Brockwell NK, Lee CS, Chen M, Holliday A, Selinger CI, Hu M, Britt KL, Stroud DA, Bogyo M, Möller A, Polyak K, Sloane BF, O'Toole SA, Parker BS. Myoepithelial cell‐specific expression of stefin A as a suppressor of early breast cancer invasion. J Pathol 2017; 243:496-509. [DOI: 10.1002/path.4990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hendrika M Duivenvoorden
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Jai Rautela
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science Melbourne VIC Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne VIC Australia
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Melbourne VIC Australia
- Department of Medical Biology University of Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Laura E Edgington‐Mitchell
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science Melbourne VIC Australia
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Alex Spurling
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - David W Greening
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Cameron J Nowell
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University Melbourne VIC Australia
| | | | - Elizabeth Robbins
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Camperdown NSW Australia
| | - Natasha K Brockwell
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Cheok Soon Lee
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Camperdown NSW Australia
- Sydney Medical School University of Sydney NSW Australia
- Cancer Pathology and Cell Biology Laboratory Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, and University of New South Wales NSW Australia
- Cancer Pathology, Bosch Institute University of Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Maoshan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Anne Holliday
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Camperdown NSW Australia
| | - Cristina I Selinger
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Camperdown NSW Australia
| | - Min Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology Dana‐Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Kara L Britt
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - David A Stroud
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Matthew Bogyo
- Department of Pathology Stanford University School of Medicine California USA
| | - Andreas Möller
- Immunology Department QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Kornelia Polyak
- Department of Medical Oncology Dana‐Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Bonnie F Sloane
- Department of Pharmacology Wayne State University School of Medicine Detroit Michigan USA
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute Wayne State University School of Medicine Detroit Michigan USA
| | - Sandra A O'Toole
- Sydney Medical School University of Sydney NSW Australia
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research Darlinghurst NSW Australia
- Australian Clinical Labs Bella Vista NSW Australia
| | - Belinda S Parker
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science Melbourne VIC Australia
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12
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Glucose insult elicits hyperactivation of cancer stem cells through miR-424-cdc42-prdm14 signalling axis. Br J Cancer 2017; 117:1665-1675. [PMID: 29024936 PMCID: PMC5729435 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Meta-analysis shows that women with diabetes have a 20% increased risk of breast cancer and also an increased risk for distant metastasis and mortality. The molecular mechanisms for distant metastasis and mortality in breast cancer patients with diabetes are not very well understood. METHODS We compared the effect of physiological (5 mM) and diabetic (10 mM) levels of glucose on malignant breast epithelial cell invasion and stemness capabilities. We performed microRNA array to determine the dysregulated microRNAs in hyperglycaemic conditions and performed functional and molecular analysis of the gene targets. RESULTS Hyperglycaemia leads to hyperactivation of cancer stem cell pool and enhances invasive ability of breast cancer cells. MiR-424 seems to be a key regulator of cancer cell stemness and invasion. Knockdown of miR-424 in cancer cells under euglycaemic conditions leads to enhanced invasion and stem cell activity, whereas ectopic expression of miR-424 in cancer cells under hyperglycaemic conditions results in suppressed invasion and stem cell activity. Cdc42, a target of miR-424, influences cancer stem cell activity by positively regulating prdm14 through activation of pak1 (p-21-activated kinase 1) and stat5. CONCLUSIONS Our findings establish miR-424→︀cdc42→︀prdm14 axis as a key molecular signalling cascade that might influence breast cancer progression in diabetic patients through hyperactivation of cancer stem cells.
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13
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Miligy I, Mohan P, Gaber A, Aleskandarany MA, Nolan CC, Diez-Rodriguez M, Mukherjee A, Chapman C, Ellis IO, Green AR, Rakha EA. Prognostic significance of tumour infiltrating B lymphocytes in breast ductal carcinoma in situ. Histopathology 2017; 71:258-268. [PMID: 28326600 DOI: 10.1111/his.13217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are an important component of the immune response to cancer and have a prognostic value in breast cancer. Although several studies have investigated the role of T lymphocytes in breast cancer, the role of B lymphocytes (TIL-Bs) in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) remains uncertain. This study aimed to assess the role of TIL-Bs in DCIS. METHODS AND RESULTS Eighty DCIS cases (36 pure DCIS and 44 mixed with invasive cancer) were stained immunohistochemically for B lineage markers CD19, CD20 and the plasma cell marker CD138. TIL-Bs density and localization were assessed, including relation to the in-situ and invasive components. An association with clinicopathological data and patient outcome was performed. Pure DCIS showed a higher number of TIL-Bs and lymphoid aggregates than DCIS associated with invasion. In pure DCIS, a higher number of peri- and paratumoral TIL-Bs was associated significantly with large tumour size (P = 0.016), hormone receptor (ER/PR) negative (P = 0.008) and HER2+ status (P = 0.010). In tumours with mixed DCIS and invasive components, cases with high-density B lymphocytes, irrespective of their location or topographic distribution, were associated significantly with variables of poor prognosis, including larger size, high grade, lymphovascular invasion, lymph node metastases, ER/PR-negative and HER2+ status. Outcome analysis showed that pure DCIS associated with higher numbers of B lymphocytes had shorter recurrence-free interval (P = 0.04); however, the association was not significant with the CD138+ plasma cell count (P = 0.07). CONCLUSION Assessment of TIL-B cells based on location and topographic distribution can provide prognostic information. Validation in a larger cohort is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam Miligy
