A case report of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy during steroid treatment for ANCA-associated renal vasculitis

Case report: Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy co-occurring with neurosarcoidosis: early brain biopsy and appropriate therapy for PML resulted in a favorable prognosis

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare central nervous system disease caused by JC virus (JCV) infection. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is the greatest risk factor for PML. Other immunological diseases, including systemic sarcoidosis, have also been reported as risk factors for PML. Herein, we report a case of PML co-occurring with neurosarcoidosis. Early diagnosis using brain biopsy and appropriate therapeutic interventions achieved favorable outcomes. PML in patients with active intracranial neurosarcoidosis is extremely rare. We believe that it is important to perform brain biopsy at an early stage to allow diagnosis, even for central nervous system involvement with a progressive parenchymal lesion in patients with sarcoidosis, if PML is possible.

John Cunningham Virus and Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy: A Falsely Played Diagnosis

Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a possibly fatal demyelinating disease and John Cunningham Polyomavirus (JCPyV) is believed to cause this condition. The so-called JCPyV was initially reported in lymphoma and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) cases, whereas nowadays, its incidence is increasing in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) cases treated with natalizumab (Tysabri). However, there are conflicting literature data on its pathology and diagnosis, whereas some misdiagnosed reports exist, giving rise to further questions towards the topic. In reality, the so-called PML and the supposed JCPyV are not what they seem to be. In addition, novel and more frequent PML-like conditions may be reported, especially after the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy Mimicking a Cerebral Vasculitis Flare

We report a case of a 68-year-old woman with a background of primary cerebral vasculitis, which was diagnosed two years ago. She appeared to have had a recurrence of her symptoms with new onset history of expressive dysphasia, right-sided upper limb weakness, and right-sided facial weakness during a rheumatology clinic visit. The patient was on maintenance azathioprine for her cerebral vasculitis at the time of presentation. She had received a total of 2 g of rituximab through intravenous infusion, with a two-week interval between doses. Additionally, she had undergone intravenous cyclophosphamide treatment (15 mg/kg) following the standard vasculitis regimen for induction remission therapy, which was administered at the time of her diagnosis two years prior. Initial imaging on non-contrast computed tomography head after admission to the emergency department did not show any acute neurological findings. Further imaging studies revealed changes in the right parietotemporal white matter T2 hyperintensity with similar changes on the left frontal and left parietal lobes suggestive of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain conducted three months prior was found to be unremarkable. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing confirmed the presence of polyoma John Cunningham (JC) virus deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). This case highlights that PML should be an important differential to consider in any immunocompromised patient who presents with new stroke-like features.

Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy in a Patient With Classic Hodgkin's Lymphoma Post-Bone Marrow Transplant: A Case Report

A 29-year-old male patient underwent an autologous bone marrow transplant. He was initially diagnosed with Hodgkin's lymphoma and treated with 12 cycles of chemotherapy. Three months later, he presented with intermittent fever and underwent an MRI scan and a brain biopsy. Eventually, he was diagnosed with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. For effective treatment and a plan of action, such cases necessitate multidisciplinary board meetings with input from experts in surgery, pathology, cancer, and infectious diseases.