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Guglielmi V, Dalle Grave R, Leonetti F, Solini A. Female obesity: clinical and psychological assessment toward the best treatment. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1349794. [PMID: 38765954 PMCID: PMC11099266 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1349794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a heterogeneous condition which results from complex interactions among sex/gender, sociocultural, environmental, and biological factors. Obesity is more prevalent in women in most developed countries, and several clinical and psychological obesity complications show sex-specific patterns. Females differ regarding fat distribution, with males tending to store more visceral fat, which is highly correlated to increased cardiovascular risk. Although women are more likely to be diagnosed with obesity and appear more motivated to lose weight, as confirmed by their greater representation in clinical trials, males show better outcomes in terms of body weight and intra-abdominal fat loss and improvements in the metabolic risk profile. However, only a few relatively recent studies have investigated gender differences in obesity, and sex/gender is rarely considered in the assessment and management of the disease. This review summarizes the evidence of gender differences in obesity prevalence, contributing factors, clinical complications, and psychological challenges. In addition, we explored gender differences in response to obesity treatments in the specific context of new anti-obesity drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Guglielmi
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Obesity Center, Department of Systems Medicine, Policlinico Tor Vergata, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Dalle Grave
- Department of Eating and Weight Disorders, Villa Garda Hospital, Garda, VR, Italy
| | - Frida Leonetti
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Solini
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Yu S, Lee HM, Lee J, Hwang JT, Choi HK, Lee YG. Pennogenin 3- O-β-Chacotrioside Attenuates Hypertrophied Lipid Accumulation by Enhancing Mitochondrial Oxidative Capacity. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2970. [PMID: 38474216 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Excessive lipid accumulation in adipocytes is a primary contributor to the development of metabolic disorders, including obesity. The consumption of bioactive compounds derived from natural sources has been recognized as being safe and effective in preventing and alleviating obesity. Therefore, we aimed to explore the antilipidemic effects of pennogenin 3-O-β-chacotrioside (P3C), a steroid glycoside, on hypertrophied 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Oil Red O and Nile red staining demonstrated a P3C-induced reduction in lipid droplet accumulation. Additionally, the increased expression of adipogenic and lipogenic factors, including PPARγ and C/EBPα, during the differentiation process was significantly decreased by P3C treatment at both the protein and mRNA levels. Furthermore, P3C treatment upregulated the expression of fatty acid oxidation-related genes such as PGC1α and CPT1a. Moreover, mitochondrial respiration and ATP generation increased following P3C treatment, as determined using the Seahorse XF analyzer. P3C treatment also increased the protein expression of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in hypertrophied adipocytes. Our findings suggest that P3C could serve as a natural lipid-lowering agent, reducing lipogenesis and enhancing mitochondrial oxidative capacity. Therefore, P3C may be a promising candidate as a therapeutic agent for obesity-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungmin Yu
- Personalized Diet Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI), Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Min Lee
- Kimchi Industry Promotion Division, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju 61755, Republic of Korea
| | - Jangho Lee
- Personalized Diet Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI), Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Taek Hwang
- Personalized Diet Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI), Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Kyoung Choi
- Personalized Diet Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI), Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Geon Lee
- Personalized Diet Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI), Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
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Muscogiuri G. The timing of energy intake. Proc Nutr Soc 2024; 83:28-34. [PMID: 37955116 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665123003725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the paper is to review the current evidence on the impact of 'the timing of energy intake' on the risk of developing obesity and obesity-related metabolic diseases. The prevalence of obesity is currently increasing worldwide thus becoming a severe health burden for most countries. Indeed, obesity represents a risk factor for several non-communicable diseases such as cancer, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidaemia, CVD and overall mortality. In order to treat obesity, several pharmacological approaches have been developed and are indicated for subjects with obesity with a BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 or ≥ 27 kg/m2 and obesity-related comorbidities. For severe obesity (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2), bariatric surgery represents a promising approach. The most common bariatric surgical procedures are represented by the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, laparoscopic adjustable band, laparoscopic gastric sleeve and biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch. Both anti-obesity pharmacological and surgical treatments require change in lifestyle. When a nutritional plan is established, attention is usually paid to macronutrient composition and energy intake, while 'the time of food' is not taken into account. Chronotype, which is the attitude of a subject to carry out most of their daily activities in the first (morning chronotype) or second half (evening chronotype) of the day, has been reported to have a role in the pathogenesis of obesity and obesity-related cardiometabolic diseases as well as eating speed. Thus, adopting a physiological timing of energy intake could be an additional strategy to potentiate the current anti-obesity approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Muscogiuri
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unità di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia e Andrologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy
- Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O.), Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unità di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia e Andrologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy
- Cattedra Unesco 'Educazione alla Salute e Allo Sviluppo Sostenibile', Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy
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De Lorenzo A, Pellegrini M, Gualtieri P, Itani L, Frank G, El Ghoch M, Di Renzo L. The Association between Obesity and Reduced Weight-Adjusted Bone Mineral Content in Older Adults: A New Paradigm That Contrasts with the Obesity Paradox. Nutrients 2024; 16:352. [PMID: 38337637 PMCID: PMC10857150 DOI: 10.3390/nu16030352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The relationship between body weight and bone mass in the elderly remains unclear, and whether obesity is a protective factor is still a matter of debate. For this reason, the aim of this study is to assess the association between body mass index (BMI) and bone mineral content adjusted by body weight, expressed as a percentage (w-BMC%), and to test the validity of the obesity paradox in this context. A cohort of 1404 older adults was categorized according to the World Health Organization's BMI cut-off points and completed a total and segmental body composition measurement by means of a dual X-ray absorptiometry scan. Individuals with obesity displayed a lower mean w-BMC% (3.06 ± 0.44%; 2.60 ± 0.37%) compared to those who were normal-weight (3.95 ± 0.54%; 3.38 ± 0.48%) and overweight (3.06 ± 0.44%; 3.04 ± 0.37%) in both genders. Linear regression analysis also showed a negative association between BMI and w-BMC% in males (β = -0.09; p < 0.001) and females (β = -0.06; p < 0.001). Finally, among individuals with obesity, and after adjusting for age, the linear regression models revealed a significant decrease of 0.75% and 0.28% in w-BMC% for every one-unit increase in the trunk fat/appendicular lean mass ratio in both males (β = -0.749; p < 0.0001) and females (β = -0.281; p < 0.001). In conclusion, we suggest a new paradigm regarding the impact of obesity on bone mass, in which the former does not appear to be a protective factor of the latter, especially in individuals with central obesity and low muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino De Lorenzo
- Section of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomic, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (A.D.L.); (L.D.R.)