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, UK.,Histopathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Monofiya University, Egypt
| | - Priya Mohan
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ahmed Gaber
- General Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Monofiya University, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A Aleskandarany
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, UK.,Histopathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Monofiya University, Egypt
| | - Christopher C Nolan
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, UK
| | - Maria Diez-Rodriguez
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, UK
| | - Abhik Mukherjee
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, UK
| | - Caroline Chapman
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ian O Ellis
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, UK
| | - Andrew R Green
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, UK
| | - Emad A Rakha
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, UK.,Histopathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Monofiya University, Egypt
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14
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Ghaffari K, Hashemi M, Ebrahimi E, Shirkoohi R. BIRC5 Genomic Copy Number Variation in Early-Onset Breast Cancer. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2017; 20:241-5. [PMID: 27372966 PMCID: PMC4983680 DOI: 10.7508/ibj.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background: Baculoviral inhibitor of apoptosis repeat-containing 5 (BIRC5) gene is an inhibitor of apoptosis that expresses in human embryonic tissues but it is absent in most healthy adult tissues. The copy number of BIRC5 has been indicated to be highly increased in tumor tissues; however, its association with the age of onset in breast cancer is not well understood. Methods: Forty tumor tissues of breast cancer were obtained from Tumor Bank of Cancer Institute, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran, Iran. BIRC5 gene copy number variation (CNV) was evaluated using Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA) and then compared with the age of onset for each patient. Results: BIRC5 amplification was seen in 17.5% of cases. Also, a significant association was observed between BIRC5 gene amplification and individuals under 40 years of age (P=0.04). Conclusion: BIRC5 gene has the potential to be a marker for the detection and prognosis of cancer at an early age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimia Ghaffari
- Department of Genetics, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Department of Genetics, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elmira Ebrahimi
- Group of Genetics, Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Shirkoohi
- Group of Genetics, Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Pang JMB, Gorringe KL, Fox SB. Ductal carcinoma in situ - update on risk assessment and management. Histopathology 2016; 68:96-109. [PMID: 26768032 DOI: 10.1111/his.12796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) accounts for ~20-25% of breast cancers. While DCIS is not life-threatening, it may progress to invasive carcinoma over time, and treatment intended to prevent invasive progression may itself cause significant morbidity. Accurate risk assessment is therefore necessary to avoid over- or undertreatment of an individual patient. In this review we will outline the evidence for current management of DCIS, discuss approaches to DCIS risk assessment and challenges facing identification of novel DCIS biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Min B Pang
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Kylie L Gorringe
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Stephen B Fox
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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16
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Baltaci E, Karaman E, Dalay N, Buyru N. Analysıs of gene copy number changes ın head and neck cancer. Clin Otolaryngol 2016; 43:1004-1009. [PMID: 27259694 DOI: 10.1111/coa.12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chromosomal alterations and copy number changes are frequent events in tumors, leading to amplification of focal regions containing several oncogenes. Gains and losses of several regions have been reported in head and neck cancer (HNC) but the copy number changes of the individual genes located in these regions have not been analyzed so far. In this study we aimed to analyze the copy number variations in patients with HNC. DESIGN Prospective study SETTING: University hospital PARTICIPANTS: 50 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck METHODS: Copy number changes and amplifications of 22 genes in tumors and matched tissue were analyzed by MLPA which allows simultaneous analysis of gene copy numbers in multiple genetic regions. RESULTS Amplifications were observed in 52% and losses were detected in 20% of the samples. Chromosome 8 was found to harbor the most frequent copy number alterations. The most frequently amplified genes were CCND1 and the MED1 genes followed by the MTDH and MYC genes on the long arm and ZNF703 on the short arm of chromosome 8. Amplification of the ZNF703, PRDM14 and MYC genes were highly correlated suggesting that the genes displaying high copy number changes on chromosome 8 collaborate during carcinogenesis. CONCLUSIONS The alterations found in our study supports the contribution of gene amplifications and indicate cooperation between certain oncogenes in the pathogenesis of HNSCC. Correlations between amplification of less familiar genes and known oncogenes warrant further investigation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Baltaci
- Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - E Karaman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - N Dalay
- Oncology Institute, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - N Buyru
- Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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17
