1
|
Kozłowska K, Cieślik M, Koterwa A, Formela K, Ryl J, Niedziałkowski P. Microwave-Induced Processing of Free-Standing 3D Printouts: An Effortless Route to High-Redox Kinetics in Electroanalysis. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2833. [PMID: 38930201 PMCID: PMC11204644 DOI: 10.3390/ma17122833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
3D-printable composites have become an attractive option used for the design and manufacture of electrochemical sensors. However, to ensure proper charge-transfer kinetics at the electrode/electrolyte interface, activation is often required, with this step consisting of polymer removal to reveal the conductive nanofiller. In this work, we present a novel effective method for the activation of composites consisting of poly(lactic acid) filled with carbon black (CB-PLA) using microwave radiation. A microwave synthesizer used in chemical laboratories (CEM, Matthews, NC, USA) was used for this purpose, establishing that the appropriate activation time for CB-PLA electrodes is 15 min at 70 °C with a microwave power of 100 W. However, the usefulness of an 80 W kitchen microwave oven is also presented for the first time and discussed as a more sustainable approach to CB-PLA electrode activation. It has been established that 10 min in a kitchen microwave oven is adequate to activate the electrode. The electrochemical properties of the microwave-activated electrodes were determined by electrochemical techniques, and their topography was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, and contact-angle measurements. This study confirms that during microwave activation, PLAs decompose to uncover the conductive carbon-black filler. We deliver a proof-of-concept of the utility of kitchen microwave-oven activation of a 3D-printed, free-standing electrochemical cell (FSEC) in paracetamol electroanalysis in aqueous electrolyte solution. We established satisfactory limits of linearity for paracetamol detection using voltammetry, ranging from 1.9 μM to 1 mM, with a detection limit (LOD) of 1.31 μM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kornelia Kozłowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (K.K.); (M.C.); (A.K.)
| | - Mateusz Cieślik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (K.K.); (M.C.); (A.K.)
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Adrian Koterwa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (K.K.); (M.C.); (A.K.)
| | - Krzysztof Formela
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland;
- Advanced Materials Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jacek Ryl
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
- Advanced Materials Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Paweł Niedziałkowski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (K.K.); (M.C.); (A.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Arantes IV, Crapnell RD, Bernalte E, Whittingham MJ, Paixão TRLC, Banks CE. Mixed Graphite/Carbon Black Recycled PLA Conductive Additive Manufacturing Filament for the Electrochemical Detection of Oxalate. Anal Chem 2023; 95:15086-15093. [PMID: 37768700 PMCID: PMC10568530 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Mixing of graphite and carbon black (CB) alongside recycled poly(lactic acid) and castor oil to create an electrically conductive additive manufacturing filament without the use of solvents is reported herein. The additively manufactured electrodes (AMEs) were electrochemically benchmarked against a commercial conductive filament and a bespoke filament utilizing only CB. The graphite/CB produced a heterogeneous rate constant, k0, of 1.26 (±0.23) × 10-3 cm s-1 and resistance of only 155 ± 15 Ω, compared to 0.30 (±0.03) × 10-3 cm s-1 and 768 ± 96 Ω for the commercial AME. Including graphite within the filament reduced the cost of printing each AME from £0.09, with the CB-only filament, to £0.05. The additive manufacturing filament was successfully used to create an electroanalytical sensing platform for the detection of oxalate within a linear range of 10-500 μM, achieving a sensitivity of 0.0196 μA/μM, LOD of 5.7 μM and LOQ of 18.8 μM was obtained. Additionally, the cell was tested toward the detection of oxalate within a spiked synthetic urine sample, obtaining recoveries of 104%. This work highlights how, using mixed material composites, excellent electrochemical performance can be obtained at a reduced material cost, while also greatly improving the sustainability of the system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iana V.
S. Arantes
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, U.K.
