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de Carvalho SS, Ribeiro LDP, Forim MR, da Silva MFDGF, Bicalho KU, Fernandes JB, Vendramim JD. Avocado kernels, an industrial residue: a source of compounds with insecticidal activity against silverleaf whitefly. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:2260-2268. [PMID: 32875452 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10675-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fruit processing waste, such as kernels (endocarp + seed) of avocado [Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae)], could be used as raw material in the preparation of botanical insecticides. In light of this potential, this study assessed the insecticidal action of extracts and fractions from kernels of two avocado cultivars (Breda and Margarida) on Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) biotype B, an important pest species in tropical conditions. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts prepared from kernels of P. americana, regardless of the plant cultivar used, caused promising insecticidal activity to whitefly nymphs. Based on yield in crude extracts [10.32 and 9.85% (w/w), respectively, for cultivars Breda and Margarida], on the bioassay results with crude extracts and on the chemical profiles, the ethanolic extract of kernels of P. americana cv. Breda was chose for the continuation of the study. Thus, the ethanolic extract of kernels of cv. Breda (LC50 = 197.84 ppm and LC90 = 567.19 ppm) was selected and subjected to fractionation by the liquid-liquid partition technique. The hexane and dichloromethane fractions of this extract caused significant mortality of nymphs. The analysis using the ultraviolet (UV) and hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) showed the presence of long-chain aliphatic compounds (alkanols or acetogenins of Lauraceae), alkylfurans (or avocadofurans), and unsaturated fatty acids in these fractions, which are possibly related to bioactivity observed in B. tabaci, besides saccharides. The results show that kernels of P. americana are promising sources of compounds with insecticidal action for the control of B. tabaci biotype B, a great opportunity to transform environmental problems into eco-friendly solutions to agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Salles de Carvalho
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Leandro do Prado Ribeiro
- Research Center for Family Agriculture, Agricultural Research and Rural Extension Company of Santa Catarina (CEPAF/EPAGRI), Rua Servidão Ferdinando Ricieri Tusset S/N - Bairro São Cristóvão, Chapecó, Santa Catarina, CEP 89803-904, Brazil.
| | - Moacir Rossi Forim
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil
| | | | - Keylla Utherdyany Bicalho
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - João Batista Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - José Djair Vendramim
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13418-900, Brazil
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