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Lara-Padilla E, Miliar-Garcia A, Gomez-Lopez M, Romero-Morelos P, Bazan-Mendez C, Alfaro-Rodriguez A, Anaya-Ruiz M, Callender K, Carlos A, Bandala C. Neural Transdifferentiation: MAPTau Gene Expression in Breast Cancer Cells. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 17:1967-71. [PMID: 27221882 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2016.17.4.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In tumor cells, aberrant differentiation programs have been described. Several neuronal proteins have been found associated with morphological neuronal-glial changes in breast cancer (BCa). These neuronal proteins have been related to mechanisms that are involved in carcinogenesis; however, this regulation is not well understood. Microtubule-associated protein-tau (MAP-Tau) has been describing in BCa but not its variants. This finding could partly explain the neuronal-glial morphology of BCa cells. Our aim was to determine mRNA expression of MAP-tau variants 2, 4 and 6 in breast cancer cell lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cultured cell lines MCF-10A, MDA-MB-231, SKBR3 and T47D were observed under phase-contrast microscopy for neural morphology and analyzed for gene expression of MAP-Tau transcript variants 2, 4 and 6 by real-time PCR. RESULTS Regarding morphology like neural/glial cells, T47D line shown more cells with these features than MDA-MB-231 and SKBR. In another hand, we found much greater mRNA expression of MAP-Tau transcript variants 2, and to a lesser extent 4 and 6, in T47D cells than the other lines. In conclusion, regulation of MAP- Tau could bring about changes in cytoskeleton, cell morphology and motility; these findings cast further light on neuronal transdifferentiation in BCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lara-Padilla
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Oxidative Stress, Mexico City, Mexico, E-mail :
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18
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Chapa J, An G, Kulkarni SA. Examining the Relationship between Pre-Malignant Breast Lesions, Carcinogenesis and Tumor Evolution in the Mammary Epithelium Using an Agent-Based Model. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152298. [PMID: 27023391 PMCID: PMC4811527 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Breast cancer, the product of numerous rare mutational events that occur over an extended time period, presents numerous challenges to investigators interested in studying the transformation from normal breast epithelium to malignancy using traditional laboratory methods, particularly with respect to characterizing transitional and pre-malignant states. Dynamic computational modeling can provide insight into these pathophysiological dynamics, and as such we use a previously validated agent-based computational model of the mammary epithelium (the DEABM) to investigate the probabilistic mechanisms by which normal populations of ductal cells could transform into states replicating features of both pre-malignant breast lesions and a diverse set of breast cancer subtypes. METHODS The DEABM consists of simulated cellular populations governed by algorithms based on accepted and previously published cellular mechanisms. Cells respond to hormones, undergo mitosis, apoptosis and cellular differentiation. Heritable mutations to 12 genes prominently implicated in breast cancer are acquired via a probabilistic mechanism. 3000 simulations of the 40-year period of menstrual cycling were run in wild-type (WT) and BRCA1-mutated groups. Simulations were analyzed by development of hyperplastic states, incidence of malignancy, hormone receptor and HER-2 status, frequency of mutation to particular genes, and whether mutations were early events in carcinogenesis. RESULTS Cancer incidence in WT (2.6%) and BRCA1-mutated (45.9%) populations closely matched published epidemiologic rates. Hormone receptor expression profiles in both WT and BRCA groups also closely matched epidemiologic data. Hyperplastic populations carried more mutations than normal populations and mutations were similar to early mutations found in ER+ tumors (telomerase, E-cadherin, TGFB, RUNX3, p < .01). ER- tumors carried significantly more mutations and carried more early mutations in BRCA1, c-MYC and genes associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition. CONCLUSIONS The DEABM generates diverse tumors that express tumor markers consistent with epidemiologic data. The DEABM also generates non-invasive, hyperplastic populations, analogous to atypia or ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), via mutations to genes known to be present in hyperplastic lesions and as early mutations in breast cancers. The results demonstrate that agent-based models are well-suited to studying tumor evolution through stages of carcinogenesis and have the potential to be used to develop prevention and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquin Chapa
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, 924 East 57th Street #104, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, United States of America
| | - Gary An
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, United States of America
| | - Swati A. Kulkarni
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, 303 E Superior Street, Lurie, 4–105, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, United States of America
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19
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Pang JMB, Gorringe KL, Wong SQ, Dobrovic A, Campbell IG, Fox SB. Appraisal of the technologies and review of the genomic landscape of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. Breast Cancer Res 2015; 17:80. [PMID: 26078038 PMCID: PMC4469314 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0586-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ductal carcinoma in situ is a biologically diverse entity. Whereas some lesions are cured by local surgical excision, others recur as in situ disease or progress to invasive carcinoma with subsequent potential for metastatic spread. Reliable prognostic biomarkers are therefore desirable for appropriate clinical management but remain elusive. In common with invasive breast cancer, ductal carcinoma in situ exhibits many genomic changes, predominantly copy number alterations. Although studies have revealed the genomic heterogeneity within individual ductal carcinoma in situ lesions and the association of certain copy number alterations with nuclear grade, none of the genomic changes defined so far is consistently associated with invasive transformation or recurrence risk in pure ductal carcinoma in situ. This article will review the current landscape of genomic alterations in ductal carcinoma in situ and their potential as prognostic biomarkers together with the technologies used to define these.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Min B Pang
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia. .,Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Kylie L Gorringe
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia.
| | - Stephen Q Wong
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia. .,Translational Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia.
| | - Alexander Dobrovic
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Translational Genomics & Epigenomics Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia.
| | - Ian G Campbell
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia.