- Departmento
de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Robert D. Crapnell
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, U.K.
| | - Elena Bernalte
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, U.K.
| | - Matthew J. Whittingham
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, U.K.
| | - Thiago R. L. C. Paixão
- Departmento
de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Craig E. Banks
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cieślik M, Susik A, Banasiak M, Bogdanowicz R, Formela K, Ryl J. Tailoring diamondised nanocarbon-loaded poly(lactic acid) composites for highly electroactive surfaces: extrusion and characterisation of filaments for improved 3D-printed surfaces. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:370. [PMID: 37639048 PMCID: PMC10462739 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05940-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
A new 3D-printable composite has been developed dedicated to electroanalytical applications. Two types of diamondised nanocarbons - detonation nanodiamonds (DNDs) and boron-doped carbon nanowalls (BCNWs) - were added as fillers in poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-based composites to extrude 3D filaments. Carbon black served as a primary filler to reach high composite conductivity at low diamondised nanocarbon concentrations (0.01 to 0.2 S/cm, depending on the type and amount of filler). The aim was to thoroughly describe and understand the interactions between the composite components and how they affect the rheological, mechanical and thermal properties, and electrochemical characteristics of filaments and material extrusion printouts. The electrocatalytic properties of composite-based electrodes, fabricated with a simple 3D pen, were evaluated using multiple electrochemical techniques (cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy). The results showed that the addition of 5 wt% of any of the diamond-rich nanocarbons fillers significantly enhanced the redox process kinetics, leading to lower redox activation overpotentials compared with carbon black-loaded PLA. The detection of dopamine was successfully achieved through fabricated composite electrodes, exhibiting lower limits of detection (0.12 μM for DND and 0.18 μM for BCNW) compared with the reference CB-PLA electrodes (0.48 μM). The thermogravimetric results demonstrated that both DND and BCNW powders can accelerate thermal degradation. The presence of diamondised nanocarbons, regardless of their type, resulted in a decrease in the decomposition temperature of the composite. The study provides insight into the interactions between composite components and their impact on the electrochemical properties of 3D-printed surfaces, suggesting electroanalytic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Cieślik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
- Division of Electrochemistry and Surface Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Susik
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mariusz Banasiak
- Department of Metrology and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunication and Informatics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Robert Bogdanowicz
- Department of Metrology and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunication and Informatics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Formela
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jacek Ryl
- Division of Electrochemistry and Surface Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Örҫen G, Koyun E. Failure behavior of single-strap lap (SSL) and double-strap lap (DSL) composites—with adhesive joints and different fiber reinforcement angles under hydrothermal conditions. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-023-01165-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
|
5
|
Sun YL, Tu LJ, Tsou CH, Lin SM, Lin L, De Guzman MR, Zeng R, Xia Y. Thermal and mechanical properties of biodegradable nanocomposites prepared by poly(lactic acid)/acetyl tributyl citrate reinforced with attapulgite. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-023-03483-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
|
6
|
Sigley E, Kalinke C, Crapnell RD, Whittingham MJ, Williams RJ, Keefe EM, Janegitz BC, Bonacin JA, Banks CE. Circular Economy Electrochemistry: Creating Additive Manufacturing Feedstocks for Caffeine Detection from Post-Industrial Coffee Pod Waste. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2023; 11:2978-2988. [PMID: 36844748 PMCID: PMC9945317 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c06514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The recycling of post-industrial waste poly(lactic acid) (PI-PLA) from coffee machine pods into electroanalytical sensors for the detection of caffeine in real tea and coffee samples is reported herein. The PI-PLA is transformed into both nonconductive and conductive filaments to produce full electroanalytical cells, including additively manufactured electrodes (AMEs). The electroanalytical cell was designed utilizing separate prints for the cell body and electrodes to increase the recyclability of the system. The cell body made from nonconductive filament was able to be recycled three times before the feedstock-induced print failure. Three bespoke formulations of conductive filament were produced, with the PI-PLA (61.62 wt %), carbon black (CB, 29.60 wt %), and poly(ethylene succinate) (PES, 8.78 wt %) chosen as the most suitable for use due to its equivalent electrochemical performance, lower material cost, and improved thermal stability compared to the filaments with higher PES loading and ability to be printable. It was shown that this system could detect caffeine with a sensitivity of 0.055 ± 0.001 μA μM-1, a limit of detection of 0.23 μM, a limit of quantification of 0.76 μM, and a relative standard deviation of 3.14% after activation. Interestingly, the nonactivated 8.78% PES electrodes produced significantly better results in this regard than the activated commercial filament toward the detection of caffeine. The activated 8.78% PES electrode was shown to be able to detect the caffeine content in real and spiked Earl Grey tea and Arabica coffee samples with excellent recoveries (96.7-102%). This work reports a paradigm shift in the way AM, electrochemical research, and sustainability can synergize and feed into part of a circular economy, akin to a circular economy electrochemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Sigley
