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Wang W, Albadari N, Du Y, Fowler JF, Sang HT, Xian W, McKeon F, Li W, Zhou J, Zhang R. MDM2 Inhibitors for Cancer Therapy: The Past, Present, and Future. Pharmacol Rev 2024; 76:414-453. [PMID: 38697854 PMCID: PMC11068841 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.123.001026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery over 35 years ago, MDM2 has emerged as an attractive target for the development of cancer therapy. MDM2's activities extend from carcinogenesis to immunity to the response to various cancer therapies. Since the report of the first MDM2 inhibitor more than 30 years ago, various approaches to inhibit MDM2 have been attempted, with hundreds of small-molecule inhibitors evaluated in preclinical studies and numerous molecules tested in clinical trials. Although many MDM2 inhibitors and degraders have been evaluated in clinical trials, there is currently no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved MDM2 inhibitor on the market. Nevertheless, there are several current clinical trials of promising agents that may overcome the past failures, including agents granted FDA orphan drug or fast-track status. We herein summarize the research efforts to discover and develop MDM2 inhibitors, focusing on those that induce MDM2 degradation and exert anticancer activity, regardless of the p53 status of the cancer. We also describe how preclinical and clinical investigations have moved toward combining MDM2 inhibitors with other agents, including immune checkpoint inhibitors. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and future directions to accelerate the clinical application of MDM2 inhibitors. In conclusion, targeting MDM2 remains a promising treatment approach, and targeting MDM2 for protein degradation represents a novel strategy to downregulate MDM2 without the side effects of the existing agents blocking p53-MDM2 binding. Additional preclinical and clinical investigations are needed to finally realize the full potential of MDM2 inhibition in treating cancer and other chronic diseases where MDM2 has been implicated. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Overexpression/amplification of the MDM2 oncogene has been detected in various human cancers and is associated with disease progression, treatment resistance, and poor patient outcomes. This article reviews the previous, current, and emerging MDM2-targeted therapies and summarizes the preclinical and clinical studies combining MDM2 inhibitors with chemotherapy and immunotherapy regimens. The findings of these contemporary studies may lead to safer and more effective treatments for patients with cancers overexpressing MDM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Najah Albadari
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Yi Du
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Josef F Fowler
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Hannah T Sang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Wa Xian
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Frank McKeon
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Jia Zhou
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Ruiwen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
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Karbanová J, Deniz IA, Wilsch-Bräuninger M, de Sousa Couto RA, Fargeas CA, Santos MF, Lorico A, Corbeil D. Extracellular lipidosomes containing lipid droplets and mitochondria are released during melanoma cell division. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:57. [PMID: 38243233 PMCID: PMC10799373 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01471-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of melanoma is increasing worldwide. Since metastatic melanoma is highly aggressive, it is important to decipher all the biological aspects of melanoma cells. In this context, we have previously shown that metastatic FEMX-I melanoma cells release small (< 150 nm) extracellular vesicles (EVs) known as exosomes and ectosomes containing the stem (and cancer stem) cell antigenic marker CD133. EVs play an important role in intercellular communication, which could have a micro-environmental impact on surrounding tissues. RESULTS We report here a new type of large CD133+ EVs released by FEMX-I cells. Their sizes range from 2 to 6 µm and they contain lipid droplets and mitochondria. Real-time video microscopy revealed that these EVs originate from the lipid droplet-enriched cell extremities that did not completely retract during the cell division process. Once released, they can be taken up by other cells. Silencing CD133 significantly affected the cellular distribution of lipid droplets, with a re-localization around the nuclear compartment. As a result, the formation of large EVs containing lipid droplets was severely compromised. CONCLUSION Given the biochemical effect of lipid droplets and mitochondria and/or their complexes on cell metabolism, the release and uptake of these new large CD133+ EVs from dividing aggressive melanoma cells can influence both donor and recipient cells, and therefore impact melanoma growth and dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Karbanová
- Biotechnology Center (BIOTEC) and Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47-49, Dresden, 01307, Germany
- Tissue Engineering Laboratories, Medizinische Fakultät der Technischen Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Ilker A Deniz
- Biotechnology Center (BIOTEC) and Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47-49, Dresden, 01307, Germany
- Tissue Engineering Laboratories, Medizinische Fakultät der Technischen Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Michaela Wilsch-Bräuninger
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Rita Alexandra de Sousa Couto
- Biotechnology Center (BIOTEC) and Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47-49, Dresden, 01307, Germany
- Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua de Diogo Botelho 1327, Porto, 4169-005, Portugal
| | - Christine A Fargeas
- Biotechnology Center (BIOTEC) and Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47-49, Dresden, 01307, Germany
- Tissue Engineering Laboratories, Medizinische Fakultät der Technischen Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Mark F Santos
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Touro University Nevada, 874 American Pacific Drive, Henderson, NV, 89014, USA
| | - Aurelio Lorico
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Touro University Nevada, 874 American Pacific Drive, Henderson, NV, 89014, USA.
| | - Denis Corbeil
- Biotechnology Center (BIOTEC) and Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47-49, Dresden, 01307, Germany.
