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Quan S, Li N, Lian S, Wang Y, Liu Y, Liu J, Zhang Z, Gao D, Li Y. SLC4A4 as a novel biomarker involved in immune system response and lung adenocarcinoma progression. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 140:112756. [PMID: 39083932 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered expression and activity of solute carrier family 4 member 4 (SLC4A4) could affect the growth, survival and metastasis of tumor cells. Currently, the role of SLC4A4 in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) immunotherapy and prognosis was not entirely clear. METHODS We analyzed SLC4A4 expression in LUAD tissues and cell lines using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. The effects of SLC4A4 overexpression on angiogenesis, cell migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition were examined. Public databases helped construct a risk model evaluating SLC4A4's expression on LUAD prognosis and immunotherapy response. Additionally, a xenograft model, flow cytometry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay further explored SLC4A4's role in tumor immune microenvironment infiltration. RESULTS Upregulation of SLC4A4 promoted apoptosis in the LUAD cell line and significantly inhibited the migration and invasive ability of cancer cells (P<0.01). A total of 10 key genes (including SIGLEC6, RHOV, PIR, MOB3B, MIR3135B, LPAR6, KRT8, ITGA2, CPS1, and C6) were screened according to SLC4A4 expression, immune score and stromal score, and a prognostic model with good outcome was constructed (AUC values of which in the training cohort at 1,3, and 5 years reached 0.73, 0.73, and 0.72, respectively). Importantly, we demonstrated that high expression of SLC4A4 was able to increase the proliferation level and cytokine secretion of CD8+ T cells for the purpose of promoting the immune system response to LUAD. CONCLUSION Our study revealed that SLC4A4 can serve as a prognostic indicator for LUAD, providing new insights into the treatment and diagnosis of LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Quan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Na Li
- Nephrology Department, Jinan Zhangqiu District People's Hospital, Jinan 250200, China
| | - Shihai Lian
- Out-patient Department, Zaozhuang Municipal Hospital, Zaozhuang 277102, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- The Department of Hospital Infection, Jinan Fifth People's Hospital, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Thoracic Surgery, PLA 80th Group Army Hospital, Weifang 261011, China
| | - Jianbo Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Fourth People's Hospital of Heze, Heze 274100, China
| | - Zewei Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Gaoqing County People's Hospital, Gaoqing 256399, China
| | - Dejun Gao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second People's Hospital of Liaocheng, Liaocheng 252600, China
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, China.
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Kwantwi LB, Tandoh T. Focal adhesion kinase-mediated interaction between tumor and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment: implications for cancer-associated therapies and tumor progression. Clin Transl Oncol 2024:10.1007/s12094-024-03723-x. [PMID: 39269597 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-024-03723-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) expression has been linked to tumor growth, immunosuppression, metastasis, angiogenesis, and therapeutic resistance through kinase-dependent and kinase scaffolding functions in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Hence, targeting FAK alone or with other agents has gained attention as a potential therapeutic strategy. Moreover, mounting evidence shows that FAK activity can influence the tumor immune microenvironment crosstalk to support tumor progression. Recently, tumor immune microenvironment interaction orchestrators have shown to be promising therapeutic agents for cancer immunotherapies. Therefore, this review highlights how FAK regulates the tumor immune microenvironment interplay to promote tumor immune evasive mechanisms and their potential for combination therapies with standard cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Boafo Kwantwi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA.
