Direct voltammetric determination of carbendazim by utilizing a nanosized imprinted polymer/MWCNTs-modified electrode

Design and synthesis of nano-iron oxyhydroxide-based molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensors for trace-level carbendazim detection in actual samples

Carbendazim (CBD) is widely used as a fungicide that acts as a pesticide in farming to prevent crop diseases. However, CBD can remain on crops for a long time. When consumed by humans and animals, it produces a range of toxic symptoms and poses a serious threat to their health. Therefore, the detection of CBD is necessary. Traditional assay strategies for CBD detection, although sensitive and practical, can hardly achieve fast, robust monitoring during food processing and daily life. Here, we designed a novel electrochemical sensor for CBD detection. In this method, iron oxyhydroxide nanomaterial (β-FeOOH) was first prepared by hydrothermal method. Then, a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) layer was electropolymerized on the surface using CBD as the template and resorcinol (RC) as the functional monomer. The synergistic interaction between β-FeOOH and MIP endows the MIP/β-FeOOH/CC-based electrochemical sensor with high specificity and sensitivity. Under optimal conditions, the MIP/β-FeOOH/CC-based sensor showed a wide linear range of 39 pM-80 nM for CBD and a detection limit as low as 25 pM. Therefore, the as-prepared sensor can be a practical and effective tool for pesticide residue detection.

Carbon-Based Electrochemical (Bio)sensors for the Detection of Carbendazim: A Review

Carbendazim, a fungicide widely used in agriculture, has been classified as a hazardous chemical by the World Health Organization due to its environmental persistence. It is prohibited in several countries; therefore, detecting it in food and environmental samples is highly necessary. A reliable, rapid, and low-cost method uses electrochemical sensors and biosensors, especially those modified with carbon-based materials with good analytical performance. In this review, we summarize the use of carbon-based electrochemical (bio)sensors for detecting carbendazim in environmental and food matrixes, with a particular interest in the role of carbon materials. Focus on publications between 2018 and 2023 that have been describing the use of carbon nanotubes, carbon nitride, graphene, and its derivatives, and carbon-based materials as modifiers, emphasizing the analytical performance obtained, such as linear range, detection limit, selectivity, and the matrix where the detection was applied.

Vertically-Ordered Mesoporous Silica Films Grown on Boron Nitride-Graphene Composite Modified Electrodes for Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Carbendazim in Real Samples

Carbendazim (CBZ), a kind of widely used pesticide, is harmful to human health and environmental ecology. Therefore, it is of great importance to detect CBZ in real samples. Herein we report the stable growth of vertically-ordered mesoporous silica films (VMSF) on the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) using boron nitride-reduced graphene oxide (BN-rGO) nanocomposite as an adhesive and electroactive layer. Oxygen-containing groups of rGO and 2D planar structure of BN-rGO hybrid favor the stable growth of VMSF via the electrochemically assisted self-assembly (EASA) method. Combining the good electrocatalytic activity of BN-rGO and the enrichment effect of VMSF, the proposed VMSF/BN-rGO/GCE can detect CBZ with high sensitivity (3.70 μA/μM), a wide linear range (5 nM–7 μM) and a low limit of detection (2 nM). Furthermore, due to the inherent anti-fouling and anti-interference capacity of VMSF, direct and rapid electrochemical analyses of CBZ in pond water and grape juice samples are also achieved without the use of complicated sample treatment processes.

Modern and Dedicated Methods for Producing Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Layers in Sensing Applications

Molecular imprinting (MI) is the most available and known method to produce artificial recognition sites, similar to antibodies, inside or at the surface of a polymeric material. For this reason, scholars all over the world have found MI appealing, thus developing, in this past period, various types of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) that can be applied to a wide range of applications, including catalysis, separation sciences and monitoring/diagnostic devices for chemicals, biochemicals and pharmaceuticals. For instance, the advantages brought by the use of MIPs in the sensing and analytics field refer to higher selectivity, sensitivity and low detection limits, but also to higher chemical and thermal stability as well as reusability. In light of recent literature findings, this review presents both modern and dedicated methods applied to produce MIP layers that can be integrated with existent detection systems. In this respect, the following MI methods to produce sensing layers are presented and discussed: surface polymerization, electropolymerization, sol–gel derived techniques, phase inversionand deposition of electroactive pastes/inks that include MIP particles.