| | - Stephen B Fox
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia. .,Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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20
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Duru N, Gernapudi R, Eades G, Eckert R, Zhou Q. Epigenetic Regulation of miRNAs and Breast Cancer Stem Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 1:161-169. [PMID: 26052481 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-015-0022-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs have emerged as important targets of chemopreventive strategies in breast cancer. We have found that miRNAs are dysregulated at an early stage in breast cancer, in non-malignant Ductal Carcinoma In Situ. Many dietary chemoprevention agents can act by epigenetically activating miRNA-signaling pathways involved in tumor cell proliferation and invasive progression. In addition, many miRNAs activated via chemopreventive strategies target cancer stem cell signaling and prevent tumor progression or relapse. Specifically, we have found that miRNAs regulate DCIS stem cells, which may play important roles in breast cancer progression to invasive disease. We have shown that chemopreventive agents can directly inhibit DCIS stem cells and block tumor formation in vivo, via activation of tumor suppressor miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadire Duru
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Ramkishore Gernapudi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Gabriel Eades
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Richard Eckert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Qun Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
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21
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Madjd Z, Akbari ME, Zarnani AH, Khayamzadeh M, Kalantari E, Mojtabavi N. Expression of EMSY, a novel BRCA2-link protein, is associated with lymph node metastasis and increased tumor size in breast carcinomas. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:1783-9. [PMID: 24641409 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.4.1783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The EMSY gene encodes a BRCA2-binding partner protein that represses the DNA repair function of BRCA2 in non-hereditary breast cancer. Although amplification of EMSY gene has been proposed to have prognostic value in breast cancer, no data have been available concerning EMSY tissue expression patterns and its associations with clinicopathological features. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the current study, we examined the expression and localization pattern of EMSY protein by immunohistochemistry and assessed its prognostic value in a well-characterized series of 116 unselected breast carcinomas with a mean follow up of 47 months using tissue microarray technique. RESULTS Immunohistochemical expression of EMSY protein was detected in 76% of primary breast tumors, localized in nuclear (18%), cytoplasmic (35%) or both cytoplasmic and nuclear sites (23%). Univariate analysis revealed a significant positive association between EMSY expression and lymph node metastasis (p value=0.045) and larger tumor size (p value=0.027), as well as a non-significant relation with increased risk of recurrence (p value=0.088), whereas no association with patients' survival (log rank test, p value=0.482), tumor grade or type was observed. CONCLUSIONS Herein, we demonstrated for the first time the immunostaining pattern of EMSY protein in breast tumors. Our data imply that EMSY protein may have impact on clinicipathological parameters and could be considered as a potential target for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Madjd
- Oncopathology Research Center and Dep pathology, Faculty of medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran E-mail : ,
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22
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Sapino A, Maletta F, Verdun di Cantogno L, Macrì L, Botta C, Gugliotta P, Scalzo MS, Annaratone L, Balmativola D, Pietribiasi F, Bernardi P, Arisio R, Viberti L, Guzzetti S, Orlassino R, Ercolani C, Mottolese M, Viale G, Marchiò C. Gene status in HER2 equivocal breast carcinomas: impact of distinct recommendations and contribution of a polymerase chain reaction-based method. Oncologist 2014; 19:1118-26. [PMID: 25323485 PMCID: PMC4221371 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2014-0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The primary objectives of this study on carcinomas with equivocal HER2 expression were to assess the impact of distinct recommendations with regard to identifying patients eligible for anti-HER2 agents by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and to elucidate whether multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) may be of support in assessing HER2 gene status. METHODS A cohort of 957 immunohistochemistry-evaluated HER2-equivocal cases was analyzed by dual-color FISH. The results were assessed according to U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) guidelines and American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and College of American Pathologists (CAP) 2007 and 2013 guidelines for dual- and single-signal in situ hybridization (ISH) assays. A subgroup of 112 cases was subjected to MLPA. RESULTS HER2 amplification varied from 15% (ASCO/CAP 2007 HER2/CEP17 ratio) to 29.5% (FDA/EMA HER2 copy number). According to the ASCO/CAP 2013 interpretation of the dual-signal HER2 assay, ISH-positive carcinomas accounted for 19.7%. In contrast with the ASCO/CAP 2007 ratio, this approach labeled as positive all 32 cases (3.34%) with a HER2/CEP17 ratio <2 and an average HER2 copy number ≥6.0 signals per cell. In contrast, only one case showing a HER2 copy number <4 but a ratio ≥2 was diagnosed as positive. MLPA data correlated poorly with FISH results because of the presence of heterogeneous HER2 amplification in 33.9% of all amplified carcinomas; however, MLPA ruled out HER2 amplification in 75% of ISH-evaluated HER2-equivocal carcinomas. CONCLUSION The ASCO/CAP 2013 guidelines seem to improve the identification of HER2-positive carcinomas. Polymerase chain reaction-based methods such as MLPA can be of help, provided that heterogeneous amplification has been ruled out by ISH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sapino
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Pathology Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy; Pathology Division, Santa Croce Hospital, Moncalieri, Italy; Pathology Division, Azienda USL Valle d'Aosta, Aosta, Italy; Pathology Division, Valdese Hospital, Turin, Italy; Pathology Division, Martini Hospital, Turin, Italy; Pathology Division, ASL 9, Civile Hospital, Ivrea, Italy; Department of Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy; Division of Pathology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy; University of Milan School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Maletta
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Pathology Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy; Pathology Division, Santa Croce Hospital, Moncalieri, Italy; Pathology Division, Azienda USL Valle d'Aosta, Aosta, Italy; Pathology Division, Valdese Hospital, Turin, Italy; Pathology Division, Martini Hospital, Turin, Italy; Pathology Division, ASL 9, Civile Hospital, Ivrea, Italy; Department of Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy; Division of Pathology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy; University of Milan School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
| | - Ludovica Verdun di Cantogno