| | - Theophilus Tandoh
- Judy and Bernard Briskin Center for Multiple Myeloma Research, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
- Department of Hematologic Malignancies Translational Science, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
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3
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Liu Y, Chen H, Chen T, Qiu G, Han Y. The emerging role of osteoclasts in the treatment of bone metastases: rationale and recent clinical evidence. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1445025. [PMID: 39148909 PMCID: PMC11324560 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1445025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of bone metastasis is a grave medical concern that substantially impacts the quality of life in patients with cancer. The precise mechanisms underlying bone metastasis remain unclear despite extensive research efforts, and efficacious therapeutic interventions are currently lacking. The ability of osteoclasts to degrade the bone matrix makes them a crucial factor in the development of bone metastasis. Osteoclasts are implicated in several aspects of bone metastasis, encompassing the formation of premetastatic microenvironment, suppression of the immune system, and reactivation of quiescent tumor cells. Contemporary clinical interventions targeting osteoclasts have proven effective in mitigating bone-related symptoms in patients with cancer. This review comprehensively analyzes the mechanistic involvement of osteoclasts in bone metastasis, delineates potential therapeutic targets associated with osteoclasts, and explores clinical evidence regarding interventions targeting osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjun Liu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Liuzhou Municipal Liutie Central Hospital, Liuzhou, China
| | - Huanshi Chen
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Liuzhou Municipal Liutie Central Hospital, Liuzhou, China
| | - Tong Chen
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Liuzhou Municipal Liutie Central Hospital, Liuzhou, China
| | - Guowen Qiu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Liuzhou Municipal Liutie Central Hospital, Liuzhou, China
| | - Yu Han
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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4
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Takkar S, Sharma G, Kaushal JB, Abdullah KM, Batra SK, Siddiqui JA. From orphan to oncogene: The role of GPR35 in cancer and immune modulation. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2024; 77:56-66. [PMID: 38514303 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are well-studied and the most traceable cell surface receptors for drug discovery. One of the intriguing members of this family is G protein-coupled receptors 35 (GPR35), which belongs to the class A rhodopsin-like family of GPCRs identified over two decades ago. GPR35 presents interesting features such as ubiquitous expression and distinct isoforms. Moreover, functional and genome-wide association studies on its widespread expression have linked GPR35 with pathophysiological disease progression. Various pieces of evidence have been accumulated regarding the independent or endogenous ligand-dependent role of GPR35 in cancer progression and metastasis. In the current scenario, the relationship of this versatile receptor and its putative endogenous ligands for the activation of oncogenic signal transduction pathways at the cellular level is an active area of research. These intriguing features offered by GPR35 make it an oncological target, justifying its uniqueness at the physiological and pathophysiological levels concerning other GPCRs. For pharmacologically targeting receptor-induced signaling, few potential competitive antagonists have been discovered that offer high selectivity at a human level. In addition to its fascinating features, targeting GPR35 at rodent and human orthologue levels is distinct, thus contributing to the sub-species selectivity. Strategies to modulate these issues will help us understand and truly target GPR35 at the therapeutic level. In this article, we have provided prospects on each topic mentioned above and suggestions to overcome the challenges. This review discusses the molecular mechanism and signal transduction pathways activated by endogenous ligands or spontaneous auto-activation of GPR35 that contributes towards disease progression. Furthermore, we have highlighted the GPR35 structure, ubiquitous expression, its role in immunomodulation, and at the pathophysiological level, especially in cancer, indicating its status as a versatile receptor. Subsequently, we discussed the various proposed ligands and their mechanism of interaction with GPR35. Additionally, we have summarized the GPR35 antagonist that provides insights into the opportunities for therapeutically targeting this receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simran Takkar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Gunjan Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Jyoti B Kaushal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - K M Abdullah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Jawed A Siddiqui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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5
