1
|
Gao R, Lu R, Qiu X, Wang L, Zhang K, Wu S. Detection of Putative Mutation I873S in the Sodium Channel of Megalurothrips usitatus (Bagnall) Which May Be Associated with Pyrethroid Resistance. INSECTS 2023; 14:388. [PMID: 37103203 PMCID: PMC10143160 DOI: 10.3390/insects14040388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroid resistance of thrips has been reported in many countries, and knockdown resistance (kdr) has been identified as a main mechanism against pyrethroids in many insects. To characterize pyrethroid resistance in Megalurothrips usitatus from the Hainan Province of China, we conducted a biological assay and sequenced the voltage-gated sodium channel gene domain II from M. usitatus field populations. It showed high resistance to the pyrethroids for 2019 and 2020, in which LC50 to lambda-cyhalothrin of M. usitatus was 1683.521 mg/L from Sanya in 2020. The LC50 value of deltamethrin was lower in Haikou than in other locations, which mean the south of Hainan has higher resistance than the north of Hainan. Two mutations of I873S and V1015M were detected in the domain II region of the sodium channel in M. usitatus; however, the mutation frequency of V1015M was only 3.33% and that of I873S was 100%. One is homozygous and the other is a heterozygous mutant type. The three thrips-sensitive strains of sodium channel 873 are highly conserved in amino acids (isoleucine), while the M. usitatus pyrethroid-resistant strains are all serine, so I873S may be related to the resistance of M. usitatus to pyrethroids. The present study will contribute to the understanding of the evolution of pyrethroids resistance and contribute to the development of resistance management of M. usitatus in Hainan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruibo Gao
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Yazhou, Sanya 572024, China; (R.G.); (R.L.); (X.Q.); (L.W.)
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Yazhou, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Rongcai Lu
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Yazhou, Sanya 572024, China; (R.G.); (R.L.); (X.Q.); (L.W.)
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Yazhou, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Xinyao Qiu
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Yazhou, Sanya 572024, China; (R.G.); (R.L.); (X.Q.); (L.W.)
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Yazhou, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Likui Wang
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Yazhou, Sanya 572024, China; (R.G.); (R.L.); (X.Q.); (L.W.)
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Yazhou, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Yazhou, Sanya 572024, China; (R.G.); (R.L.); (X.Q.); (L.W.)
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Yazhou, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Shaoying Wu
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Yazhou, Sanya 572024, China; (R.G.); (R.L.); (X.Q.); (L.W.)
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Yazhou, Sanya 572024, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Colored sticky traps for monitoring phytophagous thrips (Thysanoptera) in mango agroecosystems, and their impact on beneficial insects. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276865. [PMID: 36327329 PMCID: PMC9632929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The capture efficiency of six colored sticky traps (blue, green, orange, purple, white, and yellow) was tested in mango agroecosystems of Mexico with the purpose to: (i) document the diversity of Thysanoptera; (ii) determine the attraction of phytophagous thrips; (iii) assess the impact of these traps on beneficial insects; and (iv) assess the relationship between the density of Frankliniella thrips captured on traps and those found in the inflorescences. The use of colored sticky traps has revealed a great diversity of thrips and beneficial insects in the mango agroecosystem. A total of 16,441 thrips were caught on sticky traps throughout the sampling period, of which 16,251 (98.8%) were thrips adults and 190 (1.2%) larvae. Forty one species of thrips were collected either from sticky traps or from inflorescences. Of these, 32 species feed either on leaves or flowers. Frankliniella cephalica, F. gardeniae and F. invasor, were the most abundant species. Scirtothrips citri and S. manihoti were also captured among other phytophagous thrips. The white trap captured significantly more Frankliniella species and also had the smallest capture of beneficial insects. Yellow traps were the most attractive for Scirtothrips species, with low detrimental effects on insect pollinators, although high impact on natural enemies. Thrips species captured on sticky traps showed a low and non-significantly correlation with respect to the density of thrips in mango inflorescences. Although sticky traps did not predict the density of Frankliniella populations in mango inflorescences, the study represents a substantial progress in the use of color traps in mango agroecosystems. Colored sticky traps would be a good option for monitoring mango thrips to detect them at earlier stages of infestation to implement management tactics and avoid the building-up of thrips populations.
