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Promoter Hypomethylation Is Responsible for Upregulated Expression of HAI-1 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. DISEASE MARKERS 2019; 2019:9175215. [PMID: 31558918 PMCID: PMC6735181 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9175215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
An upregulated expression of hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type 1 (HAI-1) in hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) associates with poor prognosis, but the underlying mechanism for expression regulation has not been elucidated. HAI-1 was expressed in HCC cell line Hep3B cells at a high level but absent or has a low level in other HCC cell lines HepG2 and SMMC7721 and immortal normal liver cell line L02 at transcriptional and translational levels, respectively. A dual-luciferase reporter assay showed that transcriptional activity of HAI-1 in the promoter region (-452 bp to -280 bp from the mRNA start site) was strongly enhanced in Hep3B and SMMC7721. Bisulfite genomic sequencing results of the HAI-1 promoter region showed an inverse correlation between levels of promoter methylation and expression in HCC cells. The expression level of HAI-1 in SMMC7721, HepG2, and L02 cells was elevated after 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine treatment. Hypomethylation of the HAI-1 promoter region contributed to the elevated HAI-1 expression in HCC tissues. In addition, the hypomethylation of the HAI-1 promoter region correlated with poor differentiation status of HCC tissues. Our findings indicate that promoter hypomethylation is an important mechanism for aberrant HAI-1 expression regulation in HCC.
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Damalanka VC, Han Z, Karmakar P, O’Donoghue AJ, La Greca F, Kim T, Pant SM, Helander J, Klefström J, Craik CS, Janetka JW. Discovery of Selective Matriptase and Hepsin Serine Protease Inhibitors: Useful Chemical Tools for Cancer Cell Biology. J Med Chem 2018; 62:480-490. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu C. Damalanka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States
| | - Zhenfu Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States
| | - Partha Karmakar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States
| | - Anthony J. O’Donoghue
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, California, 92093, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94158, United States
| | - Florencia La Greca
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94158, United States
| | - Tommy Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States
| | - Shishir M. Pant
- Cancer Cell Circuitry Laboratory, Research Programs Unit/Translational Cancer Biology & Medicum, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jonathan Helander
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States
| | - Juha Klefström
- Cancer Cell Circuitry Laboratory, Research Programs Unit/Translational Cancer Biology & Medicum, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Charles S. Craik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94158, United States
| | - James W. Janetka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States
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Franco FM, Jones DE, Harris PK, Han Z, Wildman SA, Jarvis CM, Janetka JW. Structure-based discovery of small molecule hepsin and HGFA protease inhibitors: Evaluation of potency and selectivity derived from distinct binding pockets. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:2328-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mechanisms of hepatocyte growth factor activation in cancer tissues. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:1890-904. [PMID: 25268161 PMCID: PMC4276949 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6041890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) plays critical roles in cancer progression through its specific receptor, MET. HGF/SF is usually synthesized and secreted as an inactive proform (pro-HGF/SF) by stromal cells, such as fibroblasts. Several serine proteases are reported to convert pro-HGF/SF to mature HGF/SF and among these, HGF activator (HGFA) and matriptase are the most potent activators. Increased activities of both proteases have been observed in various cancers. HGFA is synthesized mainly by the liver and secreted as an inactive pro-form. In cancer tissues, pro-HGFA is likely activated by thrombin and/or human kallikrein 1-related peptidase (KLK)-4 and KLK-5. Matriptase is a type II transmembrane serine protease that is expressed by most epithelial cells and is also synthesized as an inactive zymogen. Matriptase activation is likely to be mediated by autoactivation or by other trypsin-like proteases. Recent studies revealed that matriptase autoactivation is promoted by an acidic environment. Given the mildly acidic extracellular environment of solid tumors, matriptase activation may, thus, be accelerated in the tumor microenvironment. HGFA and matriptase activities are regulated by HGFA inhibitor (HAI)-1 (HAI-1) and/or HAI-2 in the pericellular microenvironment. HAIs may have an important role in cancer cell biology by regulating HGF/SF-activating proteases.
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