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Koni E, Congur I, Tokcaer Keskin Z. Overexpression of CXCL17 increases migration and invasion of A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1306273. [PMID: 38384293 PMCID: PMC10879421 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1306273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed malignancies and is a widespread disease that affects millions of individuals globally. CXCL17 is a member of the CXC chemokine family that attracts myeloid cells and is associated with the mucosa. CXCL17 can both support and suppress tumor growth in certain types of cancer. A549 LUAD cells were transfected with N-Terminal p3XFLAG-CMV or N-Terminal p3XFLAG-CMV-CXCL17 to establish stably transfected CXCL17-overexpressing cells. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) were performed to verify the levels of CXCL17 mRNA and of CXCL17 protein concentration of stably transfected A549 cells respectively. Wound healing, CCK8, and matrigel invasion assays were performed to assess the effect of CXCL17 overexpression on migration, proliferation, and invasion of A549 cells. When compared to control groups, proliferative capacity of A549 cells were unaffected by CXCL17 overexpression; however, the wound area in the CXCL17 overexpression group had dramatically decreased after 48 h. Similarly, the number of invasion cells was significantly higher in the CXCL17-overexpressing group than in the control ones after 48 h. CXCL17 overexpression significantly increased the ability of A549 cells to migrate and invade, without affecting their proliferative abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekin Koni
- Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Irem Congur
- Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Zeynep Tokcaer Keskin
- Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Türkiye
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Zhang J, Li Y, Yang Y, Huang J, Sun Y, Zhang X, Kong X. A novel iTreg-related signature for prognostic prediction in lung adenocarcinoma. Cancer Sci 2024; 115:109-124. [PMID: 38015097 PMCID: PMC10823293 DOI: 10.1111/cas.16015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most common subtype of lung cancer. Most patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage, therefore it is crucial to identify novel prognostic biomarkers for LUAD. As important regulatory cells, inducible regulatory T cells (iTregs) play a vital role in immune suppression and are important for the maintenance of immune homeostasis. This study explored the prognostic value and therapeutic effects of iTreg-related genes in LUAD. Data for LUAD patients, including immune infiltration data, RNA sequencing data, and clinical features, were acquired from The Cancer Genome Atlas, Gene Expression Omnibus, and Tumor Immune Single-cell Hub 2 databases. Immune-related subgroups with different infiltration patterns and iTreg-related genes were identified through univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses and weighted correlation network analysis. Functional enrichment analyses were performed to explore the underlying mechanisms of iTreg-related genes. A prognostic risk signature was constructed using Cox regression analysis with the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator penalty. The ESTIMATE algorithm was applied to determine the immune status of LUAD patients. We applied the constructed signature to predict chemosensitivity and performed single-cell RNA sequencing analysis. The infiltration of iTregs was identified as an independent factor for predicting patient outcomes. We constructed a prognostic signature based on seven iTreg-related genes (GIMAP5, SLA, MS4A7, ZNF366, POU2AF1, MRPL12, and COL5A1), which was applied to subdivide patients into high- and low-risk subgroups. Our results revealed that patients in the iTreg-related low-risk subgroup had a better prognosis and possibly greater sensitivity to traditional chemotherapy. Our study provides a novel iTreg-related signature to elucidate the mechanisms underlying LUAD prognosis and promote individualized chemotherapy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryHarbin Medical University Cancer HospitalHarbinHeilongjiangChina
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinHeilongjiangChina
| | - Yue Yang
- Institute of Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinHeilongjiangChina
| | - Jian Huang
- The Fourth Department of Medical OncologyHarbin Medical University Cancer HospitalHarbinHeilongjiangChina
| | - Yue Sun
- The Academic Department of Science and TechnologyHarbin Medical University Cancer HospitalHarbinHeilongjiangChina
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of AnaesthesiologyHarbin Medical University Cancer HospitalHarbinHeilongjiangChina
| | - Xianglong Kong
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryHarbin Medical University Cancer HospitalHarbinHeilongjiangChina
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7
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Hashemi SF, Khorramdelazad H. The cryptic role of CXCL17/CXCR8 axis in the pathogenesis of cancers: a review of the latest evidence. J Cell Commun Signal 2023; 17:409-422. [PMID: 36352331 PMCID: PMC10409701 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-022-00699-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are immune system mediators that mediate various activities and play a role in the pathogenesis of several cancers. Among these chemokines, C-X-C motif chemokine 17 (CXCL-17) is a relatively novel molecule produced along the airway epithelium in physiological and pathological conditions, and evidence shows that it plays a homeostatic role in most cases. CXCL17 has a protective role in some cancers and a pathological role in others, such as liver and lung cancer. This chemokine, along with its possible receptor termed G protein-coupled receptor 35 (GPR35) or CXCR8, are involved in recruiting myeloid cells, regulating angiogenesis, defending against pathogenic microorganisms, and numerous other mechanisms. Considering the few studies that have been performed on the dual role of CXCL17 in human malignancies, this review has investigated the possible pro-tumor and anti-tumor roles of this chemokine, as well as future treatment options in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hossein Khorramdelazad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
