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Sridharan B, Lee MJ. Ketogenic diet: A promising neuroprotective composition for managing Alzheimer's diseases and its pathological mechanisms. Curr Mol Med 2021; 22:640-656. [PMID: 34607541 DOI: 10.2174/1566524021666211004104703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ketogenic diet and ketone bodies gained significant attention in recent years due to their ability to influence the specific energy metabolism and restoration of mitochondrial homeostasis that can help in hindering the progression of many metabolic diseases including diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases. Ketogenic diet consists of high fat and low carbohydrate contents which makes the body glucose deprived and rely on alternative sources (ketone bodies) for energy. It has been initially designed and supplemented for the treatment of epilepsy and later its influence on many energy-deriving biochemical pathways made it a highly sorted food supplement for many metabolic diseases and even by healthy individuals for body building and calorie restriction. Among the reported therapeutic action over a range of diseases, neurodegenerative disorders especially Alzheimer's disease gained the attention of many researchers and clinicians because of its potency and its easier supplementation as a food additive. Complex pathology and multiple influencing factors of Alzheimer's disease make exploration of its therapeutic strategies a demanding task. It was a common phenomenon that energy deprivation in neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease, to progress rapidly. The ability of ketone bodies to stabilize the mitochondrial energy metabolism makes it a suitable intervening agent. In this review, we will discuss various research progress made with regards to ketone bodies/ketogenic diet for management of Alzheimer's disease and elaborate in detail about the mechanisms that are influenced during their therapeutic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badrinathan Sridharan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, 168 Jifeng East Road, Taichung. Taiwan
| | - Meng-Jen Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, 168 Jifeng East Road, Taichung. Taiwan
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Cao J, Lei S, Wang X, Cheng S. The Effect of a Ketogenic Low-Carbohydrate, High-Fat Diet on Aerobic Capacity and Exercise Performance in Endurance Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2021; 13:2896. [PMID: 34445057 PMCID: PMC8400555 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A low-carbohydrate, high-fat (LCHF) diet has been proposed to enhance the fat utilization of muscle and the aerobic capacity of endurance athletes, thereby improving their exercise performance. However, it remains uncertain how the macronutrient intake shift from carbohydrate to fat affects endurance exercise training and performance. This study performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to explore the effects of a ketogenic low-carbohydrate, high-fat (K-LCHF) diet on aerobic capacity and exercise performance among endurance athletes. Searches were carried out in five electronic databases, and we followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The search included studies using an LCHF diet as an intervention protocol and compared data on factors such as maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) from the graded exercise test. In this case, 10 studies met the criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. We did not find a significant effect of K-LCHF diet interventions on VO2max, time to exhaustion, HRmax or RPE. However, a significant overall effect in the substrate oxidation response to respiratory exchange rate was observed. The meta-analysis showed that K-LCHF diets did not affect aerobic capacity and exercise performance. Therefore, high-quality interventions of a K-LCHF diet are needed to illustrate its effect on various endurance training programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingguo Cao
- Exercise, Health and Technology Centre, Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (J.C.); (S.L.); (S.C.)
| | - Siman Lei
- Exercise, Health and Technology Centre, Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (J.C.); (S.L.); (S.C.)
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Xiuqiang Wang
- Exercise, Health and Technology Centre, Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (J.C.); (S.L.); (S.C.)
- Exercise Translational Medicine Centre, Shanghai Centre for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Sulin Cheng
- Exercise, Health and Technology Centre, Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (J.C.); (S.L.); (S.C.)