Collapse
|
3
|
Plant-Rich Field Margins Influence Natural Predators of Aphids More Than Intercropping in Common Bean. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13070569. [PMID: 35886745 PMCID: PMC9322975 DOI: 10.3390/insects13070569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Field margin plants are important in providing resources for natural enemies (NEs) and improving biological control of crop pests. However, the use of field margin plants for biological control particularly of important common bean pests is understudied in smallholder farming systems of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). We evaluated the potential of field margin plants with respect to intercropping systems in common bean fields to enhance the population of NEs of common bean pests. We observed a high assemblage of important NEs of common bean pests for some insect taxa with minimal impact of intercropping on NEs. Field margin plants could be managed to provide a wide range of resources to NEs and therefore biological control of common bean pests. Abstract Field margins support important ecosystem services including natural pest regulation. We investigated the influence of field margins on the spatial and temporal distribution of natural enemies (NEs) of bean pests in smallholder farming systems. We sampled NEs from high and low plant diversity bean fields using sweep netting and coloured sticky traps, comparing monocropped and intercropped farms. NEs collected from within crops included predatory bugs, lacewings, predatory flies, parasitic flies, parasitic wasps, lady beetles, and a range of other predatory beetles; with the most dominant group being parasitic wasps. Overall, high plant diversity fields had a higher number of NEs than low-diversity fields, regardless of sampling methods. The field margin had a significantly higher number of lacewings, parasitic wasps, predatory bugs, syrphid flies, and other predatory beetles relative to the crop, but beneficial insects were collected throughout the fields. However, we observed marginally higher populations of NEs in intercropping than in monocropping although the effect was not significant in both low and high plant diversity fields. We recommend smallholder farmers protect the field margins for the added benefit of natural pest regulation in their fields.
Collapse
|
4
|
Takikawa Y, Nonomura T, Sonoda T, Matsuda Y. Developing a Phototactic Electrostatic Insect Trap Targeting Whiteflies, Leafminers, and Thrips in Greenhouses. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12110960. [PMID: 34821761 PMCID: PMC8622956 DOI: 10.3390/insects12110960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Silverleaf whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci), vegetable leafminers (Liriomyza sativae), and western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) are very serious pests of greenhouse tomatoes. In Japan, growers of organic tomatoes currently use large numbers of yellow sticky traps to control insects, but these traps need replacing very regularly, as the sticky surface becomes clogged with insects. An electric field-generating apparatus, described herein, is a potential physical tool to control these pests that have entered greenhouses. The electric field was formed in the space between oppositely electrified insulated conductors arrayed in parallel with fixed separation. Although these conductors created a sufficiently strong force to capture insects entering the field, the force was insufficient to capture insects outside the field. The positive phototaxis of these insects was an inspiration to develop an improved electrostatic insect trap, which was constructed by introducing oppositely charged yellow-colored water into paired transparent insulator tubes to produce opposite poles. The finished apparatus exhibited coloration and insect attraction characteristics similar to commercial yellow sticky traps, but had the advantage that they could be cleaned easily and remain effective for long periods. The surfaces of the insulator tubes containing the charged yellow water were electrostatically active, but not excessively sticky, thus, the apparatus could be placed close to the plants. The close location of the devices enabled preferential attraction of flying or plant-settling insects to the trap. The present study provided an experimental basis for developing an electrostatic device to attract and capture insects that enter greenhouses. Abstract Our aim was to develop an electrostatic apparatus to lure and capture silverleaf whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci), vegetable leafminers (Liriomyza sativae), and western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) that invade tomato greenhouses. A double-charged dipolar electric field producer (DD-EFP) was constructed by filling water in two identical transparent soft polyvinyl chloride tubes arrayed in parallel with fixed separation, and then, inserting the probes of grounded negative and positive voltage generators into the water of the two tubes to generate negatively and positively charged waters, respectively. These charged waters electrified the outer surfaces of the opposite tubes via dielectric polarization. An electric field formed between the oppositely charged tubes. To lure these phototactic insects, the water was colored yellow using watercolor paste, then introduced into the transparent insulator tubes to construct the yellow-colored DD-EFP. This apparatus lured insects in a manner similar to commercially available yellow sticky traps. The yellow-colored DD-EFP was easily placed as a movable upright screen along the plants, such that invading pests were preferentially attracted to the trap before reaching the plants. Furthermore, pests settling on the plants were attracted to the apparatus, which used a plant-tapping method to drive them off the plants. Our study provided an experimental basis for developing an electrostatic device to attract and capture insects that enter greenhouses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Takikawa
- Plant Center, Institute of Advanced Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama 642-0017, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Teruo Nonomura
- Laboratory of Phytoprotection Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara 631-8505, Japan; (T.N.); (Y.M.)