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8
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Lu G, Ma X, Wang F, Chen D, Lin Y, Wang Y, Liu W, Li Y. Effect of CXCL17 on Subcutaneous Preadipocytes Proliferation in Goats. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1757. [PMID: 37889664 PMCID: PMC10252012 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence or absence of subcutaneous adipose accumulation will affect the energy storage, insulation resistance and metabolism of animals. Proliferation and differentiation of preadipocytes play a significant role in lipid deposition. The objective of this study was to clone the goat CXCL17 gene and investigate its potential functions on goat subcutaneous preadipocytes' proliferation by gaining or losing function in vitro. The goat CXCL17 gene was cloned by Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and bioinformatics analysis was performed. The expression of the CXCL17 gene in the different goat tissues and adipocytes at different differentiation stages was detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qPCR). The results showed that the cloned sequence of goat CXCL17 gene is 728 bp and the CDS region is 357 bp, encoding 118 amino acids. CXCL17 protein is located in nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria and extracellular matrix. Tissue-expression profiles revealed that CXCL17 expressed in all of the examined tissues. In visceral tissues, the highest expression level was found in lung (p < 0.01); in muscle tissues, the highest CXCL17 expression level was found in the longissimus dorsi (p < 0.01) and in adipose tissues, the highest expression level was found in subcutaneous adipose (p <0.01). Compared with those cells before differentiation, CXCL17 expression levels upregulated at 48 h (p < 0.01), 72 h (p < 0.01), 120 h (p < 0.01) and downregulated at 96 h (p < 0.01). Furthermore, the results of crystal violet staining and semi-quantitative assay showed that transfection with 1 μg CXCL17 expression plasmid reduced the cell numbers in vitro. Meanwhile, the expression of CCND1 was significantly decreased. A similar consequence happened after interfering with CXCL17 expression. However, plasmid transfected with 2 μg pEGFPN1-CXCL17 increased the number of cells in vitro. These results suggest that CXCL17 is involved in the proliferation of goat subcutaneous preadipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Lu
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaotong Ma
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Fei Wang
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Dingshuang Chen
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai—Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yaqiu Lin
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai—Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Youli Wang
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai—Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai—Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai—Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Wu G, Feng D, Zhang Z, Zhang G, Zhang W. Establishment of lung adenocarcinoma classification and risk model based on necroptosis-related genes. Front Genet 2022; 13:1037011. [PMID: 36452156 PMCID: PMC9702361 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1037011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most widely known histological subtype of lung cancer. Its classification is significant for the characteristic evaluation of patients. The aim of this research is to assess the categorization of LUAD and its risk model based on necroptosis and to investigate its potential regulatory mechanisms for diagnosing and treating LUAD. According to the expression profile data along with the clinical information related to LUAD from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), we constructed a consistency matrix through consistency clustering, and used the ConsensusClusterPlus as the measurement distance to cluster and subtype the samples, and performed gene set enrichment analysis and immune infiltration analysis. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Lasso) regression was utilized for obtaining prognostic significant necroptosis phenotype-related genes. Finally, we measured each patient's riskscore (RS) and build a risk model, and predicted the effect of immunotherapy for different groups of risk factors in the model. Three molecular subtypes of LUAD were obtained by cluster analysis of necroptosis-related genes in LUAD samples. Compared with C1, C3 had a better prognosis and higher immune cell infiltration. The prognosis of the C1 subtype was poor and had a high clinical grade. The proportion of Stage II, Stage III, and Stage IV was much more in comparison with that of the other two subtypes. TP53 gene had a high mutation frequency in the C1 subtype. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) indicated that the aberrant pathways in the C1 and C3 subtypes mainly included some cell cycle-related pathways. In addition, seven genes were identified as related genes of necroptosis phenotype affecting prognosis. High RS had a poor prognosis, while low RS had a good prognosis. The RS was verified to have a strong ability to predict survival. LUAD can be classified by the genes linked with cell necrosis and apoptosis. The difference among various types is helpful to deepen the understanding of LUAD. In addition, a risk model was constructed based. In conclusion, this study provides potential detection targets and treatment methods for LUAD from a new perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Wu