- Exercise Translational Medicine Centre, Shanghai Centre for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
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Ketogenic Diet, Physical Activity, and Hypertension-A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082567. [PMID: 34444726 PMCID: PMC8398985 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies link cardiovascular diseases (CVD) with unhealthy lifestyles (unhealthy dietary habits, alcohol consumption, smoking, and low levels of physical activity). Therefore, the strong need for CVD prevention may be pursued through an improved control of CVD risk factors (impaired lipid and glycemic profiles, high blood pressure, and obesity), which is achievable through an overall intervention aimed to favor a healthy lifestyle. Focusing on diet, different recommendations emphasize the need to increase or avoid consumption of entire classes of food, with only partly known and only partly foreseeable consequences on the overall level of health. In recent years, the ketogenic diet (KD) has been proposed to be an effective lifestyle intervention for metabolic syndrome, and although the beneficial effects on weight loss and glucose metabolism seems to be well established, the effects of a prolonged KD on the ability to perform different types of exercise and the influence of KD on blood pressure (BP) levels, both in normotensives and in hypertensives, are not so well understood. The objective of this review is to analyze, on the basis of current evidence, the relationship between KD, regular physical activity, and BP.
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Ratia N, Pietiläinen KH, Auranen M, Saksa L, Luukkonen R, Suomalainen A, Piirilä P. Modified Atkins diet modifies cardiopulmonary exercise characteristics and promotes hyperventilation in healthy subjects. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Low Carb and Ketogenic Diets Increase Quality of Life, Physical Performance, Body Composition, and Metabolic Health of Women with Breast Cancer. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13031029. [PMID: 33806775 PMCID: PMC8004887 DOI: 10.3390/nu13031029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) patients often ask for a healthy diet. Here, we investigated a healthy standard diet (SD), a low carb diet (LCD), and a ketogenic diet (KD) for BC patients during the rehabilitation phase. KOLIBRI was an open-label non-randomized one-site nutritional intervention trial, combining inpatient and outpatient phases for 20 weeks. Female BC patients (n = 152; mean age 51.7 years) could select their diet. Data collected were: Quality of life (QoL), spiroergometry, body composition, and blood parameters. In total 30, 92, and 30 patients started the KD, LCD, and SD, respectively. Of those, 20, 76, and 25 completed the final examination. Patients rated all diets as feasible in daily life. All groups enhanced QoL, body composition, and physical performance. LCD participants showed the most impressive improvement in QoL aspects. KD participants finished with a very good physical performance and muscle/fat ratio. Despite increased cholesterol levels, KD patients had the best triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR). Most metabolic parameters significantly improved in the LCD group. SD participants ended with remarkably low cholesterol levels but did not improve triglyceride/HDL or HOMA-IR. In conclusion, both well-defined KDs and LCDs are safe and beneficial for BC patients and can be recommended during the rehabilitation phase.
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Durkalec-Michalski K, Nowaczyk PM, Główka N, Ziobrowska A, Podgórski T. Is a Four-Week Ketogenic Diet an Effective Nutritional Strategy in CrossFit-Trained Female and Male Athletes? Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030864. [PMID: 33800770 PMCID: PMC8001376 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This single-arm interventional study examined the effect of a 4-week ketogenic diet (KD) on aerobic capacity and discipline-specific performance in female (n = 11) and male (n = 11) CrossFit-trained athletes. The participants performed incremental cycling (ICT) and Fight Gone Bad (FGB) tests after consuming a customary diet and a KD. Pre- and post-ICT exercise blood samples were also analysed. Consuming a KD had a slight impact on aerobic capacity and no relevant effect on CrossFit-specific performance. In females, consuming a KD led to an 10.4% decrease in peak oxygen uptake during the ICT (p = 0.027) and resulted in certain alterations in haematological parameters (haemoglobin (HGB), mean corpuscular HGB, and mean corpuscular HGB concentration). Furthermore, in males, alanine aminotransferase activity increased with a simultaneous improvement in the post-ICT blood acid–base balance after consuming a KD. The pre-exercise bilirubin concentration was also elevated in the entire group after consuming a KD. In conclusion, female CrossFit-trained athletes seem to be prone to aerobic performance decrements and increased risk of developing haematological disturbances when consuming a KD. In males who consumed a KD, there was an undesirable alanine aminotransferase elevation and a small tendency towards improved acid–base status. Moreover, consuming a KD had no effect on discipline-specific performance in CrossFit-trained athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Durkalec-Michalski
- Department of Sports Dietetics, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-624 Poznań, Poland; (P.M.N.); (N.G.); (A.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Paulina M. Nowaczyk
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-624 Poznań, Poland; (P.M.N.); (N.G.); (A.Z.)
