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Azmi MB, Khan F, Asif U, Khurshid B, Wadood A, Qureshi SA, Ahmed SDH, Mudassir HA, Sheikh SI, Feroz N. In Silico Characterization of Withania coagulans Bioactive Compounds as Potential Inhibitors of Hydroxymethylglutaryl (HMG-CoA) Reductase of Mus musculus. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:5057-5071. [PMID: 36777558 PMCID: PMC9909811 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is a mediator for the etiology of cardiovascular diseases, which are characterized as the global leading cause of mortality. We aimed to investigate the inhibitory activity of Withania coagulans compounds against 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (Hmgcr) of Mus musculus using an extensive in silico approach. The 3D structure of the Hmgcr protein is not yet known, so we performed the homology modeling using MODELLER and SWISS-MODEL tools, followed with structural validation and assessment. The PROCHECK web server showed that the top-ranked homology model from SWISS-MODEL has 93.4% of residues in the most-favorable region, the quality factor was 98%, and the Verify3D score was 91.43%, compared to the other generated models. The druggable protein-binding cavities in a 3D model of Hmgcr were investigated with the aid of commonly prescribed statin compounds using the CB-dock approach. We compiled a 3D compound library of W. coagulans, followed by drug-likeness evaluation, and found 20 eligible compounds. The pattern of consensus residues obtained from the CB-dock procedure was then used for grid-box docking of W. coagulans compounds and statin drugs using AutoDock 4.2, respectively. The results showed that withanolide R (-10.77 kcal/mol), withanolide Q (-10.56 kcal/mol), withanolide J (-10.52 kcal/mol), atorvastatin (-8.99 kcal/mol), simvastatin (-8.66 kcal/mol), and rosuvastatin (-8.58 kcal/mol) were promising candidates that bind Hmgcr protein. The key residues involved in protein-ligand (withanolide R) interactions were Y516, C526, V529, I530, M533, I535, and V537, and the formation of a H-bond was at C526, M533, and I535 residues. M533 was the consensus residue having a tendency to form a H-bond with withanolide Q, too. Molecular dynamics simulations were used to validate the top-ranked docked complexes for the stability of the modeled protein. We also predicted the pharmacokinetic properties of binding affinity-based top-ranked compounds and concluded that they could be used as potential inhibitors of Hmgcr. However, further in vitro and in vivo studies are essential to completing the drug development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal Azmi
- Department
of Biochemistry, Dow Medical College, Dow
University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
| | - Fearoz Khan
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
- Rahman
Medical College, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
| | - Uzma Asif
- Department
of Biochemistry, Medicine Program, Batterjee
Medical College, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Beenish Khurshid
- Department
of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University
Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Wadood
- Department
of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University
Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | | | - Syed Danish Haseen Ahmed
- Department
of Biochemistry, Dow Medical College, Dow
University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
| | - Hina Akram Mudassir
- Department
of Biochemistry, Federal Urdu University
of Arts, Science and Technology, Karachi 75300, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Ikhlaque Sheikh
- Department
of Biochemistry, Dow Medical College, Dow
University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
| | - Nazia Feroz
- Department
of Biochemistry, Dow Medical College, Dow
University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
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Hasan M, Zafar A, Imran M, Iqbal KJ, Tariq T, Iqbal J, Shaheen A, Hussain R, Anjum SI, Shu X. Crest to Trough Cellular Drifting of Green-Synthesized Zinc Oxide and Silver Nanoparticles. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:34770-34778. [PMID: 36211074 PMCID: PMC9535654 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Green nanotechnology facilitates the blooming of zinc oxide (ZnO) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) with distinct flowerlike and spherical morphologies, respectively. The well-characterized NPs with an average size of 35 nm (ZnO) and 25 nm (Ag) were functionalized on the cresty plates for antibacterial inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with the flowerlike ZnONPs exhibiting 90.9% inhibition and AgNPs exhibiting 100% inhibition. Further, the in vivo underwater troughs for hematological, immunological, and serological analysis in Labeo rohita exhibited 102 > 575 > 104 and 206 > 109 > 81% at concentrations of 1, 2, and 3 mg/L with 4-day and 15-day treatment, respectively, over ZnONPs. However, AgNPs exhibited 257 > 408 > 124 and 86 > 202 > 43% with 4-day and 15-day treatment, respectively, at the same concentrations. The classical ZnNPs and AgNPs exhibited excellent inhibition potential and significant transfiguration of hematological, enzymological, and protein parameters as safe nanomedicine, but ZnONPs were found to be 58, 69, 29 and 34, 51, 70% more active than AgNPs with 4-day and 15-day treatment, respectively. Therefore, the onset of ROX and antioxidant arena favors beneficial cellular drifting of NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murtaza Hasan
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai
University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510225, P. R. China
- Department
of Biotechnology, The Islamia University
of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Zafar
- Department
of Biotechnology, The Islamia University
of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
- School
of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Future Technology, Peking University 10081 Beijing, China
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department
of Biotechnology, The Islamia University
of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Javed Iqbal
- Department
of Zoology, The Islamia University Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Tuba Tariq
- Department
of Biotechnology, The Islamia University
of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Javed Iqbal
- Department
of Agriculture Engineering, Khawaja Fareed
University of Engineering and Information Technology (KFUEIT), Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Pakistan
| | - Aqeela Shaheen
- Department
of Chemistry, Govt, Sadiq College Women
University, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Riaz Hussain
- Department
of Zoology, Kohat University of Science
and Technology, Kohat 26000, Pakistan
| | - Syed Ishtiaq Anjum
- Department
of Zoology, Kohat University of Science
and Technology, Kohat 26000, Pakistan
| | - Xugang Shu
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai
University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510225, P. R. China
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