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Hospital of Fangshan District, Beijing, China
| | - Dingwei Feng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Yanhua Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyu Zhang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Hospital of Fangshan District, Beijing, China
| | - Gao Zhang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Hospital of Fangshan District, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Hospital of Fangshan District, Beijing, China
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A Novel Risk Score Model of Lactate Metabolism for Predicting over Survival and Immune Signature in Lung Adenocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153727. [PMID: 35954390 PMCID: PMC9367335 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Since the discovery of the WarBurg effect, the veil of the tumorigenic role of lactic acid has been gradually revealed. Recently, it was proposed that lactic acid that is produced by tumor cells was secreted into the extracellular space to create immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) in a variety of ways. However, the intersection genes and the association with immunotherapy are unclear. At present, we identified six lactate-metabolism-associated genes, which were thought to enable tumor progression, that were related to LUAD immunotherapy and we constructed an LAR-score risk model. Abstract Background: The role of lactate acid in tumor progression was well proved. Recently, it was found that lactate acid accumulation induced an immunosuppressive microenvironment. However, these results were based on a single gene and it was unclear that lactate acid genes were associated with immunotherapy and able to predict overall survival. Methods: Genes and survival data were acquired from TCGA, GEO and GENECARDS. PCA and TSNE were used to distinguish sample types according to lactate metabolism-associated gene expression. A Wilcox-test examined the expression differences between normal and tumor samples. The distribution in chromatin and mutant levels were displayed by Circo and MAfTools. The lactate metabolism-associated gene were divided into categories by consistent clustering and visualized by Cytoscape. Immune cell infiltration was evaluated by CIBERSORT and LM22 matrix. Enrichment analysis was performed by GSVA. We used the ConsensusClusterPlus package for consistent cluster analysis. A prognostic model was constructed by Univariate Cox regression and Lasso regression analysis. Clinical specimens were detected their expression of genes in model by IHC. Results: Most lactate metabolism-associated gene were significantly differently expressed between normal and tumor samples. There was a strong correlation between the expression of lactate metabolism-associated gene and the abundance of immune cells. We divided them into two clusters (lactate.cluster A,B) with significantly different survival. The two clusters showed a difference in signal, immune cells, immune signatures, chemokines, and clinical features. We identified 162 differential genes from the two clusters, by which the samples were divided into three categories (gene.cluster A,B,C). They also showed a difference in OS and immune infiltration. Finally, a risk score model that was composed of six genes was constructed. There was significant difference in the survival between the high and low risk groups. ROC curves of 1, 3, 5, and 10 years verified the model had good predictive efficiency. Gene expression were correlated with ORR and PFS in patients who received anti-PD-1/L1. Conclusion: The lactate metabolism-associated genes in LUAD were significantly associated with OS and immune signatures. The risk scoring model that was constructed by us was able to well identify and predict OS and were related with anti-PD-1/L1 therapy outcome.
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Gowhari Shabgah A, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Ebrahimzadeh F, Mohammadi H, Askari E, Pahlavani N, Malekahmadi M, Ebrahimi Nik M, Gholizadeh Navashenaq J. A comprehensive review of chemokine CXC17 (VCC1) in cancer, infection, and inflammation. Cell Biol Int 2022; 46:1557-1570. [PMID: 35811438 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A crucial component of the immune system are chemokiness. Chemokine's dysregulation has been linked to a number of pathological diseases. Recently, CXCL17, a chemokine belonging to the CXC subfamily, was identified. With regard to a number of physiological conditions and disorders, CXCL17 either has homeostatic or pathogenic effects. Some research suggests that CXCL17 is an orphan ligand, despite the fact that G protein-coupled receptor (GPR) 35 has been suggested as a possible receptor for CXCL17. Since CXCL17 is primarily secreted by mucosal epithelia, such as those in the digestive and respiratory tracts, under physiological circumstances, this chemokine is referred to as a mucosal chemokine. Macrophages and monocytes are the cells that express GPR35 and hence react to CXCL17. In homeostatic conditions, this chemokine has anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and chemotactic properties. CXCL17 promotes angiogenesis, metastasis, and cell proliferation in pathologic circumstances like malignancies. However, other studies suggest that CXCL17 may have anti-tumor properties. Additionally, studies have shown that CXCL17 may have a role in conditions such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, multiple sclerosis, asthma, and systemic sclerosis. Additionally, deregulation of CXCL17 in some diseases may serve as a biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis. Clarifying the underlying mechanism of CXCL17's activity in homeostatic and pathological situations may thus increase our understanding of its role and hold promise for the development of novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farnoosh Ebrahimzadeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.,Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Elham Askari