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Pathology Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy; Pathology Division, Santa Croce Hospital, Moncalieri, Italy; Pathology Division, Azienda USL Valle d'Aosta, Aosta, Italy; Pathology Division, Valdese Hospital, Turin, Italy; Pathology Division, Martini Hospital, Turin, Italy; Pathology Division, ASL 9, Civile Hospital, Ivrea, Italy; Department of Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy; Division of Pathology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy; University of Milan School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigia Macrì
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Pathology Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy; Pathology Division, Santa Croce Hospital, Moncalieri, Italy; Pathology Division, Azienda USL Valle d'Aosta, Aosta, Italy; Pathology Division, Valdese Hospital, Turin, Italy; Pathology Division, Martini Hospital, Turin, Italy; Pathology Division, ASL 9, Civile Hospital, Ivrea, Italy; Department of Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy; Division of Pathology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy; University of Milan School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Botta
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Pathology Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy; Pathology Division, Santa Croce Hospital, Moncalieri, Italy; Pathology Division, Azienda USL Valle d'Aosta, Aosta, Italy; Pathology Division, Valdese Hospital, Turin, Italy; Pathology Division, Martini Hospital, Turin, Italy; Pathology Division, ASL 9, Civile Hospital, Ivrea, Italy; Department of Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy; Division of Pathology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy; University of Milan School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Gugliotta
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Pathology Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy; Pathology Division, Santa Croce Hospital, Moncalieri, Italy; Pathology Division, Azienda USL Valle d'Aosta, Aosta, Italy; Pathology Division, Valdese Hospital, Turin, Italy; Pathology Division, Martini Hospital, Turin, Italy; Pathology Division, ASL 9, Civile Hospital, Ivrea, Italy; Department of Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy; Division of Pathology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy; University of Milan School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Stella Scalzo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Pathology Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy; Pathology Division, Santa Croce Hospital, Moncalieri, Italy; Pathology Division, Azienda USL Valle d'Aosta, Aosta, Italy; Pathology Division, Valdese Hospital, Turin, Italy; Pathology Division, Martini Hospital, Turin, Italy; Pathology Division, ASL 9, Civile Hospital, Ivrea, Italy; Department of Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy; Division of Pathology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy; University of Milan School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Annaratone
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Pathology Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy; Pathology Division, Santa Croce Hospital, Moncalieri, Italy; Pathology Division, Azienda USL Valle d'Aosta, Aosta, Italy; Pathology Division, Valdese Hospital, Turin, Italy; Pathology Division, Martini Hospital, Turin, Italy; Pathology Division, ASL 9, Civile Hospital, Ivrea, Italy; Department of Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy; Division of Pathology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy; University of Milan School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Balmativola
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Pathology Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy; Pathology Division, Santa Croce Hospital, Moncalieri, Italy; Pathology Division, Azienda USL Valle d'Aosta, Aosta, Italy; Pathology Division, Valdese Hospital, Turin, Italy; Pathology Division, Martini Hospital, Turin, Italy; Pathology Division, ASL 9, Civile Hospital, Ivrea, Italy; Department of Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy; Division of Pathology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy; University of Milan School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Pietribiasi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Pathology Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy; Pathology Division, Santa Croce Hospital, Moncalieri, Italy; Pathology Division, Azienda USL Valle d'Aosta, Aosta, Italy; Pathology Division, Valdese Hospital, Turin, Italy; Pathology Division, Martini Hospital, Turin, Italy; Pathology Division, ASL 9, Civile Hospital, Ivrea, Italy; Department of Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy; Division of Pathology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy; University of Milan School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Bernardi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Pathology Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy; Pathology Division, Santa Croce Hospital, Moncalieri, Italy; Pathology Division, Azienda USL Valle d'Aosta, Aosta, Italy; Pathology Division, Valdese Hospital, Turin, Italy; Pathology Division, Martini Hospital, Turin, Italy; Pathology Division, ASL 9, Civile Hospital, Ivrea, Italy; Department of Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy; Division of Pathology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy; University of Milan School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Arisio
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Pathology Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy; Pathology Division, Santa Croce Hospital, Moncalieri, Italy; Pathology Division, Azienda USL Valle d'Aosta, Aosta, Italy; Pathology Division, Valdese Hospital, Turin, Italy; Pathology Division, Martini Hospital, Turin, Italy; Pathology Division, ASL 9, Civile Hospital, Ivrea, Italy; Department of Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy; Division of Pathology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy; University of Milan School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Viberti
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Pathology Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy; Pathology Division, Santa Croce Hospital, Moncalieri, Italy; Pathology Division, Azienda USL Valle d'Aosta, Aosta, Italy; Pathology Division, Valdese Hospital, Turin, Italy; Pathology Division, Martini Hospital, Turin, Italy; Pathology Division, ASL 9, Civile Hospital, Ivrea, Italy; Department of Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy; Division of Pathology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy; University of Milan School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Guzzetti
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Pathology Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy; Pathology Division, Santa Croce Hospital, Moncalieri, Italy; Pathology Division, Azienda USL Valle d'Aosta, Aosta, Italy; Pathology Division, Valdese Hospital, Turin, Italy; Pathology Division, Martini Hospital, Turin, Italy; Pathology Division, ASL 9, Civile Hospital, Ivrea, Italy; Department of Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy; Division of Pathology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy; University of Milan School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
| | - Renzo Orlassino
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Pathology Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy; Pathology Division, Santa Croce Hospital, Moncalieri, Italy; Pathology Division, Azienda USL Valle d'Aosta, Aosta, Italy; Pathology Division, Valdese Hospital, Turin, Italy; Pathology Division, Martini Hospital, Turin, Italy; Pathology Division, ASL 9, Civile Hospital, Ivrea, Italy; Department of Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy; Division of Pathology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy; University of Milan School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristiana Ercolani