| | | | - Yoshinori Matsuda
- Laboratory of Phytoprotection Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara 631-8505, Japan; (T.N.); (Y.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu P, Qin Z, Feng M, Zhang L, Huang X, Shi W. The male-produced aggregation pheromone of the bean flower thrips Megalurothrips usitatus in China: identification and attraction of conspecifics in the laboratory and field. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:2986-2993. [PMID: 32246573 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thrips, Megalurothrips usitatus, usually display aggregation behavior, which is probably mediated by a male-produced aggregation pheromone. Aggregation pheromones are species-specific, and can be used to develop commercial lures for monitoring and mass-trapping of pests. The active components of the aggregation pheromone for four thrips species have been identified. However, the components of M. usitatus-produced aggregation pheromone are still not clear. RESULT Y-tube olfactometer assays showed that both male and virgin female M. usitatus were significantly attracted to male but not female volatiles. This was additionally supported by electroantennogram (EAG) assays. Coupled gas chromatography-electroantennogram detection (GC-EAD) showed that one component of male-specific odors elicited a significant electrophysiological response. This compound was characterized as (2E,6E)-farnesyl acetate, which is structurally different from the active components of the aggregation pheromones of other reported thrips species. Electroantennal responses of M. usitatus increased with increasing doses of synthetic (2E,6E)-farnesyl acetate. Additionally, this compound significantly attracted adults in laboratory behavioral bioassays. Under field conditions, sticky traps with synthetic (2E,6E)-farnesyl acetate caught 1.5-7-fold more M. usitatus than controls, and this effect of the compound at a dose of 60 μg lasted at least 6 days. CONCLUSION (2E,6E)-Farnesyl acetate was identified as the male-produced aggregation pheromone of M. usitatus. It could attract this thrips species under laboratory and field conditions, suggesting considerable potential as a commercial application to control M. usitatus populations. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Liu
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zifang Qin
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingyue Feng
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Liu Zhang
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinzheng Huang
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wangpeng Shi
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Furihata S, Tabuchi K, Okudera S, Takahashi A, Hinomoto N, Shimoda M, Yamaguchi T. An Efficient Method for Monitoring Predatory Minute Pirate Bugs Orius spp. (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) Populations Using Blue-Colored Sticky Traps. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 48:426-433. [PMID: 30753370 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvz001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Minute pirate bugs of genus Orius (Wolff) are known important generalist predators of microinvertebrate pests and are therefore useful in many agricultural contexts. Effective sampling methods are thus of great importance to monitor Orius spp. populations. Sticky traps are one such sampling method; however, trap color must be carefully selected for the target insect species. In this study, we examined the most suitable sticky trap color (i.e., white, blue, or yellow) to capture Orius spp. individuals in eggplant Solanum melongena (Linnaeus) (Solanales: Solanaceae), Italian ryegrass Lolium multiflorum (Lamarck) (Poales: Poaceae), soybean Glycine max (Linnaeus) (Fabales: Fabaceae), and white clover Trifolium repens (Linnaeus) (Fabales: Fabaceae) fields. More Orius spp. adults were caught on blue and white traps than on yellow traps. The white traps also caught other insects, which hampered the counting of Orius spp. individuals and, therefore, reduced trapping efficiency. In addition, seasonal prevalence investigations showed that blue sticky traps had similar patterns to those of field observations. Thus, as the blue sticky trap can avoid capturing nontarget insects, we concluded that blue was the most suitable trap color for monitoring Orius spp. In addition, because blue sticky traps are more efficient and less-labor intensive, they can be useful as an alternative to field observations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Furihata
- Division of Agro-Environment Research, Tohoku Agricultural Research Center, NARO, Shimo-kuriyagawa, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
- Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Division of Apple Research, Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, NARO, Nabeyashiki, Shimo-Kuriyagawa, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Ken Tabuchi
- Division of Agro-Environment Research, Tohoku Agricultural Research Center, NARO, Shimo-kuriyagawa, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Shigeru Okudera
- Division of Agro-Environment Research, Tohoku Agricultural Research Center, NARO, Shimo-kuriyagawa, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
- Science Education Course, Hokkaido University of Education, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Akihiko Takahashi
- Division of Agro-Environment Research, Tohoku Agricultural Research Center, NARO, Shimo-kuriyagawa, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Norihide Hinomoto