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom
| | - Cristiane Kalinke
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Campinas (Unicamp), 13083-859 Campinas, Säo Paulo, Brazil
| | - Robert D. Crapnell
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Whittingham
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom
| | - Rhys J. Williams
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom
| | - Edmund M. Keefe
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno Campos Janegitz
- Department
of Nature Sciences, Mathematics, and Education, Federal University of Säo Carlos (UFSCar), 13600-970 Araras, Säo Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliano Alves Bonacin
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Campinas (Unicamp), 13083-859 Campinas, Säo Paulo, Brazil
| | - Craig E. Banks
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cieślik M, Rodak A, Susik A, Wójcik N, Szociński M, Ryl J, Formela K. Multiple Reprocessing of Conductive PLA 3D-Printing Filament: Rheology, Morphology, Thermal and Electrochemical Properties Assessment. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16031307. [PMID: 36770313 PMCID: PMC9920316 DOI: 10.3390/ma16031307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing technologies are gaining more and more attention, resulting in the development or modification of 3D printing techniques and dedicated materials. On the other hand, economic and ecological aspects force the industry to develop material recycling strategies. In this work, the multiple reprocessing of a commercially available PLA conductive composite with carbon black filler, dedicated to 3D printing, was investigated. The effects of extrusion temperature (190 °C and 200 °C) and reprocessing steps (1-5 steps) on the rheology, morphology, thermal and electrochemical properties of the conductive PLA 3D-printing filament were evaluated. The results showed deterioration of the thermal stability and material strength, as well as the influence of reprocessing on the melting point, which increases after initial melting. The electronic conduction mechanism of the composite depends on the percolation paths and it is also affected by the multiple processing. The reversibility of the [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- redox process diminishes with a higher degradation level of the conductive PLA. Importantly, the material fluidity was too high after the multiple reprocessing, which should be considered and suitably corrected during CB-PLA application as a 3D-printed electrode material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Cieślik
- Advanced Materials Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agata Rodak
- Advanced Materials Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Susik
- Advanced Materials Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Natalia Wójcik
- Advanced Materials Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Michał Szociński
- Department of Electrochemistry, Corrosion and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jacek Ryl
- Advanced Materials Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Formela
- Advanced Materials Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yuan L, Qu CL, Tsou CH, De Guzman MR, Huang X, Gao C, Sun YL, Yang T, Zeng C, Luo X, Tsou CY. Morphology and thermal properties of low-density polyethylene/graphite composite films as potential pH sensors prepared via heat treatment and natural drying. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03287-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
9
|
Chen S, De Guzman MR, Tsou CH, Li M, Suen MC, Gao C, Tsou CY. Hydrophilic and absorption properties of reversible nanocomposite polyvinyl alcohol hydrogels reinforced with graphene-doped zinc oxide nanoplates for enhanced antibacterial activity. Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-022-00711-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
10
|
Polylactide/Carbon Black Segregated Composites for 3D Printing of Conductive Products. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194022. [PMID: 36235970 PMCID: PMC9573264 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most important directions in the development of additive manufacturing or three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies is the creation of functional materials, which allow not only prototyping but also the manufacturing of products with functional properties. In this paper, poly-lactide acid (PLA) /carbon black (CB) composites with segregated (ordered) structure have been created. Computer simulation based on the Mamunya geometrical model showed that the CB content within φ = 2.5–5 vol.% in the polylactide matrix leads to the formation of a continuous electrically conductive phase with an increase of electrical conductivity σdc above the percolation threshold. The simulation results were experimentally confirmed by optical microscopy and studies of the electrical conductivity of the composites. It was found that increasing CB content from φ = 1 vol.% to φ = 7 vol.% in the composites causes insignificant (due to the segregated structure) phase changes in the polylactide matrix and improves the thermal properties of composites. Electrically conductive filaments for Fused Deposition 3D Printing (FDM) were developed from PLA/CB composites and then 3D printed. A correlation between the electrical conductivity σdc and the CB content φ for base composites, filaments produced from them, and final 3D samples, has been found. Conductivity varies within σdc = 3.1·10−11 − 10·10−3 S/cm for the filaments and σdc = 3.6·10−11 − 8.1·10−4 S/cm for the final 3D-products.