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Pathology Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy; Pathology Division, Santa Croce Hospital, Moncalieri, Italy; Pathology Division, Azienda USL Valle d'Aosta, Aosta, Italy; Pathology Division, Valdese Hospital, Turin, Italy; Pathology Division, Martini Hospital, Turin, Italy; Pathology Division, ASL 9, Civile Hospital, Ivrea, Italy; Department of Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy; Division of Pathology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy; University of Milan School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
| | - Marcella Mottolese
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Pathology Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy; Pathology Division, Santa Croce Hospital, Moncalieri, Italy; Pathology Division, Azienda USL Valle d'Aosta, Aosta, Italy; Pathology Division, Valdese Hospital, Turin, Italy; Pathology Division, Martini Hospital, Turin, Italy; Pathology Division, ASL 9, Civile Hospital, Ivrea, Italy; Department of Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy; Division of Pathology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy; University of Milan School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Viale
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Pathology Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy; Pathology Division, Santa Croce Hospital, Moncalieri, Italy; Pathology Division, Azienda USL Valle d'Aosta, Aosta, Italy; Pathology Division, Valdese Hospital, Turin, Italy; Pathology Division, Martini Hospital, Turin, Italy; Pathology Division, ASL 9, Civile Hospital, Ivrea, Italy; Department of Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy; Division of Pathology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy; University of Milan School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
| | - Caterina Marchiò
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Pathology Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy; Pathology Division, Santa Croce Hospital, Moncalieri, Italy; Pathology Division, Azienda USL Valle d'Aosta, Aosta, Italy; Pathology Division, Valdese Hospital, Turin, Italy; Pathology Division, Martini Hospital, Turin, Italy; Pathology Division, ASL 9, Civile Hospital, Ivrea, Italy; Department of Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy; Division of Pathology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy; University of Milan School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
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Narod SA, Rakovitch E. A comparison of the risks of in-breast recurrence after a diagnosis of dcis or early invasive breast cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:119-24. [PMID: 24940092 DOI: 10.3747/co.21.1892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is controversial whether ductal carcinoma in situ (dcis) is a preinvasive marker of breast cancer or if it is part of a spectrum of small cancers with malignant potential. Comparing clinical outcomes in women with invasive and noninvasive breast lesions might help to resolve the issue. METHODS From a database of 2641 patients with breast cancer, we selected women who had been treated with breast-conserving surgery for a cancer that was 2.0 cm or less in size, node-negative, and nonpalpable. No subject received chemotherapy. Cancers were categorized as noninvasive (stage 0, n = 172) or invasive (stage 1, n = 401) based on a review of the pathology records. We compared the actuarial risks of in-breast recurrence after invasive and noninvasive breast lesions before and after adjusting for tamoxifen and radiotherapy. RESULTS The 18-year cumulative risk of in-breast recurrence was 35.2% for patients with dcis and 12.8% for patients with small invasive cancers (hazard ratio: 2.4; 95% confidence interval: 1.5 to 3.8; p < 0.0003). After adjustment for radiotherapy and tamoxifen treatment, the difference was small and nonsignificant (hazard ratio: 1.4; 95% confidence interval: 0.9 to 2.4; p = 0.22). CONCLUSIONS For women with small, nonpalpable, node-negative breast cancers, the likelihood of experiencing an in-breast recurrence was associated with radiotherapy and with tamoxifen, but not with the presence of cancer cells invading beyond the basement membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Narod
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, and the Dalla Lana School of Public Health University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
| | - E Rakovitch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
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24
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Sakr RA, Weigelt B, Chandarlapaty S, Andrade VP, Guerini-Rocco E, Giri D, Ng CKY, Cowell CF, Rosen N, Reis-Filho JS, King TA. PI3K pathway activation in high-grade ductal carcinoma in situ--implications for progression to invasive breast carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:2326-37. [PMID: 24634376 PMCID: PMC4015460 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-2267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the prevalence of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway alterations in pure high-grade ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and DCIS associated with invasive breast cancer (IBC), and to determine whether DCIS and adjacent IBCs harbor distinct PI3K pathway aberrations. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Eighty-nine cases of pure high-grade DCIS and 119 cases of high-grade DCIS associated with IBC were characterized according to estrogen receptor (ER) and HER2 status, subjected to immunohistochemical analysis of PTEN, INPP4B, phosphorylated (p)AKT and pS6 expression, and to microdissection followed by Sequenom genotyping of PIK3CA and AKT1 hotspot mutations. RESULTS Alterations affecting the PI3K pathway were found in a subset of pure DCIS and DCIS adjacent to IBC. A subtype-matched comparison of pure DCIS and DCIS adjacent to IBC revealed that PIK3CA hotspot mutations and pAKT expression were significantly more prevalent in ER-positive/HER2-negative DCIS adjacent to IBC (P values, 0.005 and 0.043, respectively), and that in ER-negative/HER2-positive cases INPP4B loss of expression was more frequently observed in pure DCIS (a P value of 0.013). No differences in the parameters analyzed were observed in a pairwise comparison of the in situ and invasive components of cases of DCIS and adjacent IBC. Analysis of the PIK3CA-mutant allelic frequencies in DCIS and synchronous IBC revealed cases in which PIK3CA mutations were either restricted to the DCIS or to the invasive components. CONCLUSION Molecular aberrations affecting the PI3K pathway may play a role in the progression from high-grade DCIS to IBC in a subset of cases (e.g., a subgroup of ER-positive/HER2-negative lesions).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita A. Sakr
- Breast Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Britta Weigelt
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarat Chandarlapaty
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Victor P. Andrade
- Breast Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elena Guerini-Rocco
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dilip Giri
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charlotte K. Y. Ng
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Catherine F. Cowell
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Neal Rosen
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jorge S. Reis-Filho
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tari A. King
- Breast Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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25