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naseh Pahlavani
- Health Sciences Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Mahsa Malekahmadi
- Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Ebrahimi Nik
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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12
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Ma Y, Zhang H. Genomics and Prognosis Analysis of N 6-Methyladenosine Regulators in Lung Adenocarcinoma. Front Genet 2021; 12:746666. [PMID: 34956315 PMCID: PMC8697852 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.746666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification is involved in modulating various biological processes in human cancers. But the implication of m6A modification in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is still unclear. Hence, this study conducted a comprehensive analysis of the expression and clinical implication of m6A regulators in LUAD. Methods: Consensus clustering analysis of 502 LUAD samples in the TCGA dataset was presented based on the expression profiles of 20 m6A regulators using ConsensusClusterPlus package. Overall survival (OS), activation of signaling pathways and tumor immunity (immune/stromal score, tumor purity, expression of HLA and immune checkpoints, and immune cell infiltration) were compared between m6A modification patterns. The m6A-related genes between patterns were identified and prognostic m6A-related genes were imported into LASSO-cox regression analysis. The m6A risk score was developed and its prognostic implication was evaluated and externally verified in the GSE30219 and GSE72094 dataset. Furthermore, a nomogram that contained independent prognostic indicators was established, followed by external verification. Results: Two m6A modification patterns were clustered across LUAD based on the expression similarity of the m6A regulators via consensus clustering analysis, with distinct OS, activation of signaling pathways and tumor immunity. Totally, 213 m6A-related genes that were identified by comparing two patterns were significantly related to LUAD prognosis. By LASSO method, we constructed the m6A risk score that was a reliable and independent prognostic factor for LUAD. Patients with low m6A risk score displayed a prominent survival advantage. After incorporating independent clinical features, we developed the prognostic nomogram that exhibited high predictive accuracy and the best clinical net benefit for OS. Conclusion: Collectively, our study may provide a clinically useful tool for precise prognostic management and optimization of immunotherapeutic strategies for LUAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanpin Ma
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Huping Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
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13
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Exosomal DLX6-AS1 from hepatocellular carcinoma cells induces M2 macrophage polarization to promote migration and invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma through microRNA-15a-5p/CXCL17 axis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:177. [PMID: 34039401 PMCID: PMC8152341 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-01973-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells-secreted exosomes (exo) could stimulate M2 macrophage polarization and promote HCC progression, but the related mechanism of long non-coding RNA distal-less homeobox 6 antisense 1 (DLX6-AS1) with HCC-exo-mediated M2 macrophage polarization is largely ambiguous. Thereafter, this research was started to unearth the role of DLX6-AS1 in HCC-exo in HCC through M2 macrophage polarization and microRNA (miR)-15a-5p/C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 17 (CXCL17) axis. Methods DLX6-AS1, miR-15a-5p and CXCL17 expression in HCC tissues and cells were tested. Exosomes were isolated from HCC cells with overexpressed DLX6-AS1 and co-cultured with M2 macrophages. MiR-15a-5p/CXCL17 down-regulation assays were performed in macrophages. The treated M2 macrophages were co-cultured with HCC cells, after which cell migration, invasion and epithelial mesenchymal transition were examined. The targeting relationships between DLX6-AS1 and miR-15a-5p, and between miR-15a-5p and CXCL17 were explored. In vivo experiment was conducted to detect the effect of exosomal DLX6-AS1-induced M2 macrophage polarization on HCC metastasis. Results Promoted DLX6-AS1 and CXCL17 and reduced miR-15a-5p exhibited in HCC. HCC-exo induced M2 macrophage polarization to accelerate migration, invasion and epithelial mesenchymal transition in HCC, which was further enhanced by up-regulated DLX6-AS1 but impaired by silenced DLX6-AS1. Inhibition of miR-15a-5p promoted M2 macrophage polarization to stimulate the invasion and metastasis of HCC while that of CXCL17 had the opposite effects. DLX6-AS1 mediated miR-15a-5p to target CXCL17. DLX6-AS1 from HCC-exo promoted metastasis in the lung by inducing M2 macrophage polarization in vivo. Conclusion DLX6-AS1 from HCC-exo regulates CXCL17 by competitively binding to miR-15a-5p to induce M2 macrophage polarization, thus promoting HCC migration, invasion and EMT. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-021-01973-z.