- Central Region Agricultural Research Center, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masami Shimoda
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Terumi Yamaguchi
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mao L, Chang Y, Yang F, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Jiang H. Attraction effect of different colored cards on thrips Frankliniella intonsa in cowpea greenhouses in China. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13603. [PMID: 30206279 PMCID: PMC6133937 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32035-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The flower thrips Frankliniella intonsa (Trybom) is one of the most economically important pests in cowpea greenhouses in China. Widespread pesticide resistance of thrips and the negative environmental effects limit the application of pesticides for thrips control. Two commercial cowpea greenhouse experiments were designed to determine the color preference of F. intonsa to colored cards, including white, pink, pale green, light yellow, powder blue, crimson, yellow green, deep sky blue, dark slate blue, dark orange, medium orchid, gold, and black. Clear pieces of plastic were used as the control cards. Additionally, the effects of placement height and orientation (cardinal direction) of the cards were also studied. Both greenhouse trials showed that white cards were significantly more attractive to F. intonsa than the other 13 card colors, followed by deep sky blue cards. White or deep sky blue cards placed low to the ground were found to be most attractive to F. intonsa. Orientation of the colored cards also affected the attractiveness to F. intonsa. The results indicate that white sticky cards were significantly more attractive to F. intonsa than blue cards and therefore can be recommended to monitor F. intonsa population densities and to control them in cowpea greenhouses as part of integrated pest management programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liangang Mao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yiming Chang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fulai Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yanning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hongyun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Schmid RB, Snyder D, Cohnstaedt LW, McCornack BP. Hessian Fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Attraction to Different Wavelengths and Intensities of Light-Emitting Diodes in the Laboratory. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 46:895-900. [PMID: 28591810 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvx099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring of Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), populations is important for targeted management methods. Also, effectiveness of monitoring efforts is critical to surveillance efforts in regions of the world without this pest. Current Hessian fly monitoring traps rely purely on a single attractant, the female sex pheromone, which is ineffective for monitoring females in the population. Our objective was to examine another attractant targeting vision of both males and females. To do this, we evaluated emitted light of various wavelengths and intensities produced by light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Hessian flies were released in the center of a four-leaf clover-shaped arena, which contained an LED within each collection cup at the apex of each of the four cloverleaves. Initially, we examined a range of colors, including red, amber, green, and blue, with wavelengths of 624, 590, 527, and 472 nm, respectively. Both sexes of Hessian fly preferred green LEDs; therefore, we examined specific wavelengths within the green spectrum (502, 525, and 565 nm), and varied light intensities (4, 8, 12, and 16 W/m2). Specifically, females preferred wavelengths in the lower region of the green spectrum (502 and 525 nm), and both sexes preferred high intensity light (16 W/m2). This is the first report of Hessian fly attraction to select emitted wavelengths and intensities from LEDs under controlled conditions. Leveraging these results into new trap designs will add a second sensory modality to the existing trap; however, future studies are needed to assess attraction to LED traps under field conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan B Schmid
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, 123 W. Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506
- Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, LPO Box 5012, Bruce, ACT, AU 2617
| | - Darren Snyder
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, 123 W. Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506
- USDA-ARS, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Arthropod Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, 1515 College Ave., Manhattan, KS 66502
| | - Lee W Cohnstaedt
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, 123 W. Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506
- USDA-ARS, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Arthropod Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, 1515 College Ave., Manhattan, KS 66502
| | - Brian P McCornack
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, 123 W. Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506
- Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, LPO Box 5012, Bruce, ACT, AU 2617
| |
Collapse
|