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Moelans CB, van der Groep P, Hoefnagel LD, van de Vijver MJ, Wesseling P, Wesseling J, van der Wall E, van Diest PJ. Genomic evolution from primary breast carcinoma to distant metastasis: Few copy number changes of breast cancer related genes. Cancer Lett 2014; 344:138-146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Murria Estal R, Palanca Suela S, de Juan Jiménez I, Egoavil Rojas C, García-Casado Z, Juan Fita MJ, Sánchez Heras AB, Segura Huerta A, Chirivella González I, Sánchez-Izquierdo D, Llop García M, Barragán González E, Bolufer Gilabert P. MicroRNA signatures in hereditary breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2013; 142:19-30. [PMID: 24129975 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-013-2723-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to identify signatures of miR associated with hereditary, BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation positive breast cancer (BC), and non-hereditary BC, either sporadic (SBC) or non-informative (BRCAX). Moreover, we search for signatures associated with tumor stage, immunohistochemistry and tumor molecular profile. Twenty formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) BCs, BRCA1, BRCA2, BRCAX and SBC, five per group were studied. Affymetrix platform miRNA v.3.0 was used to perform miR expression analysis. ER, PR, HER2 and Ki67 protein expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. BRCA1, BRCA2 and RASSF1 methylation analysis, AURKA copy number variations, and BRCA1 and BRCA2 deletions, were studied by MLPA. We validated eight of the miR selected by the arrays in 77 BCs by qRT-PCR. The miR profiles associated with tumor features were studied applying the Sparse Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis. MiR discrimination capability to distinguish hereditary and non-hereditary BC was analyzed by the discriminant function. With 15 out of 1,733 hsa-miRs, it was possible to differentiate the four groups. BRCA1, BRCA2 and SBC were associated with clusters of hyper-expressed miRs, and BRCAX with hypo-expressed miRs. Hsa-miR-4417 and hsa-miR-423-3p expressions (included among the eight validated miRs) differentiated 70.1 % of hereditary and non-hereditary BCs. We found miR profiles associated with tumor features like node involvement, histological grade, ER, PR and HER2 expression. Regarding molecular parameters, we only found a weak association of miRs in BC harboring losses in AURKA. We conclude that array miR expression profiles can differentiate the four study groups using FFPE BC. However, miRs expression estimated by qRT-PCR differentiates only hereditary and non-inherited BCs. The miR expression array is a simple and rapid approach that could be useful to facilitate the identification of those SBC carrying genetic or epigenetic changes in BRCA genes responsible of BRCA-like phenotype. These patients could benefit from the treatment with PARP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Murria Estal
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Service of Clinical Analysis, University Hospital La Fe, Escuela de Enfermería 7ª planta. Avd. Campanar 21, 46009, Valencia, Spain
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Cowell CF, Weigelt B, Sakr RA, Ng CKY, Hicks J, King TA, Reis-Filho JS. Progression from ductal carcinoma in situ to invasive breast cancer: revisited. Mol Oncol 2013; 7:859-69. [PMID: 23890733 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is an intraductal neoplastic proliferation of epithelial cells that is separated from the breast stroma by an intact layer of basement membrane and myoepithelial cells. DCIS is a non-obligate precursor of invasive breast cancer, and up to 40% of these lesions progress to invasive disease if untreated. Currently, it is not possible to predict accurately which DCIS would be more likely to progress to invasive breast cancer as neither the significant drivers of the invasive transition have been identified, nor has the clinical utility of tests predicting the likelihood of progression been demonstrated. Although molecular studies have shown that qualitatively, synchronous DCIS and invasive breast cancers are remarkably similar, there is burgeoning evidence to demonstrate that intra-tumor genetic heterogeneity is observed in a subset of DCIS, and that the process of progression to invasive disease may constitute an 'evolutionary bottleneck', resulting in the selection of subsets of tumor cells with specific genetic and/or epigenetic aberrations. Here we review the clinical challenge posed by DCIS, the contribution of the microenvironment and genetic aberrations to the progression from in situ to invasive breast cancer, the emerging evidence of the impact of intra-tumor genetic heterogeneity on this process, and strategies to combat this heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine F Cowell
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Boyle DP, Mullan P, Salto-Tellez M. Molecular mapping the presence of druggable targets in preinvasive and precursor breast lesions: a comprehensive review of biomarkers related to therapeutic interventions. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2013; 1835:230-42. [PMID: 23403165 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of clinical breast samples using biomarkers is integral to current breast cancer management. Currently, a limited number of targeted therapies are standard of care in breast cancer treatment. However, these targeted therapies are only suitable for a subset of patients and resistance may occur. Strategies to prevent the occurrence of invasive lesions are required to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with the development of cancer. In theory, application of targeted therapies to pre-invasive lesions will prevent their progression to invasive lesions with full malignant potential. The diagnostic challenge for pathologists is to make interpretative decisions on early detected pre-invasive lesions. Overall, only a small proportion of these pre-invasive lesions will progress to invasive carcinoma and morphological assessment is an imprecise and subjective means to differentiate histologically identical lesions with varying malignant potential. Therefore differential biomarker analysis in pre-invasive lesions may prevent overtreatment with surgery and provide a predictive indicator of response to therapy. There follows a review of established and emerging potential druggable targets in pre-invasive lesions and correlation with lesion morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Boyle
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
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29