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14
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Jelgersma C, Vajkoczy P. How to Target Spinal Metastasis in Experimental Research: An Overview of Currently Used Experimental Mouse Models and Future Prospects. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115420. [PMID: 34063821 PMCID: PMC8196562 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The spine is one of the organs that is most affected by metastasis in cancer patients. Since the control of primary tumor is continuously improving, treatment of metastases is becoming one of the major challenges to prevent cancer-related death. Due to the anatomical proximity to the spinal cord, local spread of metastasis can directly cause neurological deficits, severely limiting the patient’s quality of life. To investigate the underlying mechanisms and to develop new therapies, preclinical models are required which represent the complexity of the multistep cascade of metastasis. Current research of metastasis focuses on the formation of the premetastatic niche, tumor cell dormancy and the influence and regulating function of the immune system. To unveil whether these influence the organotropism to the spine, spinal models are irreplaceable. Mouse models are one of the most suitable models in oncologic research. Therefore, this review provides an overview of currently used mouse models of spinal metastasis. Furthermore, it discusses technical aspects clarifying to what extend these models can picture key steps of the metastatic process. Finally, it addresses proposals to develop better mouse models in the future and could serve as both basis and stimulus for researchers and clinicians working in this field.
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15
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Li Y, Wu T, Gong S, Zhou H, Yu L, Liang M, Shi R, Wu Z, Zhang J, Li S. Analysis of the Prognosis and Therapeutic Value of the CXC Chemokine Family in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 10:570736. [PMID: 33489879 PMCID: PMC7820708 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.570736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The CXC chemokines belong to a family which includes 17 different CXC members. Accumulating evidence suggests that CXC chemokines regulate tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis in various types of cancers by influencing the tumor microenvironment. The different expression profiles and specific function of each CXC chemokine in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are not yet clarified. In our work, we analyzed the altered expression, interaction network, and clinical data of CXC chemokines in patients with HNSCC by using the following: the Oncomine dataset, cBioPortal, Metascape, String analysis, GEPIA, and the Kaplan–Meier plotter. The transcriptional level analysis suggested that the mRNA levels of CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3, CXCL5, CXCL6, CXCL8, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, and CXCL13 increased in HNSCC tissue samples when compared to the control tissue samples. The expression levels of CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, CXCL12, and CXCL14 were associated with various tumor stages in HNSCC. Clinical data analysis showed that high transcription levels of CXCL2, CXCL3, and CXCL12, were linked with low relapse-free survival (RFS) in HNSCC patients. On the other hand, high CXCL14 levels predicted high RFS outcomes in HNSCC patients. Meanwhile, increased gene transcription levels of CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL13, CXCL14, and CXCL17 were associated with a higher overall survival (OS) advantage in HNSCC patients, while high levels of CXCL1, and CXCL8 were associated with poor OS in all HNSCC patients. This study implied that CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3, CXCL8, and CXCL12 could be used as prognosis markers to identify low survival rate subgroups of patients with HNSCC as well as be potential suitable therapeutic targets for HNSCC patients. Additionally, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL13, CXCL14, and CXCL17 could be used as functional prognosis biomarkers to identify better survival rate subgroups of patients with HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchao Li
- Key Laboratory of Protection & Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, College of Life Sciences, Tarim University, Alar, China
| | - Tinghui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Protection & Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, College of Life Sciences, Tarim University, Alar, China
| | - Shujuan Gong
- Key Laboratory of Protection & Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, College of Life Sciences, Tarim University, Alar, China
| | - Hangzheng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Protection & Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, College of Life Sciences, Tarim University, Alar, China
| | - Lufei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Protection & Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, College of Life Sciences, Tarim University, Alar, China
| | - Meiyan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Protection & Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, College of Life Sciences, Tarim University, Alar, China
| | - Ruijun Shi
- Key Laboratory of Protection & Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, College of Life Sciences, Tarim University, Alar, China
| | - Zhenhui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Protection & Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, College of Life Sciences, Tarim University, Alar, China