| | - Massimo Pellegrini
- Centre for the Study of Metabolism, Body Composition, and Lifestyle, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy;
| | - Paola Gualtieri
- Section of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomic, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (A.D.L.); (L.D.R.)
| | - Leila Itani
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beirut Arab University, Riad El Solh, Beirut 11072809, Lebanon;
| | - Giulia Frank
- PhD School of Applied Medical-Surgical Sciences, University of Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Marwan El Ghoch
- Centre for the Study of Metabolism, Body Composition, and Lifestyle, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy;
| | - Laura Di Renzo
- Section of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomic, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (A.D.L.); (L.D.R.)
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Seeman MV. Women with Schizophrenia Have Difficulty Maintaining Healthy Diets for Themselves and Their Children: A Narrative Review. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:967. [PMID: 38131823 PMCID: PMC10740554 DOI: 10.3390/bs13120967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia are inevitably linked to unemployment, meagre per capita income, and residence in disadvantaged, poorly resourced neighbourhoods. This means difficult access to healthy food and is particularly problematic for pregnant women and mothers with children to feed. The necessity of taking antipsychotic drugs is an additional barrier to healthy eating because these drugs are associated with serious cognitive, psychological, behavioural, and metabolic sequelae. Being ill with psychosis makes it extremely difficult to maintain a healthy diet; nutritional deficiencies result, as do medical complications. The results of present literature review confirm the gravity of the problem and suggest a number of potentially useful clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary V Seeman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G4, Canada
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Hong S, Park SK, Lee J, Park SH, Kim YS, Park JH, Yu S, Lee YG. Patulin Ameliorates Hypertrophied Lipid Accumulation and Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Response by Modulating Mitochondrial Respiration. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1750. [PMID: 37760053 PMCID: PMC10526082 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12091750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Patulin (PAT) is a natural mycotoxin found in decaying pome fruits. Although some toxicological studies have been conducted on PAT, recent research has highlighted its anticancer and antifungal effects. However, studies have yet to examine the effects and molecular mechanisms of PAT in other metabolic diseases. Obesity is a chronic disease caused by excessive food intake and abnormal lifestyle, leading to low-grade inflammation. Therefore, this study aimed to elucidate the effect of PAT on obesity at the cellular level. PAT treatment reduced lipid accumulation, suppressed glucose and LDL uptake, inhibited lipid deposition and triglyceride synthesis, upregulated fatty acid oxidation-related genes (Pgc1α), and downregulated adipogenic/lipogenic genes (Pparγ and C/ebpα) in hypertrophied 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Additionally, PAT treatment enhanced mitochondrial respiration and mass in differentiated adipocytes and alleviated inflammatory response in activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Moreover, PAT treatment downregulated pro-inflammatory genes (il-6, Tnf-α, Cox-2, and inos), suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced increase in inflammatory mediators (IL-6, TNF-α, and NO), and restored mitochondrial oxidative function in LPS-stimulated macrophages by improving oxygen consumption and mitochondrial integrity and suppressing ROS generation. Overall, these findings suggest a potential for PAT in the prevention of lipid accumulation and inflammation-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seulmin Hong
- Personalized Diet Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI), Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea; (S.H.); (S.K.P.); (J.L.); (S.H.P.); (J.-H.P.)
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea;
| | - Seon Kyeong Park
- Personalized Diet Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI), Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea; (S.H.); (S.K.P.); (J.L.); (S.H.P.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Jangho Lee
- Personalized Diet Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI), Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea; (S.H.); (S.K.P.); (J.L.); (S.H.P.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Soo Hyun Park
- Personalized Diet Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI), Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea; (S.H.); (S.K.P.); (J.L.); (S.H.P.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Young-Soo Kim
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jae-Ho Park
- Personalized Diet Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI), Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea; (S.H.); (S.K.P.); (J.L.); (S.H.P.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Seungmin Yu
- Personalized Diet Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI), Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea; (S.H.); (S.K.P.); (J.L.); (S.H.P.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Yu Geon Lee
- Personalized Diet Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI), Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea; (S.H.); (S.K.P.); (J.L.); (S.H.P.); (J.-H.P.)
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