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Brunello E, Brunelli M, Bogina G, Caliò A, Manfrin E, Nottegar A, Vergine M, Molino A, Bria E, Massari F, Tortora G, Cingarlini S, Pedron S, Chilosi M, Zamboni G, Miller K, Martignoni G, Bonetti F. FGFR-1 amplification in metastatic lymph-nodal and haematogenous lobular breast carcinoma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2012; 31:103. [PMID: 23270564 PMCID: PMC3542523 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-31-103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lobular breast carcinoma usually shows poor responsiveness to chemotherapies and often lacks targeted therapies. Since FGFR1 expression has been shown to play pivotal roles in primary breast cancer tumorigenesis, we sought to analyze the status of FGFR1 gene in a metastatic setting of lobular breast carcinoma, since promising FGFR1 inhibitors has been recently developed. METHODS Fifteen tissue metastases from lobular breast carcinomas with matched primary infiltrative lobular breast carcinoma were recruited. Eleven cases showed loco-regional lymph-nodal and four haematogenous metastases.FGFR-1 gene (8p12) amplification was evaluated by chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) analysis. Her-2/neu and topoisomerase-IIα gene status was assessed. E-cadherin and Hercept Test were also performed. We distinguished amplification (>6 or cluster of signals) versus gains (3-6 signals) of the locus specific FGFR-1 gene. RESULTS Three (20%) primary lobular breast carcinomas showed >6 or cluster of FGFR1 signals (amplification), six cases (40%) had a mean of three (range 3-6) chromogenic signals (gains) whereas in 6 (40%) was not observed any abnormality. Three of 15 metastasis (20%) were amplified, 2/15 (13,4%) did not. The ten remaining cases (66,6%) showed three chromogenic signals.The three cases with FGFR-1 amplification matched with those primary breast carcinomas showing FGFR-1 amplification. The six cases showing FGFR-1 gains in the primary tumour again showed FGFR-1 gains in the metastases. Four cases showed gains of FGFR-1 gene signals in the metastases and not in the primary tumours. Her-2/neu gene amplification was not observed in all cases but one (6%) case. Topoisomerase-IIα was not amplified in all cases. CONCLUSIONS 1) a subset of metastatic lobular breast carcinoma harbors FGFR-1 gene amplification or gains of chromogenic signals; 2) a minor heterogeneity has been observed after matching primary and metastatic carcinomas; 3) in the era of tailored therapies, patients affected by the lobular subtype of breast carcinoma with FGFR1 amplification could be approached to the new target biological therapy such as emerging FGFR-1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Brunello
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostic, University of Verona, Verona, 37134, Italy
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Wiechec E, Overgaard J, Kjeldsen E, Hansen LL. Chromosome 1q25.3 copy number alterations in primary breast cancers detected by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification and allelic imbalance assays and its comparison with fluorescent in situ hybridization assays. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2012; 36:113-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s13402-012-0117-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Hernandez L, Wilkerson PM, Lambros MB, Campion-Flora A, Rodrigues DN, Gauthier A, Cabral C, Pawar V, Mackay A, A’Hern R, Marchiò C, Palacios J, Natrajan R, Weigelt B, Reis-Filho JS. Genomic and mutational profiling of ductal carcinomas in situ and matched adjacent invasive breast cancers reveals intra-tumour genetic heterogeneity and clonal selection. J Pathol 2012; 227:42-52. [PMID: 22252965 PMCID: PMC4975517 DOI: 10.1002/path.3990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the progression from ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) to invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) of the breast are yet to be fully elucidated. Several hypotheses have been put forward to explain the progression from DCIS to IDC, including the selection of a subpopulation of cancer cells with specific genetic aberrations, and the acquisition of new genetic aberrations or non-genetic mechanisms mediated by the tumour microenvironment. To determine whether synchronously diagnosed ipsilateral DCI and IDCs have modal populations with distinct repertoires of gene copy number aberrations and mutations in common oncogenes, matched frozen samples of DCIS and IDC were retrieved from 13 patients and subjected to microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) and Sequenom MassARRAY (Oncocarta v 1.0 panel). Fluorescence in situ hybridization and Sanger sequencing were employed to validate the aCGH and Sequenom findings, respectively. Although the genomic profiles of matched DCI and IDCs were similar, in three of 13 matched pairs amplification of distinct loci (ie 1q41, 2q24.2, 6q22.31, 7q11.21, 8q21.2 and 9p13.3) was either restricted to, or more prevalent in, the modal population of cancer cells of one of the components. Sequenom MassARRAY identified PIK3CA mutations restricted to the DCIS component in two cases, and in a third case the frequency of the PIK3CA mutant allele reduced from 49% in the DCIS to 25% in the IDC component. Despite the genomic similarities between synchronous DCIS and IDC, our data provide strong circumstantial evidence to suggest that in some cases the progression from DCIS to IDC is driven by the selection of non-modal clones that harbour a specific repertoire of genetic aberrations.
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MESH Headings
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/genetics
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/pathology
- Class I Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases
- Clonal Evolution
- Clone Cells
- Comparative Genomic Hybridization
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- DNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- Disease Progression
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Genetic Heterogeneity
- Genomics/methods
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Mutation
- Neoplasms, Multiple Primary
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Hernandez
- Molecular Pathology Team, The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paul M Wilkerson
- Molecular Pathology Team, The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Maryou B Lambros
- Molecular Pathology Team, The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Adriana Campion-Flora
- Molecular Pathology Team, The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Daniel Nava Rodrigues
- Molecular Pathology Team, The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Arnaud Gauthier
- Molecular Pathology Team, The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
- Department of Tumour Biology, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Cecilia Cabral
- Molecular Pathology Team, The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Vidya Pawar
- Molecular Pathology Team, The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Alan Mackay
- Molecular Pathology Team, The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Roger A’Hern
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Caterina Marchiò
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Jose Palacios
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Seville, Spain
| | - Rachael Natrajan
- Molecular Pathology Team, The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Britta Weigelt
- Molecular Pathology Team, The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Jorge S Reis-Filho
- Molecular Pathology Team, The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
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Rousseau A, Rio MC, Alpy F. TRAF4, at the Crossroad between Morphogenesis and Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:2734-49. [PMID: 24212830 PMCID: PMC3757440 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3022734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-Associated Factor 4 (TRAF4) is a gene whose expression is altered in cancers. It is overexpressed in a variety of carcinomas of different origins, often as a consequence of amplification. TRAF4 encodes an adaptor protein that belongs to the TRAF protein family. While most TRAF proteins influence immune and inflammation processes, TRAF4 is mainly involved in developmental and morphogenic processes. Interestingly, this protein has been shown to be linked to crucial cellular functions such as cell polarity and the regulation of reactive oxygen species production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Rousseau
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), UMR 7104 CNRS, U964 INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch, C.U. de Strasbourg, France.
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