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Ge F, Cao X, Jiang Y. A-to-I RNA editing shows dramatic up-regulation in osteosarcoma and broadly regulates tumor-related genes by altering microRNA target regions. J Appl Genet 2023; 64:493-505. [PMID: 37542613 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-023-00777-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
A-to-I RNA editing is a prevalent type of RNA modification in animals. The dysregulation of RNA editing has led to multiple human cancers. However, the role of RNA editing has never been studied in osteosarcoma, a complex bone cancer with unknown molecular basis. We retrieved the RNA-sequencing data from 24 primary osteosarcoma patients and 3 healthy controls. We systematically profiled the RNA editomes in these samples and quantitatively identified reliable differential editing sites (DES) between osteosarcoma and normal samples. RNA editing efficiency is dramatically increased in osteosarcoma, presumably due to the significant up-regulation of editing enzymes ADAR1 and ADAR2. Up-regulated DES in osteosarcoma are enriched in 3'UTRs. Strikingly, such 3'UTR sites are further enriched in microRNA binding regions of gene EMP2 and other oncogenes, abolishing the microRNA suppression on target genes. Accordingly, the expression of these tumor-promoting genes is elevated in osteosarcoma. There might be an RNA editing-dependent pathway leading to osteosarcoma. We expanded our knowledge on the potential roles of RNA editing in oncogenesis. Based on these molecular features, our work is valuable for future prognosis and diagnosis of osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuqun Ge
- Department of Joint Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, Shandong, China
| | - Xinyue Cao
- School of Clinical Medicine, Qilu Medical University, Zibo, 255300, Shandong, China
| | - Yankai Jiang
- Department of Joint Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, Shandong, China.
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Sluyter R, Adriouch S, Fuller SJ, Nicke A, Sophocleous RA, Watson D. Animal Models for the Investigation of P2X7 Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098225. [PMID: 37175933 PMCID: PMC10179175 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor is a trimeric ligand-gated cation channel activated by extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate. The study of animals has greatly advanced the investigation of P2X7 and helped to establish the numerous physiological and pathophysiological roles of this receptor in human health and disease. Following a short overview of the P2X7 distribution, roles and functional properties, this article discusses how animal models have contributed to the generation of P2X7-specific antibodies and nanobodies (including biologics), recombinant receptors and radioligands to study P2X7 as well as to the pharmacokinetic testing of P2X7 antagonists. This article then outlines how mouse and rat models have been used to study P2X7. These sections include discussions on preclinical disease models, polymorphic P2X7 variants, P2X7 knockout mice (including bone marrow chimeras and conditional knockouts), P2X7 reporter mice, humanized P2X7 mice and P2X7 knockout rats. Finally, this article reviews the limited number of studies involving guinea pigs, rabbits, monkeys (rhesus macaques), dogs, cats, zebrafish, and other fish species (seabream, ayu sweetfish, rainbow trout and Japanese flounder) to study P2X7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Sluyter
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Sahil Adriouch
- UniRouen, INSERM, U1234, Pathophysiology, Autoimmunity, and Immunotherapy, (PANTHER), Univ Rouen Normandie, University of Rouen, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Stephen J Fuller
- Sydney Medical School Nepean, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Nepean Hospital, Kingswood, NSW 2750, Australia
| | - Annette Nicke
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Reece A Sophocleous
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Debbie Watson
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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Enkhtaivan E, Kim HJ, Kim B, Byun HJ, Yu L, Nguyen TM, Nguyen TH, Do PA, Kim EJ, Kim KS, Huy HP, Rahman M, Jang JY, Rho SB, Lee H, Kang GJ, Park MK, Kim NH, Choi CI, Lee K, Han HK, Cho J, Lee AY, Lee CH. Loss of EMP2 Inhibits Melanogenesis of MNT1 Melanoma Cells via Regulation of TRP-2. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2022; 30:203-211. [PMID: 35221300 PMCID: PMC8902453 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2022.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanogenesis is the production of melanin from tyrosine by a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, in which tyrosinase and DOPA oxidase play key roles. The melanin content in the skin determines skin pigmentation. Abnormalities in skin pigmentation lead to various skin pigmentation disorders. Recent research has shown that the expression of EMP2 is much lower in melanoma than in normal melanocytes, but its role in melanogenesis has not yet been elucidated. Therefore, we investigated the role of EMP2 in the melanogenesis of MNT1 human melanoma cells. We examined TRP-1, TRP-2, and TYR expression levels during melanogenesis in MNT1 melanoma cells by gene silencing of EMP2. Western blot and RT-PCR results confirmed that the expression levels of TYR and TRP-2 were decreased when EMP2 expression was knocked down by EMP2 siRNA in MNT1 cells, and these changes were reversed when EMP2 was overexpressed. We verified the EMP2 gene was knocked out of the cell line (EMP2 CRISPR/Cas9) by using a CRISPR/Cas9 system and found that the expression levels of TRP-2 and TYR were significantly lower in the EMP2 CRISPR/Cas9 cell lines. Loss of EMP2 also reduced migration and invasion of MNT1 melanoma cells. In addition, the melanosome transfer from the melanocytes to keratinocytes in the EMP2 KO cells cocultured with keratinocytes was reduced compared to the cells in the control coculture group. In conclusion, these results suggest that EMP2 is involved in melanogenesis via the regulation of TRP-2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enkhmend Enkhtaivan
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ji Kim
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Boram Kim
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Jung Byun
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Lu Yu
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Tuan Minh Nguyen
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Thi Ha Nguyen
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Phuong Anh Do
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ji Kim
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Kyung Sung Kim
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Hiệu Phùng Huy
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Mostafizur Rahman
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yun Jang
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea.,National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Bae Rho
- National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Lee
- National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeoung Jin Kang
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Mi Kyung Park
- National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Nan-Hyung Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Ick Choi
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Lee
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Kyung Han
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungsook Cho
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Ai Young Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hoon Lee
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
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