- Tissue Engineering Laboratories, Medizinische Fakultät der Technischen Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, Dresden, 01307, Germany.
- Tissue Engineering Laboratories, Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47-49, Dresden, 01307, Germany.
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Litak J, Grochowski C, Litak J, Osuchowska I, Gosik K, Radzikowska E, Kamieniak P, Rolinski J. TLR-4 Signaling vs. Immune Checkpoints, miRNAs Molecules, Cancer Stem Cells, and Wingless-Signaling Interplay in Glioblastoma Multiforme-Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093114. [PMID: 32354122 PMCID: PMC7247696 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like-receptor (TLR) family members were detected in the central nervous system (CNS). TLR occurrence was noticed and widely described in glioblastomamultiforme (GBM) cells. After ligand attachment, TLR-4 reorients domains and dimerizes, activates an intracellular cascade, and promotes further cytoplasmatic signaling. There is evidence pointing at a strong relation between TLR-4 signaling and micro ribonucleic acid (miRNA) expression. The TLR-4/miRNA interplay changes typical signaling and encourages them to be a target for modern immunotherapy. TLR-4 agonists initiate signaling and promote programmed death ligand-1 (PD-1L) expression. Most of those molecules are intensively expressed in the GBM microenvironment, resulting in the autocrine induction of regional immunosuppression. Another potential target for immunotreatment is connected with limited TLR-4 signaling that promotes Wnt/DKK-3/claudine-5 signaling, resulting in a limitation of GBM invasiveness. Interestingly, TLR-4 expression results in bordering proliferative trends in cancer stem cells (CSC) and GBM. All of these potential targets could bring new hope for patients suffering from this incurable disease. Clinical trials concerning TLR-4 signaling inhibition/promotion in many cancers are recruiting patients. There is still a lot to do in the field of GBM immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Litak
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Cezary Grochowski
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
- Laboratory of Virtual Man, Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Joanna Litak
- St. John‘s Cancer Center in Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ida Osuchowska
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Gosik
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Kamieniak
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jacek Rolinski
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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Decaussin-Petrucci M, Deladoëy J, Hafdi-Nejjari Z, Sassolas G, Borson-Chazot F, Abu-Khudir R, Fusco A, Descotes F, Cournoyer S, Sartelet H. Expression of CD133 in differentiated thyroid cancer of young patients. J Clin Pathol 2015; 68:434-40. [PMID: 25770162 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2014-202625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
AIMS CD133 expression in cancer is frequently associated with poor outcome. Thyroid carcinomas are rare in childhood and adolescence and are associated with a higher risk of recurrence and more metastases than the adult tumours. The aim of the study was to assess whether the expression of CD133 in thyroid carcinomas of children, adolescents and young adults was correlated with clinical prognostic factors. METHODS Tissue microarrays were constructed with 235 tumours coming from 208 young adults with a median age of 28 years and 27 children with a median age of 13 years. An immunohistochemical study was performed with anti-CD133 antibody. CD133 expression was evaluated, using a semiquantitative score based on the percentage of positive cells. The mutation status of tumours was evaluated by reverse transcriptase PCR. Three cell lines were used to confirm CD133 expression by western blot. RESULTS CD133 expression was found in 43% of adult and 37% of child tumours and was confirmed by western blot in cell lines. In young adults, the expression of CD133 was significantly more frequent in patients with tumours >3 cm (p=0.04) and in patients with lymph node metastases (p=0.02). The expression of CD133 was more frequent in patients in whom the tumour presented a BRAF mutation (p=0.03). CONCLUSIONS CD133 expression is correlated with tumour size, lymph nodes metastases and BRAF mutations in young adults. The presence of these cancer stem cells could offer new therapeutic alternatives for aggressive thyroid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Decaussin-Petrucci
- Department of Pathology, Lyon Sud Hospital Centre, Pierre Bénite, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University Lyon I, Lyon, France
| | - Johnny Deladoëy
- Department of Endocrinology, CHU Sainte Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Zakia Hafdi-Nejjari
- Registre Rhône Alpin des cancers thyroïdiens, Centre de Médecine Nucléaire, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Geneviève Sassolas
- Registre Rhône Alpin des cancers thyroïdiens, Centre de Médecine Nucléaire, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Françoise Borson-Chazot
- Registre Rhône Alpin des cancers thyroïdiens, Centre de Médecine Nucléaire, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France Department of Endocrinology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, Université Lyon I, Lyon, France
| | - Rasha Abu-Khudir
- Department of Endocrinology, CHU Sainte Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada Registre Rhône Alpin des cancers thyroïdiens, Centre de Médecine Nucléaire, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France Department of Endocrinology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, Université Lyon I, Lyon, France Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department (Biochemistry Branch), Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Alfredo Fusco
- Department of Biology and Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology of CNR, Universita degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francoise Descotes
- Department of Biochemistry, Lyon Sud Hospital Centre, Pierre Bénite, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sonia Cournoyer
- Department of Pathology, CHU Sainte Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hervé Sartelet
- Department of Pathology, CHU Sainte Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Robert Debre, Université Paris 7, Paris, France
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