Collapse
|
11
|
Tsou CH, Zeng R, Tsou CY, Chen JC, Sun YL, Ma ZL, De Guzman MR, Tu LJ, Tian XY, Wu CS. Mechanical, Hydrophobic, and Barrier Properties of Nanocomposites of Modified Polypropylene Reinforced with Low-Content Attapulgite. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173696. [PMID: 36080772 PMCID: PMC9459951 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Attapulgite (ATT) has never been used as a barrier additive in polypropylene (PP). As a filler, ATT should be added in high content to PP. However, that would result in increased costs. Moreover, the compatibility between ATT and the PP matrix is poor due to the lack of functional groups in PP. In this study, carboxylic groups were introduced to PP to form a modified polypropylene (MPP). ATT was purified, and a low content of it was added to MPP to prepare MPP/ATT nanocomposites. The analysis from FTIR indicated that ATT could react with MPP. According to the results of oxygen and water permeability tests, the barrier performance of the nanocomposite was optimal when the ATT content was 0.4%. This great improvement in barrier performance might be ascribed to the following three reasons: (1) The existence of ATT extended the penetration path of O2 or H2O molecules; (2) O2 or H2O molecules may be adsorbed and stored in the porous structure of ATT; (3) Most importantly, –COOH of MPP reacted with –OH on the surface of ATT, thereby the inner structure of the nanocomposite was denser, and it was less permeable to molecules. Therefore, nanocomposites prepared by adding ATT to MPP have excellent properties and low cost. They can be used as food packaging materials and for other related applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hui Tsou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
- Sichuan Zhixiangyi Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610051, China
- Correspondence: (C.-H.T.); (C.-S.W.)
| | - Rui Zeng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Chih-Yuan Tsou
- Sichuan Zhixiangyi Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610051, China
- Sichuan Zhirenfa Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zigong 643000, China
| | - Jui-Chin Chen
- Department of Material and Textile, Asia Eastern University of Science and Technology, New Taipei City 220, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Li Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Zheng-Lu Ma
- Sichuan Vocational College of Chemical Technology, Luzhou 646300, China
| | - Manuel Reyes De Guzman
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Lian-Jie Tu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Tian
- Department of Material and Textile, Asia Eastern University of Science and Technology, New Taipei City 220, Taiwan
| | - Chin-San Wu
- Department of Applied Cosmetology, Kao Yuan University, Kaohsiung 82101, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-H.T.); (C.-S.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hybrid micro-composite sheets of Polylactic Acid (PLA)/Carbon Black (CB)/natural kenaf fiber processed by calendering method. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03245-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
13
|
Reinforced distiller’s grains as bio-fillers in environment-friendly poly(ethylene terephthalate) composites. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04318-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
14
|
Thermal properties and hydrophilicity of antibacterial poly(phenylene sulfide) nanocomposites reinforced with zinc oxide-doped multiwall carbon nanotubes. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-02931-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
15
|
Chen ZJ, Tsou CH, Tsai ML, Guo J, De Guzman MR, Yang T, Gao C, Lei Y, Gan PW, Chen S, Tu LJ, Qu CL, Wang RY, Wu CS. Barrier Properties and Hydrophobicity of Biodegradable Poly(lactic acid) Composites Reinforced with Recycled Chinese Spirits Distiller's Grains. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13172861. [PMID: 34502903 PMCID: PMC8434313 DOI: 10.3390/polym13172861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adding natural biomass to poly(lactic acid) (PLA) as a reinforcing filler is a way to change the properties of PLA. This paper is about preparing PLA/biomass composites by physically melting and blending Chinese Spirits distiller's grains (CSDG) biomass and PLA to optimize the composite performance. Composites of modified PLA (MPLA) with varying amounts of CSDG were also prepared by the melt-mixing method, and unmodified PLA/CSDG composites were used as a control group for comparative analysis. The functional groups of MPLA enhanced the compatibility between the polymer substrate and CSDG. The composite water vapor/oxygen barrier and mechanical properties were studied. It was found that the barrier and mechanical properties of MPLA/CSDG composites were significantly improved. SEM was adopted to examine the tensile section structure of the composites, and the compatibility between the filler and the matrix was analyzed. An appropriate amount of CSDG had a better dispersibility in the matrix, and it further improved the interfacial bonding force, which in turn improved the composite mechanical properties. X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry were conducted to determine the crystalline properties and to analyze the stability of the composites. It was found that the CSDG content had a significant effect on the crystallinity. Barrier and biodegradation mechanisms were also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jun Chen
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China; (Z.-J.C.); (J.G.); (M.R.D.G.); (T.Y.); (C.G.); (Y.L.); (P.-W.G.); (S.C.); (L.-J.T.); (C.-L.Q.)