| | - Natalia Główka
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-624 Poznań, Poland; (P.M.N.); (N.G.); (A.Z.)
| | - Anna Ziobrowska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-624 Poznań, Poland; (P.M.N.); (N.G.); (A.Z.)
| | - Tomasz Podgórski
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland;
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Xing Y, Liu S, Lin Q. Effects of ketogenic diet on children with refractory epilepsy, electroencephalogram and neurobehavioral development. Minerva Med 2020; 113:741-742. [PMID: 33337122 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4806.20.07106-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Xing
- Department of Medical Insurance, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Shulan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Qiling Lin
- Department of Cosmetology, Yantai Hospital of traditional Chinese Medicine, Yantai, China -
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Kysel P, Haluzíková D, Doležalová RP, Laňková I, Lacinová Z, Kasperová BJ, Trnovská J, Hrádková V, Mráz M, Vilikus Z, Haluzík M. The Influence of Cyclical Ketogenic Reduction Diet vs. Nutritionally Balanced Reduction Diet on Body Composition, Strength, and Endurance Performance in Healthy Young Males: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092832. [PMID: 32947920 PMCID: PMC7551961 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The influence of ketogenic diet on physical fitness remains controversial. We performed a randomized controlled trial to compare the effect of cyclical ketogenic reduction diet (CKD) vs. nutritionally balanced reduction diet (RD) on body composition, muscle strength, and endurance performance. (2) Methods: 25 healthy young males undergoing regular resistance training combined with aerobic training were randomized to CKD (n = 13) or RD (n = 12). Body composition, muscle strength and spiroergometric parameters were measured at baseline and after eight weeks of intervention. (3) Results: Both CKD and RD decreased body weight, body fat, and BMI. Lean body mass and body water decreased in CKD and did not significantly change in RD group. Muscle strength parameters were not affected in CKD while in RD group lat pull-down and leg press values increased. Similarly, endurance performance was not changed in CKD group while in RD group peak workload and peak oxygen uptake increased. (4) Conclusions: Our data show that in healthy young males undergoing resistance and aerobic training comparable weight reduction were achieved by CKD and RD. In RD group; improved muscle strength and endurance performance was noted relative to neutral effect of CKD that also slightly reduced lean body mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Kysel
- Department of Sports Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, 12000 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.K.); (D.H.); (R.P.D.)
| | - Denisa Haluzíková
- Department of Sports Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, 12000 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.K.); (D.H.); (R.P.D.)
| | - Radka Petráková Doležalová
- Department of Sports Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, 12000 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.K.); (D.H.); (R.P.D.)
| | - Ivana Laňková
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 12000 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.L.); (Z.L.); (J.T.)
- Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 12000 Prague, Czech Republic; (B.J.K.); (V.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Zdeňka Lacinová
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 12000 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.L.); (Z.L.); (J.T.)
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, 12000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Judita Kasperová
- Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 12000 Prague, Czech Republic; (B.J.K.); (V.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Jaroslava Trnovská
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 12000 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.L.); (Z.L.); (J.T.)
| | - Viktorie Hrádková
- Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 12000 Prague, Czech Republic; (B.J.K.); (V.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Miloš Mráz
- Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 12000 Prague, Czech Republic; (B.J.K.); (V.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Zdeněk Vilikus
- Department of Sports Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, 12000 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.K.); (D.H.); (R.P.D.)
- Correspondence: (Z.V.); (M.H.)
| | - Martin Haluzík
- Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 12000 Prague, Czech Republic; (B.J.K.); (V.H.); (M.M.)
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, 12000 Prague, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (Z.V.); (M.H.)
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