| | - Jinpei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Protection & Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, College of Life Sciences, Tarim University, Alar, China
| | - Shuwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Protection & Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, College of Life Sciences, Tarim University, Alar, China
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16
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Xu Q, Xu Z. miR-196b-5p Promotes Proliferation, Migration and Invasion of Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells via Targeting RSPO2. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 12:13393-13402. [PMID: 33402849 PMCID: PMC7778444 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s274171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore the biological role of miR-196b-5p/RSPO2 in the occurrence and development of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and to provide a basis for finding new therapeutic targets for LUAD. Methods Differentially expressed genes were analyzed based on LUAD microarray, and the target gene of the target miRNA was predicted. qRT-PCR was used to detect the expression levels of miR-196b-5p and RSPO2 mRNA in normal human bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS-2B and LUAD cell lines A549, NCI-H1792 and NCI-H226. Western blot was used to evaluate protein expression. Cell proliferative, migratory and invasive abilities were detected by CCK-8 and transwell assays. Dual-luciferase assay was conducted to verify the targeting relationship between miR-196b-5p and RSPO2. Results The results of qRT-PCR showed that miR-196b-5p was significantly highly expressed in LUAD cells, and the expression level of its downstream target gene RSPO2 was significantly decreased. The results of CCK-8 and transwell assays exhibited that miR-196b-5p promoted proliferation, migration and invasion of LUAD cells, while RSPO2 inhibited the malignant progression of LUAD cells. Dual-luciferase assay confirmed the targeted binding relationship between miR-196b-5p and RSPO2. Overexpression of RSPO2 partially reversed the promotion of miR-196b-5p on proliferation, migration and invasion of LUAD cells. Conclusion miR-196b-5p promoted proliferation, migration and invasion of LUAD cells by targeting and down-regulating RSPO2, which provided ideas for searching new targets for the diagnosis and treatment of LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xu
- Department of Oncology Medicine, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenwu Xu
- Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350014, People's Republic of China
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17
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Iurca I, Tirpe A, Zimta AA, Moldovan C, Gulei D, Slabý O, Condorelli G, Berindan-Neagoe I. Macrophages Interaction and MicroRNA Interplay in the Modulation of Cancer Development and Metastasis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:870. [PMID: 32477352 PMCID: PMC7235377 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Advancement in cancer research has shown that the tumor microenvironment plays a crucial role in the installation, progression, and dissemination of cancer cells. Among the heterogeneous panel of cells within the malignant microenvironment are tumor-associated macrophages that are sustaining the malignant cells through strict feedback mechanisms and spatial distribution. Considering that the presence of metastasis is one of the main feature associated with decreased survival rates among patients, in the present article we briefly present the involvement of tumor-associated macrophages in the hallmarks of metastasis and their microRNA-related regulation with a focus on lung cancer in order to coordinate the vast information under one pathology. As shown, these cells have emerged as coordinators of immunosuppression, angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, vessel intravasation and extravasation of cancer cells, and premetastatic niche formation, transforming the macrophages in potential therapeutic targets and also prognostic markers according to their density within the tumor and polarization phenotype. An indirect therapeutic approach on tumor-associated macrophages can be also represented by regulation of microRNAs involved in their polarization and implicit oncogenic features. Examples of these microRNAs consist in the highly studied miR-21 and miR-155, but also other microRNA with less feedback in the literature: miR-1207-5p, miR-193b, miR-320a, and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Iurca
- Tumor Biology Department, The Oncology Institute "Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta", Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandru Tirpe
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alina-Andreea Zimta
- Research Center for Advanced Medicine-Medfuture, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristian Moldovan
- Research Center for Advanced Medicine-Medfuture, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Diana Gulei
- Research Center for Advanced Medicine-Medfuture, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ondřej Slabý
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Gerolama Condorelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Research Center for Advanced Medicine-Medfuture, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Functional Genomics and Experimental Pathology, The Oncology Institute "Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta," Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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