| | - Chi-Hui Tsou
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China; (Z.-J.C.); (J.G.); (M.R.D.G.); (T.Y.); (C.G.); (Y.L.); (P.-W.G.); (S.C.); (L.-J.T.); (C.-L.Q.)
- Sichuan Yibin Plastic Packaging Materials Co. Ltd., Yibin 644007, China
- Sichuan Golden-Elephant Sincerity Chemical Co. Ltd., Meishan 620010, China
- Sichuan Zhixiangyi Technology Co. Ltd., Chengdu 610051, China
- Correspondence: (C.-H.T.); (C.-S.W.)
| | - Meng-Lin Tsai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan; (M.-L.T.); (R.-Y.W.)
| | - Jipeng Guo
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China; (Z.-J.C.); (J.G.); (M.R.D.G.); (T.Y.); (C.G.); (Y.L.); (P.-W.G.); (S.C.); (L.-J.T.); (C.-L.Q.)
| | - Manuel Reyes De Guzman
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China; (Z.-J.C.); (J.G.); (M.R.D.G.); (T.Y.); (C.G.); (Y.L.); (P.-W.G.); (S.C.); (L.-J.T.); (C.-L.Q.)
| | - Tao Yang
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China; (Z.-J.C.); (J.G.); (M.R.D.G.); (T.Y.); (C.G.); (Y.L.); (P.-W.G.); (S.C.); (L.-J.T.); (C.-L.Q.)
| | - Chen Gao
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China; (Z.-J.C.); (J.G.); (M.R.D.G.); (T.Y.); (C.G.); (Y.L.); (P.-W.G.); (S.C.); (L.-J.T.); (C.-L.Q.)
| | - Yan Lei
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China; (Z.-J.C.); (J.G.); (M.R.D.G.); (T.Y.); (C.G.); (Y.L.); (P.-W.G.); (S.C.); (L.-J.T.); (C.-L.Q.)
| | - Pei-Wen Gan
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China; (Z.-J.C.); (J.G.); (M.R.D.G.); (T.Y.); (C.G.); (Y.L.); (P.-W.G.); (S.C.); (L.-J.T.); (C.-L.Q.)
| | - Shuang Chen
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China; (Z.-J.C.); (J.G.); (M.R.D.G.); (T.Y.); (C.G.); (Y.L.); (P.-W.G.); (S.C.); (L.-J.T.); (C.-L.Q.)
| | - Lian-Jie Tu
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China; (Z.-J.C.); (J.G.); (M.R.D.G.); (T.Y.); (C.G.); (Y.L.); (P.-W.G.); (S.C.); (L.-J.T.); (C.-L.Q.)
| | - Chang-Lei Qu
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China; (Z.-J.C.); (J.G.); (M.R.D.G.); (T.Y.); (C.G.); (Y.L.); (P.-W.G.); (S.C.); (L.-J.T.); (C.-L.Q.)
| | - Ruo-Yao Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan; (M.-L.T.); (R.-Y.W.)
| | - Chin-San Wu
- Department of Applied Cosmetology, Kao Yuan University, Kaohsiung 82101, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-H.T.); (C.-S.W.)
| |
Collapse
|